The Company’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks from its operation. The key financial risks include credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk (including foreign currency risk and interest rate risk).

The Directors review and agree policies and procedures for the management of these risks, which are executed by the management team. It is, and has been throughout the current and previous financial years, the Company’s policy that no trading in derivatives for speculative purposes shall be undertaken.

The following sections provide details regarding the Company’s exposure to the abovementioned financial risks and the objectives, policies and processes for the management of these risks.

There has been no change to the Company’s exposure to these financial risks or the manner in which it manages and measures the risks.

Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk that the counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in a loss to the Company. The Company’s exposure to credit risk arises primarily from trade and other receivables. For other financial assets (including cash), the Company minimizes credit risk by dealing exclusively with high credit rating counterparties.

The Company has adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluation of its counterparties’ financial condition and generally does not require a collateral.

The Company considers the probability of default upon initial recognition of asset and whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk on an ongoing basis throughout each reporting period.

The Company has determined the default event on a financial asset to be when internal and/or external information indicates that the financial asset is unlikely to be received, which could include default of contractual payments due for more than 60 days or there is significant difficulty of the counterparty.

To minimize credit risk, the Company has developed and maintained the Company’s credit risk gradings to categorize exposures according to their degree of risk of default. The credit rating information is supplied by publicly available financial information and the Company’s own trading records to rate its major customers and other debtors. The Company considers available reasonable and supportive forward-looking information which includes the following indicators:

Regardless of the analysis above, a significant increase in credit risk is presumed if a debtor is more than 30 days past due in making contractual payment.

The Company determined that its financial assets are credit-impaired when:

The Company categorizes a receivable for potential write-off when a debtor fails to make contractual payments more than 365 days past due. Financial assets are written off when there is evidence indicating that the debtor is in severe financial difficulty and the debtor has no realistic prospect of recovery.

The Company’s internal credit risk grading framework comprises the following categories:

The table below details the credit quality of the Company’s financial assets, as well as maximum exposure to credit risk by credit risk rating categories:

Trade receivables (Note 1)

For trade receivables, the Company has applied the simplified approach in IFRS 9 and use provision matrix to measure the loss allowance at lifetime ECL. In determining ECL on a collective basis, trade receivables are grouped based on similar credit risk and aging. The Company considers the historical credit loss experience based on the past due status of the debtors, historical customers’ payment profile and adjusted as appropriate to reflect current conditions and estimates of future economic conditions affecting the ability of the customers to settle the debts. The Company has identified the country’s risk and market risk in which it provides services to be the most relevant factor and the historical loss rates is adjusted accordingly based on the expected changes in this factor. Accordingly, the credit risk profile of trade receivables is presented based on their past due status in terms of the provision matrix.

Other receivables (Note 2)

Other receivables are considered to be low credit risk and subject to immaterial credit loss. Credit loss for these assets have not been increased significantly since their initial recognition. Consequently, they are measured at the 12-month ECL.

Cash and bank balances (Note 3)

Cash and bank balances are mainly deposits with reputable banks with high international credit rating. Credit loss for the assets have not been increased significantly since their initial recognition. Consequently, they are measured at the 12-month ECL.

Excessive risk concentration

Concentrations arise when a number of counterparties are engaged in similar business activities, or activities in the same geographical region, or have economic features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic, political or other conditions. Concentrations indicate the relative sensitivity of the Company’s performance to developments affecting a particular industry.

Exposure to credit risk

The Company has no significant concentration of credit risk. The Company has credit policies and procedures in place to minimize and mitigate its credit risk exposure.

No single customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s revenue during the financial year December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk refers to the risk that the Company will encounter difficulties in meeting its short-term obligations due to shortage of funds. The Company’s exposure to liquidity risk arises primarily from mismatches of the maturities of financial assets and liabilities. It is managed by matching the payment and receipt cycles. The Company finances its working capital requirements through a combination of funds generated from operations and fund raising.

Based on the above considerations, management is of the opinion that the Company has sufficient funds to meet its working capital requirements and debt obligations, for at least the next 12 months. There are several factors that could potentially arise that could undermine the Company’s plans, such as changes in the demand for its services, economic conditions, its operating results continuing to deteriorate and its shareholders unable to provide continued financial support.

The Company maintains sufficient cash and bank balances, and internally generated cash flows to finance their activities and management is satisfied that funds are available to finance the operations of the Company.

The table below analyses the Company’s financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the end of the reporting period to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk of changes in fair value of financial instruments and future cash flows from fluctuation of market prices, which includes two types of risks from volatility of foreign exchange rates (foreign currency risk), and market interest rates (interest rate risk).

Foreign currency risk

The Company’s foreign exchange risk results mainly from cash flows from transactions denominated in foreign currencies. At present, the Company does not have any formal policy for hedging against foreign currency risk. The Company ensures that the net exposure is kept to an acceptable level by buying or selling foreign currencies at spot rates, where necessary, to address short-term imbalances.

The Company has transactional currency exposures arising from sales or purchases that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity, primarily United States Dollar (“US$”).

At the end of each reporting year, the Company’s exposure to foreign currency risk is as follows:

A 1% (2024 1%) strengthening/weakening of Hong Kong Dollar against the foreign currency denominated balances as at the end of the reporting year would increase/(decrease) profit or loss by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables remain constant.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of the Company’s financial instruments will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Company’s exposure to interest rate risk was historically associated with bank borrowings, which were carried at floating rates.

The sensitivity analysis below has been determined based on the exposure to interest rate for non-derivative instruments at the end of the reporting period. A 50 basis point increase or decrease is used when reporting interest rate risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in interest rates.

During the financial year ended December 31, 2024, if interest rates on bank borrowings had been 50 basis points higher/lower and all other variables were held constant, the Company’s profit/loss for the year would increase/decrease by approximately HK$19,000.