Income taxes (Tables)
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12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
| Income taxes |
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| Schedule of Income (loss) before income taxes |
| | | | | | | | | Years ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | PRC | | (92,977,042) | | (533,372,130) | | 56,078,654 | Overseas | | 161,174,386 | | 245,969,524 | | (54,824,150) | Total | | 68,197,344 | | (287,402,606) | | 1,254,504 |
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| Schedule of reconciliation between the statutory rate and the group's effective tax rate |
| | | | | | | | Years ended December 31, | | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | PRC income tax rate | | 25.00 | % | 25.00 | % | Expenses not deductible for tax purposes | | 19.77 | % | (8.79) | % | Effect of tax rate in different tax jurisdiction | | (77.33) | % | 20.76 | % | Change in valuation allowance | | 36.13 | % | (42.33) | % | Total | | 3.57 | % | (5.36) | % |
| | | | | | | | Years ended December 31, 2025 | | | | Amount | | Percent | | | | RMB | | | | Income before provision for income tax | | 1,254,504 | | | | Local Income tax of mainland of China | | 313,626 | | 25.00 | % | Foreign tax effects | | | | | | Cayman | | | | | | Tax rate differential | | (2,598,393) | | (207.12) | % | British Virgin Islands (“BVI”) | | | | | | Tax rate differential | | 16,300,305 | | 1,299.34 | % | Others | | | | | | Tax rate differential | | 8,759 | | 0.70 | % | Changes in valuation allowances | | (4,634) | | (0.37) | % | Changes in valuation allowance | | 11,727,719 | | 934.85 | % | Nondeductible items | | 4,739,972 | | 377.84 | % | True-up | | (3,881,972) | | (309.44) | % | Effect of expired tax loss | | 665,217 | | 53.03 | % | Disposal of previously recognized tax loss | | 1,137,971 | | 90.70 | % | Effective tax rate | | 28,408,570 | | 2,264.53 | % |
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| Schedule of deferred tax assets |
| | | | | | | Years ended December 31, | | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | RMB | | RMB | Deferred tax assets | | | | | Tax loss carried forward | | 461,896,586 | | 484,867,200 | Deductible temporary differences | | 308,259,437 | | 308,458,751 | Tax basis difference upon the restructuring in 2016 | | 11,911,959 | | 916,032 | Allowance for credit loss | | 10,812,975 | | 10,769,920 | Allowance for others | | 18,868,173 | | 18,460,312 | Total deferred tax assets | | 811,749,130 | | 823,472,215 | Less: valuation allowance | | (811,749,130) | | (823,472,215) | Net deferred tax assets | | — | | — |
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| Schedule of movement of deferred tax valuation allowance |
| | | | | | | | | Years ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | Balance at beginning of the year | | 1,064,015,562 | | 1,111,583,535 | | 811,749,130 | Increase | | 82,998,721 | | 28,617,596 | | 17,385,339 | Decrease | | (35,430,748) | | (328,452,001) | | (5,662,254) | Balance at end of the year | | 1,111,583,535 | | 811,749,130 | | 823,472,215 |
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