Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of the wholly owned subsidiaries in Germany, United Kingdom and Netherlands. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.
Consolidation	Consolidation The Company’s policy is to consolidate all entities in which it can vote a majority of the outstanding voting stock. In addition, the Company consolidates entities that meet the definition of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary, if any. The primary beneficiary is the party who has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and who has an obligation to absorb losses of the entity or a right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. As of December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any VIE’s to be evaluated for consolidation.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, including valuing equity securities in share-based payment arrangements, estimating the fair value of financial instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, useful lives of depreciable assets and whether impairment charges may apply. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Concentration of Credit Risk	Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash accounts in a financial institution, which at times may exceed the Federal depository insurance coverage (“FDIC”) of $250,000. Of the total $3 million in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2025, $0.5 million was held by foreign subsidiaries. Of the total $2.2 million in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024, $54,000 was held by foreign subsidiaries. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes the Company is not exposed to significant risks on such accounts.
Property, Plant and Equipment	Property, Plant and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided for using straight-line methods, in amounts sufficient to charge the cost of depreciable assets to operations over their estimated service lives. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred. Costs for capital assets not yet placed into service are capitalized as construction in progress on the consolidated balance sheets and will be depreciated once placed into service. The Company assesses its long-lived assets for impairment whenever facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be fully recoverable. To analyze recoverability, the Company projects undiscounted net future cash flows over the remaining lives of such assets. If these projected undiscounted net future cash flows are less than the carrying amounts, an impairment loss would be recognized, resulting in a write-down of the assets with a corresponding charge to earnings. The impairment loss is measured based upon the difference between the carrying amounts and the fair values of the assets.
Business Combination	Business Combination The Company allocates the fair value of the purchase consideration of a business acquisition to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of net assets acquired, including identified intangible assets, exceeds the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed from contingencies are also recognized at fair value if the fair value can be determined during the measurement period, which is no more than one year from the acquisition date. Results of operations of an acquired business are included in the consolidated income statement from the date of acquisition.
Definite-Lived Intangible Assets	Definite-Lived Intangible Assets Intangible assets with definite lives consist of acquired trade name and customer relationships from the Advent Acquisition. Intangible assets with definite lives are stated at cost less accumulated amortization, and are amortized on a basis consistent with the timing and pattern of expected cash flows used to value the intangible asset, generally on a straight-line basis over the useful life of 4 to 10 years.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets	Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identified net assets of businesses acquired. The Company’s intangible assets with an indefinite life are related to: (1) in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) programs acquired in the Flaskworks Acquisition, as the Company expects future research and development on these programs to provide the Company with substantial benefit for a period that extends beyond the foreseeable horizon, and (2) the license acquired in the Advent Acquisition does not have expiration date, which meets the definition of an indefinite lived intangible asset as there is no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, or other factors that limit the useful life of the intangible asset to the Company. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. The Company does not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Intangible assets related to IPR&D projects are considered to be indefinite lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated R&D efforts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets would be deemed finite lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time. The Company has one operating segment and one reporting unit. The Company reviews goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for possible impairment. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit or the indefinite-lived intangible assets below their carrying values. No impairment charge was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments	Fair Value of Financial Instruments ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes: Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 prices for similar assets or liabilities that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace. Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity and values determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. The Company accounts for the issuance of common stock purchase warrants issued in connection with the equity offerings in accordance with the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The Company classifies as equity any contracts that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) gives the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company accounts for certain common stock warrants outstanding as a liability at fair value and adjusts the instruments to fair value at each reporting period. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in its Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The fair value of the warrants and convertible notes issued by the Company has been estimated using Monte Carlo simulation and or a Black Scholes model. The warrant liabilities are valued using Level 3 valuation inputs (see Note 4).
Derivative Financial Instruments	Derivative Financial Instruments The Company has derivative financial instruments that are not hedges and do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are recorded in other income (expense), on a net basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company reassesses the classification of its derivative instruments at each balance sheet date. If the classification changes as a result of events during the period, the contract is reclassified as of the date of the event that caused the reclassification. As a result of entering into a convertible debt instrument (see Note 8) for which such instrument contained a variable conversion feature with no floor price, the Company’s sequencing policy is described below in Note 3 whereby all future instruments may be classified as a derivative liability with the exception of instruments related to share-based compensation issued to employees or directors.
Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option	Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option The Company accounts for certain convertible notes on an instrument-by-instrument basis under the fair value option (“FVO”) election of ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The convertible notes accounted for under the FVO election are each debt host financial instruments containing embedded features wherein the entire financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Changes in the estimated fair value of the convertible notes are recorded as a component of Other (expense) income in the consolidated statements of operations, except that the change in estimated fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risks is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. As a result of electing the FVO, issuance costs related to the convertible notes are expensed as incurred.
Contingent Payable Derivative Liability	Contingent Payable Derivative Liability During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Cognate BioServices, resolving past matters and providing for the restart of DCVax^®-Direct Production. As part of this overall settlement, the Company also provided a contingent note payable (the “Contingent Payable Derivative”) of $10.0 million, which is only payable upon the Company’s first financing after DCVax product approval in or outside the U.S. If such product approval has not been obtained by the seventh anniversary of the agreement on May 21,2026, such Contingent Payable Derivative will expire without becoming payable. On a quarterly basis, management makes estimates for key performance milestones and uses the expected dates as the inputs for valuation. The fair value of the Contingent Payable Derivative has been estimated using Monte Carlo simulation, which are valued using Level 3 valuation inputs.
Leases	Leases The Company recognizes a lease asset for its right to use the underlying asset and a lease liability for the corresponding lease obligation. The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. Operating leases with a duration greater than one year are included in right-of-use assets, lease liabilities, and lease liabilities, net of current portion in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the net present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The incremental borrowing rate represents the interest rate the Company would incur at lease commencement to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over the term of a lease. The Company considers a lease term to be the non-cancelable period that it has the right to use the underlying asset. The operating lease right-of-use assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Variable lease expenses are recorded when incurred.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions	Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions The Company has operations in the United Kingdom, Netherlands in addition to the U.S. The Company translated its foreign subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities, including the German subsidiary which the Company previously had operations, into U.S. dollars using end of period exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using weighted average rates. Foreign currency translation adjustments are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity deficit. The Company converts intercompany receivables and payables denominated in other than the Company’s functional currency at the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date. The resulting transaction exchange gains or losses related to intercompany receivable and payables, are included in other income and expense.
Comprehensive Loss	Comprehensive Loss The Company reports comprehensive loss and its components in its consolidated financial statements. Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and foreign currency translation adjustments, affecting stockholders’ equity deficit that, under U.S, GAAP, is excluded from net loss.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the terms stipulated under the applicable service contract. These payments are assessed and recognized in accordance with ASC 606 in the period when the performance obligation had been met.
Accrued Outsourcing Costs	Accrued Outsourcing Costs Substantial portions of our preclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors (collectively “CROs”). These CROs generally bill monthly or quarterly for services performed, or bill based upon milestones achieved. For clinical studies, expenses are accrued when services are performed. The Company monitors patient enrollment, the progress of clinical studies and related activities through internal reviews of data that is tracked by the CROs under contractual arrangements, correspondence with the CROs and visits to clinical sites.
Research and Development Costs	Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred and consist primarily of clinical trial related costs (including costs for collection, validation and analysis of trial results), related party manufacturing costs, consulting costs, contract research and development costs, clinical site costs and compensation costs.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company evaluates its tax positions and estimates its current tax exposure along with assessing temporary differences that result from different book to tax treatment of items not currently deductible for tax purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, which are estimated based upon the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. In general, deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws or loss or credit carryforwards are utilized. Accordingly, realization of the Company’s deferred tax assets is dependent on future taxable income against which these deductions, losses and credits can be utilized. The Company must assess the likelihood that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent the Company believes that recovery is not more likely than not, the Company must establish a valuation allowance. Management judgment is required in determining the Company’s provision for income taxes, the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against the Company’s net deferred tax assets. Excluding foreign operations, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance at each balance sheet date presented because, based on the available evidence, the Company believes it is more likely than not that it will not be able to utilize all of its deferred tax assets in the future. The Company intends to maintain the full valuation allowance until sufficient evidence exists to support the reversal of the valuation allowance. On July 4, 2025, the U.S. government enacted The One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025, (known as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” or “OBBBA”) which makes permanent many of the tax provisions enacted in 2017 as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that were set to expire at the end of 2025. In addition, the OBBBA makes changes to certain U.S. corporate tax provisions. The most notable change for the Company will be the reintroduction of 100% bonus depreciation, whereby the Company can immediately deduct 100% of eligible fixed asset purchases for tax purposes in year one. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new legislation but does not expect it to have a material impact on the results of operations.
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures stock-based compensation to employees, consultants, and Board members at fair value on the grant date of the award. Compensation cost is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. For awards that have a performance condition, compensation cost is measured based on the fair value of the award on the grant date, the date performance targets are established, and is expensed over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche when achievement of the performance condition becomes probable. The Company assess the probability of the performance conditions being met on a continuous basis. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants that do not contain market-based vesting conditions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. Expected Term - The expected term of options represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding based on the simplified method, which is the half-life from vesting to the end of its contractual term. Expected Volatility - The Company computes stock price volatility over expected terms based on its historical common stock trading prices. Risk-Free Interest Rate - The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on U. S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term. Expected Dividend - The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common shares and does not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in its valuation models. The Company is also required to make estimates as to the probability of achieving the specific performance conditions. If actual results are not consistent with the Company’s assumptions and judgments used in making these estimates, the Company may be required to increase or decrease compensation expense, which could be material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations.
Sequencing	Sequencing The Company adopted a sequencing policy whereby in the event that reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate it has sufficient authorized shares as result of certain financial instrument with a potentially indeterminable number of shares due to the variable conversion feature with no floor, or the company committing more shares than authorized. While temporary suspensions are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest maturity date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards related to compensation to the Company’s employees, nonemployees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.
Modification of Equity Classified Warrants	Modification of Equity Classified Warrants A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant over and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for any incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt financing, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.
Debt Extinguishment and debt modification accounting	Debt Extinguishment and debt modification accounting The Company accounts for debt restructuring or exchange of debt transactions as either a debt extinguishment or a debt modification. For instruments not involving conversion options, the Company recognizes an exchange of debt as an extinguishment if the present value of the cash flows under the terms of the new debt instrument is at least 10% different from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the original instrument. If the exchange of debt is accounted for as a debt extinguishment, the carrying value of the original debt including unamortized deferred financing fees is derecognized from our balance sheet and the new debt is recognized at its fair value less applicable deferred financing fees, with the difference between the net carrying value of the original debt and the fair value of the new debt recognized as a gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations. If the terms of a debt instrument are changed or modified and the cash flow effect on a present value basis is less than 10%, the debt instrument is not considered to be substantially different, the Company accounts for this debt instrument as debt modification. If the exchange of debt is accounted for as a debt modification, the change of the carrying amount of the original debt on the consolidated balance sheet is adjusted to the net present value of the revised cash flows with the adjustments treated as a capital cost and amortized as an adjustment of interest expense on our statement of operations.
Income (Loss) per Share	Income (Loss) per Share Basic income (loss) per share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the reporting period. Diluted income (loss) per share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares plus dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. Diluted weighted average shares reflect the dilutive effect, if any, of potential common shares. To the extent their effect is dilutive, employee equity awards and other commitments to be settled in common stock are included in the calculation of diluted income per share based on the treasury stock method. Potential common shares are excluded from the calculation of dilutive weighted average shares outstanding if their effect would be anti-dilutive at the balance sheet date based on a treasury stock method or due to a net loss.
Segment Information	Segment Information The Company operates in one operating segment for the purposes of assessing performance, making operating decisions, and allocating Company resources. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) is its chief executive officer, who considers net loss to evaluate overall expenses associated with conducting research and development activities, which includes evaluating the progress of ongoing clinical trials and the planning and execution of current and future research and development activities. Further, the CODM reviews and utilizes functional expenses (research and development and general and administrative) as reported in the consolidated statements of operations to manage the Company’s operations. The measure of performance, significant expenses, and other items are each reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. The accounting policies of the Company’s single reportable segment are the same as those for the consolidated financial statements. The level of disaggregation and amounts of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM are the same as those presented in the consolidated statements of operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as total assets.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted	Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023 - 09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023 - 09), which improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance will be effective for the annual periods beginning the year ended December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2023 - 09 for the year ended December 31, 2025, and applied the new disclosure requirements retrospectively to the all periods presented. Prior period disclosures have been adjusted to reflect the new disclosure requirements. See Note 15, “Income Taxes,” for further detail. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 (“ASU 2024-03”), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE) which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. The standard requires public business entities to disclose disaggregated information about specific natural expense categories underlying certain income statement expense line items that are considered relevant. The FASB also issued ASU No. 2025-01 (“ASU 2025-01”), Clarifying the Effective Date, which clarifies the adoption date of ASU 2024-03 as annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the potential effect of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025 - 06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal - Use Software (“ASU 2025 – 06”), which amends the guidance for accounting for software costs to reflect current software development practices, including iterative and agile methodologies, by removing references to development stages. It also clarifies the criteria for capitalization, which begins when both of the following occur: (1) management has authorized and committed to funding the software project and (2) it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. ASU 2025 - 06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either prospectively, retrospectively, or utilizing a modified transition approach. The Company is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2025 - 06 on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-07. This update clarifies the application of derivative accounting to certain contracts and refines the guidance for share-based noncash consideration received from customers. Specifically, ASU 2025-07 introduces a scope exception for contracts that are not exchange-traded and whose underlying is tied to operations or activities specific to one party. It also clarifies that share-based noncash consideration from a customer should initially be accounted for under Topic 606 until the right to receive or retain such consideration becomes unconditional, at which point financial instruments guidance may apply. The effective date for the standard is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in ASU 2025-07 should be applied either prospectively or by utilizing a modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently assessing the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements. This update clarifies interim disclosure requirements and centralizes such requirements within Topic 270. Among other changes, ASU 2025-11 introduces a disclosure principle requiring entities to provide information about significant events or changes since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact, clarifies when duplicative annual disclosures may be omitted from interim reports, and aligns interim reporting requirements with applicable SEC guidance for registrants. This guidance is effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in ASU 2025-11 should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, Codification Improvements. This update addresses shareholder suggestions on the Accounting Standards Codification and makes other incremental improvements to U.S. GAAP. The amendments make codification updates to a broad range of topics arising from technical corrections, unintended application of the codification, clarifications and other minor improvements. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted and may be elected on an issue-by-issue basis. The amendments in ASU 2025-12 are to be applied prospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of the wholly owned subsidiaries in Germany, United Kingdom and Netherlands. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.

Consolidation

The Company’s policy is to consolidate all entities in which it can vote a majority of the outstanding voting stock. In addition, the Company consolidates entities that meet the definition of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) for which the Company is the primary beneficiary, if any. The primary beneficiary is the party who has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact

the entity’s economic performance and who has an obligation to absorb losses of the entity or a right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any VIE’s to be evaluated for consolidation.

Use of Estimates

In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Due to inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in these estimates.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, including valuing equity securities in share-based payment arrangements, estimating the fair value of financial instruments recorded as derivative liabilities, useful lives of depreciable assets and whether impairment charges may apply. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash accounts in a financial institution, which at times may exceed the Federal depository insurance coverage (“FDIC”) of $250,000. Of the total $3 million in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2025, $0.5 million was held by foreign subsidiaries. Of the total $2.2 million in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024, $54,000 was held by foreign subsidiaries. The Company has not experienced losses on these accounts and management believes the Company is not exposed to significant risks on such accounts.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided for using straight-line methods, in amounts sufficient to charge the cost of depreciable assets to operations over their estimated service lives. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to operations as incurred.

Costs for capital assets not yet placed into service are capitalized as construction in progress on the consolidated balance sheets and will be depreciated once placed into service.

The Company assesses its long-lived assets for impairment whenever facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be fully recoverable. To analyze recoverability, the Company projects undiscounted net future cash flows over the remaining lives of such assets. If these projected undiscounted net future cash flows are less than the carrying amounts, an impairment loss would be recognized, resulting in a write-down of the assets with a corresponding charge to earnings. The impairment loss is measured based upon the difference between the carrying amounts and the fair values of the assets.

Business Combination

The Company allocates the fair value of the purchase consideration of a business acquisition to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of net assets acquired, including identified intangible assets, exceeds the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed from contingencies are also recognized at fair value if the fair value can be determined during the measurement period, which is no more than one year from the acquisition date. Results of operations of an acquired business are included in the consolidated income statement from the date of acquisition.

Definite-Lived Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with definite lives consist of acquired trade name and customer relationships from the Advent Acquisition. Intangible assets with definite lives are stated at cost less accumulated amortization, and are amortized on a basis consistent with the timing and pattern of expected cash flows used to value the intangible asset, generally on a straight-line basis over the useful life of 4 to 10 years.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identified net assets of businesses acquired. The Company’s intangible assets with an indefinite life are related to: (1) in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) programs acquired in the Flaskworks Acquisition, as the Company expects future research and development on these programs to provide the Company with substantial benefit for a period that extends beyond the foreseeable horizon, and (2) the license acquired in the Advent Acquisition does not have expiration date, which meets the definition of an indefinite lived intangible asset as there is no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, or other factors that limit the useful life of the intangible asset to the Company. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are measured at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. The Company does not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Intangible assets related to IPR&D projects are considered to be indefinite lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated R&D efforts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs if and when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets would be deemed finite lived and would then be amortized based on their respective estimated useful lives at that point in time.

The Company has one operating segment and one reporting unit. The Company reviews goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for possible impairment. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for possible impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit or the indefinite-lived intangible assets below their carrying values. No impairment charge was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 prices for similar assets or liabilities that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity and values determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.

The Company accounts for the issuance of common stock purchase warrants issued in connection with the equity offerings in accordance with the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The Company classifies as equity any contracts that (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) gives the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company accounts for certain common stock warrants outstanding as a liability at fair value and adjusts the instruments to fair value at each reporting period. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in its Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The fair value of the warrants and convertible notes issued by the Company has been estimated using Monte Carlo simulation and or a Black Scholes model. The warrant liabilities are valued using Level 3 valuation inputs (see Note 4).

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company has derivative financial instruments that are not hedges and do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are recorded in other income (expense), on a net basis in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

The Company reassesses the classification of its derivative instruments at each balance sheet date. If the classification changes as a result of events during the period, the contract is reclassified as of the date of the event that caused the reclassification. As a result of entering into a convertible debt instrument (see Note 8) for which such instrument contained a variable conversion feature with no floor price, the Company’s sequencing policy is described below in Note 3 whereby all future instruments may be classified as a derivative liability with the exception of instruments related to share-based compensation issued to employees or directors.

Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option

Convertible Notes under Fair Value Option

The Company accounts for certain convertible notes on an instrument-by-instrument basis under the fair value option (“FVO”) election of ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”). The convertible notes accounted for under the FVO election are each debt host financial instruments containing embedded features wherein the entire financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. Changes in the estimated fair value of the convertible notes are recorded as a component of Other (expense) income in the consolidated statements of operations, except that the change in estimated fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risks is recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. As a result of electing the FVO, issuance costs related to the convertible notes are expensed as incurred.

Contingent Payable Derivative Liability

Contingent Payable Derivative Liability

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Cognate BioServices, resolving past matters and providing for the restart of DCVax^®-Direct Production.

As part of this overall settlement, the Company also provided a contingent note payable (the “Contingent Payable Derivative”) of $10.0 million, which is only payable upon the Company’s first financing after DCVax product approval in or outside the U.S. If such product approval has not been obtained by the seventh anniversary of the agreement on May 21,2026, such Contingent Payable Derivative will expire without becoming payable.

On a quarterly basis, management makes estimates for key performance milestones and uses the expected dates as the inputs for valuation. The fair value of the Contingent Payable Derivative has been estimated using Monte Carlo simulation, which are valued using Level 3 valuation inputs.

Leases

The Company recognizes a lease asset for its right to use the underlying asset and a lease liability for the corresponding lease obligation. The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. Operating leases with a duration greater than one year are included in right-of-use assets, lease liabilities, and lease liabilities, net of current portion in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the net present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The incremental borrowing rate represents the interest rate the Company would incur at lease commencement to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over the term of a lease. The Company considers a lease term to be the non-cancelable period that it has the right to use the underlying asset.

The operating lease right-of-use assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Variable lease expenses are recorded when incurred.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions

The Company has operations in the United Kingdom, Netherlands in addition to the U.S. The Company translated its foreign subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities, including the German subsidiary which the Company previously had operations, into U.S. dollars using end of period exchange rates, and revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using weighted average rates. Foreign currency translation adjustments are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity deficit.

The Company converts intercompany receivables and payables denominated in other than the Company’s functional currency at the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date. The resulting transaction exchange gains or losses related to intercompany receivable and payables, are included in other income and expense.

Comprehensive Loss

The Company reports comprehensive loss and its components in its consolidated financial statements. Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and foreign currency translation adjustments, affecting stockholders’ equity deficit that, under U.S, GAAP, is excluded from net loss.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the terms stipulated under the applicable service contract. These payments are assessed and recognized in accordance with ASC 606 in the period when the performance obligation had been met.

Accrued Outsourcing Costs

Substantial portions of our preclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors (collectively “CROs”). These CROs generally bill monthly or quarterly for services performed, or bill based upon milestones achieved. For clinical studies, expenses are accrued when services are performed. The Company monitors patient enrollment, the progress of clinical studies and related activities through internal reviews of data that is tracked by the CROs under contractual arrangements, correspondence with the CROs and visits to clinical sites.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred and consist primarily of clinical trial related costs (including costs for collection, validation and analysis of trial results), related party manufacturing costs, consulting costs, contract research and development costs, clinical site costs and compensation costs.

Income Taxes

The Company evaluates its tax positions and estimates its current tax exposure along with assessing temporary differences that result from different book to tax treatment of items not currently deductible for tax purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets, which are estimated based upon the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. In general, deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws or loss or credit carryforwards are utilized. Accordingly, realization of the Company’s deferred tax assets is dependent on future taxable income against which these deductions, losses and credits can be utilized.

The Company must assess the likelihood that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income, and to the extent the Company believes that recovery is not more likely than not, the Company must establish a valuation allowance. Management judgment is required in determining the Company’s provision for income taxes, the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against the Company’s net deferred tax assets. Excluding foreign operations, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance at each balance sheet date presented because, based on the available evidence, the Company believes it is more likely than not that it will not be able to utilize all of its deferred tax assets in the future. The Company intends to maintain the full valuation allowance until sufficient evidence exists to support the reversal of the valuation allowance.

On July 4, 2025, the U.S. government enacted The One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025, (known as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” or “OBBBA”) which makes permanent many of the tax provisions enacted in 2017 as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that were set to expire at the end of 2025. In addition, the OBBBA makes changes to certain U.S. corporate tax provisions. The most notable change for the Company will be the reintroduction of 100% bonus depreciation, whereby the Company can immediately deduct 100% of eligible fixed asset purchases for tax purposes in year one. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new legislation but does not expect it to have a material impact on the results of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures stock-based compensation to employees, consultants, and Board members at fair value on the grant date of the award. Compensation cost is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. For awards that have a performance condition, compensation cost is measured based on the fair value of the award on the grant date, the date performance targets are established, and is expensed over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche when achievement of the performance condition becomes probable. The Company assess the probability of the performance conditions being met on a continuous basis. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants that do not contain market-based vesting conditions using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

Expected Term - The expected term of options represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding based on the simplified method, which is the half-life from vesting to the end of its contractual term.

Expected Volatility - The Company computes stock price volatility over expected terms based on its historical common stock trading prices.

Risk-Free Interest Rate - The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on U. S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equivalent remaining term.

Expected Dividend - The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common shares and does not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, uses an expected dividend yield of zero in its valuation models.

The Company is also required to make estimates as to the probability of achieving the specific performance conditions. If actual results are not consistent with the Company’s assumptions and judgments used in making these estimates, the Company may be required to increase or decrease compensation expense, which could be material to the Company’s consolidated results of operations.

Sequencing

The Company adopted a sequencing policy whereby in the event that reclassification of contracts from equity to liabilities is necessary due to the Company’s inability to demonstrate it has sufficient authorized shares as result of certain financial instrument with a potentially indeterminable number of shares due to the variable conversion feature with no floor, or the company committing more shares than authorized. While temporary suspensions are in place to keep the potential exercises beneath the number authorized, certain instruments are classified as liabilities, after allocating available authorized shares on the basis of the earliest maturity date of potentially dilutive instruments. Pursuant to ASC 815, issuance of stock-based awards related to compensation to the Company’s employees, nonemployees or directors are not subject to the sequencing policy.

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

Modification of Equity Classified Warrants

A change in the terms or conditions of a warrant is accounted for as a modification. For a warrant modification accounted for under ASC 815, the effect of a modification shall be measured as the difference between the fair value of the modified warrant over and the fair value of the original warrant immediately before its terms are modified, with each measured on the modification date. The accounting for any incremental fair value of the modified warrants over the original warrants is based on the specific facts and circumstances related to the modification. When a modification is directly attributable to an equity offering, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as an equity issuance cost. When a modification is directly attributable to a debt financing, the incremental change in fair value of the warrants is accounted for as a debt discount or debt issuance cost. For all other modifications, the incremental change in fair value is recognized as a deemed dividend.

Debt Extinguishment and debt modification accounting

Debt Extinguishment and debt modification accounting

The Company accounts for debt restructuring or exchange of debt transactions as either a debt extinguishment or a debt modification. For instruments not involving conversion options, the Company recognizes an exchange of debt as an extinguishment if the present value of the cash flows under the terms of the new debt instrument is at least 10% different from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the original instrument. If the exchange of debt is accounted for as a debt extinguishment, the carrying value of the original debt including unamortized deferred financing fees is derecognized from our balance sheet and the new debt is recognized at its fair value less applicable deferred financing fees, with the difference between the net carrying value of the original debt and the fair value of the new debt recognized as a gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations. If the terms of a debt instrument are changed or modified and the cash flow effect on a present value basis is less than 10%, the debt instrument is not considered to be substantially different, the Company accounts for this debt instrument as debt modification. If the exchange of debt is accounted for as a debt modification, the change of the carrying amount of the original debt on the consolidated balance sheet is adjusted to the net present value of the revised cash flows with the adjustments treated as a capital cost and amortized as an adjustment of interest expense on our statement of operations.

Income (Loss) per Share

Basic income (loss) per share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the reporting period. Diluted income (loss) per share is computed on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares plus dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. Diluted weighted average shares reflect the dilutive effect, if any, of potential common shares. To the extent their effect is dilutive, employee equity awards and other commitments to be settled in common stock are included in the calculation of diluted income per share based on the treasury stock method. Potential common shares are excluded from the calculation of dilutive weighted average shares outstanding if their effect would be anti-dilutive at the balance sheet date based on a treasury stock method or due to a net loss.

Segment Information

Segment Information

The Company operates in one operating segment for the purposes of assessing performance, making operating decisions, and allocating Company resources. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) is its chief executive officer, who considers net loss to evaluate overall expenses associated with conducting research and development activities, which includes evaluating the progress of ongoing clinical trials and the planning and execution of current and future research and development activities. Further, the CODM reviews and utilizes functional expenses (research and development and general and administrative) as reported in the consolidated statements of operations to manage the Company’s operations. The measure of performance, significant expenses, and other items are each reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. The accounting policies of the Company’s single reportable segment are the

same as those for the consolidated financial statements. The level of disaggregation and amounts of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM are the same as those presented in the consolidated statements of operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as total assets.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023 - 09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023 - 09), which improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance will be effective for the annual periods beginning the year ended December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2023 - 09 for the year ended December 31, 2025, and applied the new disclosure requirements retrospectively to the all periods presented. Prior period disclosures have been adjusted to reflect the new disclosure requirements. See Note 15, “Income Taxes,” for further detail.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 (“ASU 2024-03”), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE) which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. The standard requires public business entities to disclose disaggregated information about specific natural expense categories underlying certain income statement expense line items that are considered relevant. The FASB also issued ASU No. 2025-01 (“ASU 2025-01”), Clarifying the Effective Date, which clarifies the adoption date of ASU 2024-03 as annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the potential effect of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025 - 06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal - Use Software (“ASU 2025 – 06”), which amends the guidance for accounting for software costs to reflect current software development practices, including iterative and agile methodologies, by removing references to development stages. It also clarifies the criteria for capitalization, which begins when both of the following occur: (1) management has authorized and committed to funding the software project and (2) it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. ASU 2025 - 06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either prospectively, retrospectively, or utilizing a modified transition approach. The Company is currently assessing the impact of ASU 2025 - 06 on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-07. This update clarifies the application of derivative accounting to certain contracts and refines the guidance for share-based noncash consideration received from customers. Specifically, ASU 2025-07 introduces a scope exception for contracts that are not exchange-traded and whose underlying is tied to operations or activities specific to one party. It also clarifies that share-based noncash consideration from a customer should initially be accounted for under Topic 606 until the right to receive or retain such consideration becomes unconditional, at which point financial instruments guidance may apply. The effective date for the standard is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in ASU 2025-07 should be applied either prospectively or by utilizing a modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently assessing the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements. This update clarifies interim disclosure requirements and centralizes such requirements within Topic 270. Among other changes, ASU 2025-11 introduces a disclosure principle requiring entities to provide information about significant events or changes since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact, clarifies when duplicative annual disclosures may be omitted from interim reports, and aligns interim reporting requirements with applicable SEC guidance for registrants. This guidance is effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in ASU 2025-11 should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, Codification Improvements. This update addresses shareholder suggestions on the Accounting Standards Codification and makes other incremental improvements to U.S. GAAP. The amendments make codification updates to a broad range of topics arising from technical corrections, unintended application of the codification, clarifications and other

minor improvements. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted and may be elected on an issue-by-issue basis. The amendments in ASU 2025-12 are to be applied prospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.