| Summary of Company's principal subsidiaries and consolidated VIE |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Percentage of direct | | | Name of subsidiaries | | Date of incorporation | | Place of incorporation | | or indirect ownership | | Principal activities | | | | | | | December 31, | | | | | | | | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | Tuya (HK) Limited | | September 12, 2014 | | Hong Kong, China | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Investment holding and business development | Hangzhou Tuya Information Technology Co., Ltd. | | December 5, 2014 | | Hangzhou, China | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Sales of PaaS, Smart devices, SaaS and Others and research and development | Tuya Smart Inc. | | July 19, 2019 | | Delaware, United States | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Business development | Tuya Global Inc. | | July 22, 2015 | | California, United States | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Business development | Tuyasmart (India) Private Limited | | January 31, 2019 | | Gurgaon, India | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Business development | Tuyasmart (Colombia) S.A.S | | July 2, 2019 | | Medellin, Colombia | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Business development | Tuya GmbH | | May 13, 2019 | | Hamburg, Germany | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Business development | Tuya Japan Co., Ltd. | | January 23, 2019 | | Tokyo, Japan | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Business development | Zhejiang Tuya Smart Electronics Co., Ltd. | | May 9, 2020 | | Hangzhou, China | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Sales of Smart devices | Tuya Smart Australia Pty Ltd | | December 19, 2020 | | Melbourne, Australia | | 100 | % | 100 | % | Business development | Tuya France (1) | | February 07, 2023 | | Paris, France | | 100 | % | — | | Business development | Tuya UK Limited (1) | | September 28, 2022 | | London, UK | | 100 | % | — | | Business development |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Economic | | | Name of VIE | | Date of incorporation | | Place of incorporation | | interest held | | Principal activities | | | | | | | December 31, | | | | | | | | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | Hangzhou Tuya Technology Co., Ltd. (2) | | June 16, 2014 | | Hangzhou, China | | 100 | % | — | | No substantial business |
| (1) | Tuya France and Tuya UK Limited were terminated and deregistered in 2025. |
| (2) | The VIE operated de minimis business activities and had no material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. The VIE was terminated and deregistered on November 12, 2025. |
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