v3.26.1
Taxation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Taxation [Abstract]  
Schedule of Loss Before Income Tax Expense

Loss before income tax expense is attributable to the following geographic locations:

 

For the year ended December 31,

   

2023

 

2024

 

2025

Indonesia

 

$

(3,347,542

)

 

$

(6,049,691

)

 

$

(3,555,920

)

Japan

 

 

(1,382,178

)

 

 

(994,972

)

 

 

(3,178,754

)

Hong Kong

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59,692

 

Cayman Islands

 

 

 

 

 

(1,159,141

)

 

 

1,785,424

 

Others

 

 

(1,994,138

)

 

 

(2,774,987

)

 

 

(1,071,483

)

Total loss before income tax expense

 

$

(6,723,858

)

 

$

(10,978,791

)

 

$

(5,961,041

)

Schedule of Income Tax Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the details of income tax expense are set forth below:

 

For the years ended December 31,

   

2023

 

2024

 

2025

Current income tax

 

$

2,831

 

$

 

$

9,064

Deferred income tax

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total income tax expense

 

$

2,831

 

$

 

$

9,064

Schedule of Reconciliation Between the Income Tax Expense

Since the Japanese subsidiaries of the Group incurred the majority of revenue and accumulated operating loss carried forward historically, a reconciliation between the income tax expense determined at the Japanese statutory tax rate and the actual income tax expense of the Group is as follows:

 

For the years ended December 31,

   

2023

 

2024

 

2025

Loss before income tax expense

 

$

(6,723,858

)

 

$

(10,978,791

)

 

$

(5,961,041

)

Computed income tax benefit with statutory tax rate*

 

 

(2,058,845

)

 

 

(3,361,706

)

 

 

(1,825,271

)

Impact of different tax rates in other jurisdictions

 

 

509,425

 

 

 

1,167,944

 

 

 

(109,809

)

Tax effect of non-deductible items

 

 

85,351

 

 

 

1,562

 

 

 

17,425

 

Effect of changes in tax rates

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11,696

 

Changes in valuation allowance on deferred tax assets

 

 

1,466,900

 

 

 

2,192,200

 

 

 

1,915,023

 

Income tax expense

 

$

2,831

 

 

$

 

 

$

9,064

 

Effective income tax rate

 

 

(0.04

)%

 

 

 

 

 

(0.15

)%

*        The statutory rate of the largest subsidiary in Japan, which stands at 30.62%, is applied.

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the significant components of the deferred tax assets are summarized below:

 

As of December 31,

   

2024

 

2025

Deferred tax assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net operating loss carried forward

 

$

5,032,067

 

 

$

6,174,854

 

Accrued expenses

 

 

332,869

 

 

 

108,724

 

Allowance for doubtful accounts

 

 

187,874

 

 

 

613,303

 

Lease liabilities

 

 

129,200

 

 

 

746,490

 

Impairment of inventory

 

 

63,517

 

 

 

42,528

 

Others

 

 

423

 

 

 

431

 

Total deferred tax assets

 

 

5,745,950

 

 

 

7,686,330

 

Less: valuation allowance

 

 

(5,626,785

)

 

 

(7,570,490

)

Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance

 

 

119,165

 

 

 

115,840

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deferred tax liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Right-of-use assets

 

 

(119,165

)

 

 

(115,840

)

Total deferred tax liabilities

 

 

(119,165

)

 

 

(115,840

)

Deferred tax assets, net

 

$

 

 

$

 

Schedule of Changes in Valuation Allowance

Changes in valuation allowance are as follows:

 

As of December 31,

   

2023

 

2024

 

2025

Balance at the beginning of the year

 

$

2,298,025

 

$

3,764,925

 

 

$

5,626,785

 

Additions

 

 

1,466,900

 

 

2,192,200

 

 

 

1,939,960

 

Release

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(24,937

)

Exchange difference

 

 

 

 

(330,340

)

 

 

28,682

 

Balance at the end of the year

 

$

3,764,925

 

$

5,626,785

 

 

$

7,570,490

 

Schedule of Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

As of December 31, 2025, net operating loss carryforwards will expire, if unused, in the following amounts:

 

Amount

2026

 

$

10,218

2027

 

 

745,529

2028

 

 

3,178,638

2029

 

 

5,578,730

2030

 

 

3,723,222

2031

 

 

1,821,465

2032

 

 

1,290,856

2033

 

 

798,002

2034

 

 

1,060,265

2037

 

 

285,859

2038

 

 

210,385

2039

 

 

284,037

2040

 

 

61,720

Indefinitely

 

 

8,331,711

Total

 

$

27,380,637