In addition to the significant expense categories included within net income presented on the Company's statements of operations and comprehensive loss, see below for disaggregated research and development expenses:

(1) External clinical development expenses include manufacturing and clinical trial costs. These expenses are primarily for services

provided by external consultants, CMOs (“Contract Manufacturing Organizations”) and CROs (“Contract Research

Organizations”).

(2) Other research and development expenses include manufacturing and clinical trial costs for preclinical and earlier clinical stage

programs. These expenses are primarily for services provided by external consultants, CMOs and CROs.