Note 10. Contingencies

The Company is, and from time to time, the Company may become, involved in litigation or other legal proceedings and claims, including U.S. government inquiries, investigations and Citizen Petitions submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). In addition, the Company has received, and from time to time may receive, inquiries from government authorities relating to matters arising from the ordinary course of business. The outcome of these proceedings is inherently uncertain. Regardless of outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors. At this time, no assessment can be made as to their likely outcome or whether the outcome will be material to the Company other than as disclosed below. The Company believes that its total provisions for legal matters are adequate based upon currently available information.

Government Investigations

Beginning in August 2021, the Company received subpoenas and other requests for documents and information from the Department of Justice Fraud Section (“DOJ”), document requests from the SEC, and a Civil Investigative Demand from the Civil Division of the Department of Justice. These requests sought corporate information and documents concerning the research and development of simufilam and/or SavaDx, and the Company cooperated fully with each.

On September 26, 2024, the Company announced that it had reached a settlement with the SEC resolving the SEC investigation of the Company’s disclosures regarding its Phase 2b clinical trial of simufilam for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (the “Phase 2b Study”) and related matters. The SEC also agreed to a settlement with two former senior employees of the Company. Pursuant to these settlements, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas (the “Texas District Court”) entered final consent judgment on October 18, 2024, on a complaint filed by the SEC against the Company and its two former senior employees. The Company has neither admitted nor denied the allegations of the complaint. The SEC’s complaint alleged that certain disclosures by the Company regarding the Phase 2b Study violated certain federal securities laws and SEC rules, including negligence-based disclosure violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), as well as recordkeeping and reporting requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The complaint alleges that the Company’s SEC reports and other public statements regarding the Phase 2b Study negligently contained materially misleading statements and omissions. The SEC’s allegations with respect to the Company’s two former employees relate to these employees’ roles in such disclosures. Under its settlement, the Company consented to a permanent injunction against future violations of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act, Section 13(a)(1) of the Exchange Act and Rules 12b-20, 13a-1, 13a-11 and 13a-13 under the Exchange Act. In addition, the Company paid a civil monetary penalty of $40 million in November 2024.

On February 18, 2026, the DOJ notified the Company that it had closed its inquiry into the Company regarding allegations of research misconduct as described in the indictment in United States v. Wang, 8:24-cr-000211-TDC (D. Md.). As previously disclosed, that indictment was dismissed with prejudice by DOJ on  October 23, 2025.

These outcomes end the previously disclosed investigations of the Company by the DOJ and SEC.

Securities Class Actions and Shareholder Derivative Actions

Between August 27, 2021 and October 26, 2021, four putative class action lawsuits were filed alleging violations of the federal securities laws by the Company and certain named officers. The complaints rely on allegations contained in Citizen Petitions submitted to FDA and allege that various statements made by the defendants regarding simufilam were rendered materially false and misleading. The Citizen Petitions were all subsequently denied by FDA. These actions were filed in the Texas District Court. The complaints seek unspecified compensatory damages and other relief on behalf of a purported class of purchasers of the Company’s securities.

On June 30, 2022, a federal judge consolidated the four class action lawsuits into one case (the “Consolidated Securities Action”) and appointed a lead plaintiff and a lead counsel. Lead plaintiff filed a consolidated amended complaint on August 18, 2022 on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of the Company’s securities between September 14, 2020 and July 26, 2022. On May 11, 2023, the Texas District Court dismissed with prejudice plaintiffs’ claims against defendant Nadav Friedmann, PhD, MD, our former Chief Medical Officer and a Company director, who is now deceased, but otherwise denied defendants’ motion to dismiss. Defendants filed an answer to the consolidated amended complaint on July 3, 2023. On February 22, 2024, plaintiffs filed a motion to supplement their complaint to extend the putative class period through October 12, 2023. The Texas District Court granted that Motion on June 12, 2024, and plaintiffs filed a supplemental complaint on June 13, 2024. 

On February 2, 2024, a putative class action lawsuit was filed alleging violations of the federal securities law by the Company and certain named officers. The complaint relies on an October 12, 2023 article that describes a purported leaked report of alleged scientific misconduct by a scientific collaborator of the Company at City University of New York (the “CUNY Article”). The complaint alleges that various statements made by the defendants regarding simufilam were rendered materially false and misleading by this article. The action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (the “Illinois District Court”). The complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages and other relief on behalf of a purported class of purchasers of the Company’s securities between August 18, 2022 and October 12, 2023. On May 28, 2024, the Illinois District Court transferred this action to the Texas District Court, where it was consolidated into the Consolidated Securities Action.

On November 13, 2024, Plaintiffs in the Consolidated Securities Action filed a second motion to supplement their complaint. On March 13, 2024, plaintiffs filed a Motion for Class Certification. On February 25, 2025, the Texas District Court denied Plaintiff’s motion for class certification without prejudice, explaining that rulings on pending motions, including specifically Plaintiffs’ second motion to supplement their complaint, could affect disposition of class certification. On May 21, 2025, the Texas District Court granted Plaintiffs’ second motion for leave to file a second supplemented complaint and instructed Plaintiffs to refile their motion for class certification. Plaintiffs filed their second supplemental complaint on May 22, 2025, and reasserted their motion for class certification on June 20, 2025. The Texas District Court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification on August 12, 2025. On October 21, 2025, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit agreed to hear Defendants’ interlocutory appeal challenging the District Court order granting class certification. Briefing was completed on April 20, 2026.

The parties to the Consolidated Securities Action engaged in mediation with David M. Murphy of Phillips Alternative Dispute Resolutions Enterprises (the “Mediator”) beginning in May 2025. On December 19, 2025, plaintiffs in the Consolidated Securities Action filed a Final Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) Report with the Texas District Court as required by Local Rule CV-88(g). As stated in the Final ADR Report, the Company and one of its officers (the “Settling Defendants”) and plaintiffs have accepted a double-blind Mediator’s Recommendation, reflected in a binding term sheet (the “Term Sheet”) pursuant to which the Settling Defendants will pay plaintiffs $31.25 million to achieve a complete settlement of all claims and causes of action that have been or could be asserted by Plaintiffs in exchange for full and complete releases. The Final ADR Report further states that, although defendants Remi Barbier and Lindsay Burns (the “Non-Settling Defendants”), did not execute the Term Sheet, those individuals are indemnified by the Company and under the Term Sheet are entitled to receive full and complete releases along with Settling Defendants upon final approval of a settlement by the Texas District Court.

The Term Sheet provides that the Company will pay a settlement amount equal to $31.25 million, which is expected to be placed into escrow after the Settling Defendants and plaintiffs enter a formal stipulation of settlement. In exchange, the plaintiffs and the class will grant full and complete releases in favor of the Settling Defendants and the Non-Settling Defendants of all of their claims that were or could have been asserted in the Consolidated Securities Action and will dismiss with prejudice the claims asserted against the Non-Settling Defendants. The settlement is not an admission of fault or wrongdoing by the Company or any of the other defendants.

The Settling Defendants and plaintiffs intend to prepare a formal stipulation of settlement and motion for preliminary approval of the settlement describing the terms of the proposed settlement, which will be presented to the Texas District Court for preliminary approval. Following preliminary approval of the proposed settlement by the Texas District Court and a notice and review period for class members, plaintiffs will seek final approval of the proposed settlement from the Texas District Court.

The Company recorded a loss contingency of $31.25 million in accounts payable and other accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 relating to the Consolidated Securities Action.

On November 4, 2021, a shareholder derivative action related to the initial four class action lawsuits filed in the Texas District Court was filed, purportedly on behalf of the Company, in the Texas District Court, asserting claims under the U.S. securities laws and state fiduciary duty laws against certain named officers and the members of the Company’s Board. This complaint relies on the allegations made in Citizen Petitions that were submitted to (and subsequently denied by) FDA. The complaint alleges, among other things, that the individual defendants exposed the Company to unspecified damages and securities law liability by causing it to make materially false and misleading statements, in violation of the U.S. securities laws and in breach of their fiduciary duties to the Company. The derivative case seeks, among other things, to recover unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of the Company arising out of the individual defendants’ alleged wrongful conduct. Although the plaintiff in this derivative case does not seek relief against the Company, the Company has certain indemnification obligations to the individual defendants. Between November 4, 2021 and November 9, 2023, five additional shareholder derivative actions were filed alleging substantially similar claims, three in the Texas District Court, one in Texas state court (Travis County District Court) and one in the Delaware Court of Chancery. As of November 12, 2025, the four actions in the Texas District Court are all consolidated into a single action.

Beginning on March 18, 2024, two shareholder derivative actions related to the February 2024 class action lawsuit originally filed in the Illinois District Court were filed, purportedly on behalf of the Company, in the Illinois District Court, asserting claims under the U.S. securities laws and state fiduciary duty laws against certain named officers and the members of the Company’s Board. The complaints rely on the CUNY Article. The complaints allege, among other things, that the individual defendants exposed the Company to unspecified damages and securities law liability by causing it to make materially false and misleading statements, in violation of the U.S. securities laws and in breach of their fiduciary duties to the Company. The derivative cases seek, among other things, to recover unspecified compensatory damages on behalf of the Company arising out of the individual defendant’s alleged wrongful conduct. Although the plaintiffs in these derivative cases do not seek relief against the Company, the Company has certain indemnification obligations to the individual defendants. On September 6, 2024, these two cases were consolidated and stayed pending further developments in the shareholder class action initially filed in the Illinois District Court on February 2, 2024. Due to the stage of the foregoing shareholder derivative actions, the Company is unable to predict the outcome or estimate the amount of loss or range of losses that could potentially result from such derivative lawsuits.

On December 13, 2024, a putative class action lawsuit (the “2024 Securities Class Action”) was filed, purportedly on behalf of the Company, alleging violations of the federal securities law by the Company and certain named officers. The complaint alleged that various statements made by the defendants regarding simufilam were revealed to be materially false and misleading by the release of top-line results for the Company’s RETHINK-ALZ Phase 3 clinical trial on November 25, 2024. The 2024 Securities Class Action was filed in the Texas District Court. The complaint sought unspecified compensatory damages and other relief on behalf of a purported class of purchasers of the Company’s securities between February 7, 2024, and November 24, 2024. 

On May 8, 2025, the Court appointed a lead plaintiff and lead counsel for the 2024 Securities Class Action. Lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint on August 25, 2025, on behalf of a putative class of purchasers of the Company’s securities between October 13, 2023 and March 25, 2025. The amended complaint added new officer defendants and additional allegations that various statements made by the defendants regarding simufilam were revealed to be materially false and misleading by disclosures in June 2024 through September 2024. On September 19, 2025, defendants filed a motion to consolidate the 2024 Securities Class Action into the Consolidated Securities Action. Lead plaintiff opposed that motion, and it remains pending.

On November 6, 2025, Defendants moved to dismiss the 2024 Securities Class Action. Lead plaintiff opposed that motion, and it remains pending.

Due to the stage and procedural posture of the 2024 Securities Class Action, the Company is unable to predict the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome in the 2024 Securities Class Action. It is reasonably possible, however, that the Company may incur a loss. The Company is unable to reasonably estimate the amount or range of potential loss at this time.

Subject to the Term Sheet in the Consolidated Securities Action, the Company intends to defend all pending shareholder derivative actions and securities class actions vigorously.

Anti-SLAPP Lawsuit

On August 6, 2024, a lawsuit was filed in the District Court for the Southern District of New York which, as amended and as joined by intervenor plaintiffs, asserts claims, including a claim under the New York Anti-SLAPP Law, against the Company and against two former officers to whom the Company has certain indemnification obligations. The amended complaint and the complaint in intervention seeks costs and damages relating to a defamation action filed by the Company against the plaintiffs and subsequently dismissed voluntarily and without prejudice by the Company. The Company and its two former officers named as defendants have entered comprehensive settlement agreements with the intervenor plaintiffs and another potential plaintiff under which the parties provided mutual releases and the Company paid approximately $2.5 million in October 2025. The Company intends to defend vigorously the claims brought by the remaining plaintiffs.

Litigation Contingencies

In connection with ongoing litigation, the Company has reserved an amount of $32.75 million, including the $31.25 million loss contingency for the Consolidated Securities Action, for potential settlements at March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 which was recorded in accounts payable and other accrued expenses. There was no loss contingency expense recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2026. The Company recorded loss continency expenses totaling $3.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The Company believes that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible and has accrued this amount as the best estimate of potential loss. The final outcome of the litigation in which the Company is involved may differ from the reserved amount, and additional losses may be incurred.