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NOTE 4.           LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

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We evaluate risk characteristics of loans based on regulatory call report code with segmentation based on the underlying collateral for certain loan types. The following is a summary of total loans based on regulatory call report code segmentation for certain loan types:

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Total unamortized net costs and premiums included in loan totals were as follows:

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We exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of loans disclosed throughout this footnote. As of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, accrued interest receivable for loans totaled $13.1 million and $11.5 million,  respectively, and is included in the “other assets” line item on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Characteristics of each loan portfolio segment, including acquired loans, are as follows:

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Commercial construction - Loans in this segment primarily include raw land, land development and construction of commercial and multifamily residential properties.  Collateral values are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations of the completed structure in accordance with established policy guidelines. Maximum loan-to-value ratios at origination are governed by established policy guidelines that are more restrictive than on stabilized commercial real estate transactions.  Construction loans are primarily paid by the cash flow generated from the completed structure, such as operating leases, rents, or other operating cash flows from the borrower.

Commercial real estate owner occupied and non-owner occupied - Loans in these segments are primarily owner-occupied or income-producing properties.  Loans to Real Estate Investment Trusts and unsecured loans to developers that closely correlate to the inherent risk in commercial real estate markets are also included.  Commercial real estate loans are typically written with amortizing payment structures. Collateral values are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines. Maximum loan-to-value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines.  Commercial real estate loans are primarily paid by the cash flow generated from the real property, such as operating leases, rents, or other operating cash flows from the borrower.

Municipal and other - Loans in this segment primarily include loans to various state and municipal government entities. Loans made to these borrowers may provide us with tax-exempt income. While governed and underwritten similar to commercial loans they do have unique requirements based on established polices. Almost all state and municipal loans are considered a general obligation of the issuing entity. Given the size of many municipal borrowers, borrowings are normally not rated by major rating agencies. Municipal loans are primarily repaid by taxes collected by the municipality.

Commercial and industrial loans - Loans consist of revolving and term loan obligations extended to business and corporate enterprises for the purpose of financing working capital and/or capital investment in this segment.  Generally loans are secured by assets of the business such as accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, other liquid collateral, equipment and other business assets.  Some loans in this category may be unsecured or guaranteed by government agencies such as the U.S. Small Business Administration.  Loans are primarily paid by the operating cash flows of the borrower.

Residential real estate - All loans in this segment are collateralized by one-to-four family homes.  Residential real estate loans held in the loan portfolio are made to borrowers who demonstrate the ability to make scheduled payments with full consideration to various underwriting factors. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income requirements and combined loan-to-value ratios within established policy guidelines. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels.

Home equity - All loans and lines of credit are made to qualified individuals and are secured by senior or junior mortgage liens on owner-occupied one- to four-family homes, condominiums, or vacation homes. The home equity loan has a fixed rate and is billed as equal payments comprised of principal and interest. The home equity line of credit has a variable rate and is billed as interest-only payments during the draw period. At the end of the draw period, the home equity line of credit is billed as a percentage of the principal balance plus all accrued interest. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income requirements and combined loan-to-value ratios within established policy guidelines. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels.

Consumer other - Loans in this segment include personal lines of credit and amortizing loans made to qualified individuals for various purposes such as auto loans, recreational equipment, overdraft protection or other consumer loans. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income and collateral requirements within established policy guidelines, as applicable. Consumer loans may be secured or unsecured. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) is comprised of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded commitments which is accounted for as a separate liability in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. The level of the ACL represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the consolidated balance sheet date.

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The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off against the allowance when they are deemed uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. The allowance is comprised of reserves measured on a collective (pool) basis based on a lifetime loss-rate model when similar risk characteristics exist.  Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis.

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The estimate of expected credit losses on collectively evaluated loans is based on relevant information about current conditions, past events, and reasonable and supportable forward-looking forecasts regarding collectability of the reported amounts. Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the allowance for credit losses on collectively evaluated loans that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative components. The methodology for evaluating the quantitative component involves pooling loans into portfolio segments for loans that share similar risk characteristics.

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For all loan segments measured on a collective basis, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) methodology to estimate credit losses over the expected life of the loan. The DCF methodology applies the probability of default (“PD”) and the loss given default (“LGD”) assumptions over the remaining contractual life of the loan which is adjusted for prepayment speeds, curtailment rate and time to recovery assumptions to estimate a reserve for each loan. For all loan segments, the quantitative loss rates are supplemented by qualitative factors reflecting management’s view of how losses may vary from those represented by quantitative loss rates. Qualitative factors are applied to each portfolio segment to reflect management’s estimate of expected changes in current conditions at the balance sheet date relative to historical performance.

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The Company uses regression models to develop the PD and LGD assumptions, which are derived primarily from segment-specific selected peers. The loss rates are adjusted by an economic forecast over the reasonable and supportable forecast period after which time they revert back to the historical mean. Key economic indicators used in the model include unemployment rates, commercial real estate values, and housing prices. Management currently applies a two-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period, followed by a six-quarter straight-line reversion to historical mean for each economic indicator. The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (PD and LGD) and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Specific instrument effective yields are calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level Net Present Value (“NPV”). An allowance is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis. The allowance is also adjusted for current conditions through the use qualitative factors. The qualitative factors consider both relevant internal and external information in their application.

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The activity in the ACL for the periods ended are as follows:

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Unfunded Commitments

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The ACL on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets), with adjustments to the reserve recognized in other non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of income. Unfunded commitments to extend credit include unused portions of lines of credit and standby and commercial letters of credit. The process used to determine the allowance for these exposures is consistent with the process for determining the allowance for loans, as adjusted for estimated funding probabilities or loan equivalency factors. A charge (credit) to provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income is made to account for the change in the allowance on off-balance sheet exposures between reporting periods.

The activity in the ACL on unfunded commitments for the periods ended was as follows:

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Loan Origination/Risk Management: We have certain lending policies and procedures in place designed to maximize loan income within an acceptable level of risk. Our Board of Directors reviews and approves these policies and procedures on a regular basis. A reporting system supplements the review process by providing management and the Board of Directors with frequent reports related to loan production, loan quality, and concentration of credit, loan delinquencies, non-performing loans and potential problem loans. We seek to diversify the loan portfolio as a means of managing risk associated with fluctuations in economic conditions.

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Credit Quality Indicators:  In monitoring the credit quality of the portfolio, management applies a credit quality indicator and uses an internal risk rating system to categorize commercial loans. These credit quality indicators range from one through nine, with a higher number correlating to increasing risk of loss. Consistent with regulatory guidelines, the Company provides for the classification of loans which are considered to be of lesser quality as special mention, substandard, doubtful, or loss (i.e. risk-rated 6, 7, 8 and 9, respectively). Residential, home equity and consumer loans are classified as performing or non-performing based on payment performance.

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The following are the definitions of our credit quality indicators:

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Pass: Loans we consider in the commercial portfolio segments that are not adversely rated, are contractually current as to principal and interest, and are otherwise in compliance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Management believes there is a low risk of loss related to these loans considered pass-rated.

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Special Mention: Loans considered having some potential weaknesses, but are deemed to not carry levels of risk inherent in one of the subsequent categories, are designated as special mention. A special mention loan has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. This might include loans which may require a higher level of supervision or internal reporting because of: (i) declining industry trends; (ii) increasing reliance on secondary sources of repayment; (iii) the poor condition of or lack of control over collateral; or (iv) failure to obtain proper documentation or any other deviations from prudent lending practices. Economic or market conditions which may, in the future, affect the obligor may warrant special mention of the asset. Loans for which an adverse trend in the borrower's operations or an imbalanced position in the balance sheet which has not reached a point where the liquidation is jeopardized may be included in this classification. Special mention loans are not adversely classified and do not expose us to sufficient risks to warrant classification.

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Substandard: Loans we consider as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes liquidation of the debt. Substandard loans include those loans where there is the distinct possibility of some loss of principal, if the deficiencies are not corrected.

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Doubtful: Loans we consider as doubtful have all of the weaknesses inherent in those loans that are classified as substandard. These loans have the added characteristic of a well-defined weakness which is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any, and calls into question the collectability of the full balance of the loan. The possibility of loss is high but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors, which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the loan, its classification as loss is deferred until its more exact status is determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral and refinancing plans. The entire amount of the loan might not be classified as doubtful when collection of a specific portion appears highly probable. Loans are generally not classified doubtful for an extended period of time (i.e., over a year).

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Loss: Loans we consider as losses are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an asset is not warranted and the uncollectible amounts are charged-off. This classification does not mean the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this worthless asset even though partial recovery may be effected in the future. Losses are taken in the period in which they are determined to be uncollectible.

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The following table presents our loans by year of origination, loan segmentation and risk indicator as of March 31, 2026:

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The following table presents our loans by year of origination, loan segmentation and risk indicator as of December 31, 2025:

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