Note 8 -   Fair Value Measurements

Authoritative guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The price in the principal (or most advantageous) market used to measure the fair value of the asset or liability shall not be adjusted for transaction costs. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets and liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are (i) independent, (ii) knowledgeable, (iii) able to transact and (iv) willing to transact.

Authoritative guidance requires the use of valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets and liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts, such as cash flows or earnings, to a single present amount on a discounted basis. The cost approach is based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement costs). Valuation techniques should be consistently applied. Inputs to valuation techniques refer to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Inputs may be observable, meaning those that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, or unobservable, meaning those that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. In that regard, authoritative guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs.

The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

A description of the valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. There were no changes in valuation techniques during either the three months ended March 31, 2026 or the year ended December 31, 2025.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed or third-party models that primarily use, as inputs,

observable market- based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

Available for Sale Securities – Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayments speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Collateral-dependent Loans – Collateral dependent loans are reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Collateral values are estimated using Level 3 inputs based on internally customized discounting criteria.

Other real estate owned – Fair values are valued at the time the loan is foreclosed upon and the asset is transferred from loans or when the asset is transferred into other real estate owned from premises and equipment. The value is based upon primarily third-party appraised values, less estimated costs to sell. The appraisals are generally discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and the client’s business. Such discounts are typically significant and result in Level 3 classification of inputs for determining fair value. Other real estate owned is reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on the same or similar factors above.

​

The following table summarizes financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

​

​

​

Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment).

The following table summarizes financial and non-financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

​

​

​

During the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, certain collateral-dependent loans were remeasured and reported at fair value through a specific allocation of the allowance for credit losses based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of collateral dependent loans is determined based on collateral valuations utilizing Level 3 valuation inputs. At March 31, 2026, collateral-dependent loans with a carrying value of $885 were reduced by specific valuation allowance allocations totaling $279 to a reported fair value of $606. At December 31, 2025, collateral dependent loans with a carrying value of $933 were reduced by specific valuation allowance allocations totaling $279 to a reported fair value of $654.

​

At March 31, 2026, the Company had other real estate owned consisting of one multi-family property acquired through foreclosure and two land development projects belonging to one customer that were transferred through deeds in lieu of foreclosure. The reported fair value includes a deduction for estimated costs to sell and all properties are currently listed for sale. At December 31, 2025, the Company had other real estate owned consisting of Bank-owned property that was purchased for future expansion, one multi-family property acquired through foreclosure and two land development projects belonging to one customer that were transferred through deeds in lieu of foreclosure.

​

The estimated fair value amounts of other real estate owned have been determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to interpret data to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

​

​

Quantitative Information About Significant Unobservable Inputs Used in Level 3 Fair Value Measurements – The following table represents the Company’s Level 3 financial assets, the valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of those financial assets, the significant unobservable inputs and the ranges of values for those inputs:

​

​

​

The estimated fair values, and related carrying amounts, of the Company’s financial instruments are as follows:

​

​

​

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating fair value disclosures for financial instruments:

Cash and cash equivalents and interest-bearing deposits in banks – The carrying value approximates their fair values.

Securities held to maturity – Fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices or whose value is determined using discounted cash flow methodologies.

Loans and net investment in direct financing leases – The fair values for loans are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms and credit quality.

Accrued interest receivable – The carrying value approximates its fair value.

Restricted investments carried at cost – The carrying value of these investments approximates fair value based on the redemption provisions contained in each.

Mortgage servicing rights – Fair values are estimated using discounted cash flows based on current market rates of interest.

Deposits – The fair values disclosed for demand deposits (for example, interest and noninterest checking, passbook savings, and certain types of money market accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (that is, their carrying amounts). The carrying amounts of variable-rate, fixed-term money market accounts and certificates of deposit approximate their fair values at the reporting date. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies market interest rates on comparable instruments to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits.

FHLB advances – Current market rates for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities are used to estimate the fair value of existing debt.

Accrued interest payable – The carrying value approximates the fair value.