| Intangible assets |
18. Intangible assets The Group’s intangible assets consist of following: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trademarks, | | | | | | | | | | | | | patents, | | | | | | | | | | | Non‑compete | | software | | Customer | | | | | | | | | agreements | | and others | | lists | | Driver lists | | Licenses | | Total | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | As of January 1, 2023 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost | | 7,183,773 | | 5,413,444 | | 1,563,680 | | 301,641 | | 454,564 | | 14,917,102 | Accumulated amortization and impairment | | (6,618,863) | | (4,708,777) | | (1,563,680) | | (301,641) | | — | | (13,192,961) | Net book amount | | 564,910 | | 704,667 | | — | | — | | 454,564 | | 1,724,141 | For the year ended December 31, 2023 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opening net book amount | | 564,910 | | 704,667 | | — | | — | | 454,564 | | 1,724,141 | Disposal of subsidiaries | | — | | (9,571) | | — | | — | | — | | (9,571) | Additions | | — | | 43,010 | | — | | — | | — | | 43,010 | Disposals | | — | | (470) | | — | | — | | — | | (470) | Amortization | | (564,910) | | (438,372) | | — | | — | | — | | (1,003,282) | Impairment provisions | | — | | (80,800) | | — | | — | | — | | (80,800) | Currency translation differences | | — | | 2,657 | | — | | — | | — | | 2,657 | Closing net book amount | | — | | 221,121 | | — | | — | | 454,564 | | 675,685 | As of December 31, 2023 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost | | 7,183,773 | | 5,405,499 | | 1,573,479 | | 306,755 | | 454,564 | | 14,924,070 | Accumulated amortization and impairment | | (7,183,773) | | (5,184,378) | | (1,573,479) | | (306,755) | | — | | (14,248,385) | Net book amount | | — | | 221,121 | | — | | — | | 454,564 | | 675,685 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trademarks, | | | | | | | | | | | | | patents, | | | | | | | | | | | Non‑compete | | software | | Customer | | | | | | | | | agreements | | and others | | lists | | Driver lists | | Licenses | | Total | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | As of January 1, 2024 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost | | 7,183,773 | | 5,405,499 | | 1,573,479 | | 306,755 | | 454,564 | | 14,924,070 | Accumulated amortization and impairment | | (7,183,773) | | (5,184,378) | | (1,573,479) | | (306,755) | | — | | (14,248,385) | Net book amount | | — | | 221,121 | | — | | — | | 454,564 | | 675,685 | For the year ended December 31, 2024 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opening net book amount | | — | | 221,121 | | — | | — | | 454,564 | | 675,685 | Disposal of subsidiaries | | — | | (6,056) | | — | | — | | — | | (6,056) | Additions | | — | | 14,962 | | — | | — | | 163,057 | | 178,019 | Disposals | | — | | (992) | | — | | — | | — | | (992) | Amortization | | — | | (138,831) | | — | | — | | — | | (138,831) | Currency translation differences | | — | | 2,076 | | — | | — | | (5,385) | | (3,309) | Closing net book amount | | — | | 92,280 | | — | | — | | 612,236 | | 704,516 | As of December 31, 2024 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost | | 7,183,773 | | 5,281,533 | | 1,556,086 | | 297,678 | | 612,236 | | 14,931,306 | Accumulated amortization and impairment | | (7,183,773) | | (5,189,253) | | (1,556,086) | | (297,678) | | — | | (14,226,790) | Net book amount | | — | | 92,280 | | — | | — | | 612,236 | | 704,516 |
18. Intangible assets (Continued) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trademarks, | | | | | | | | | | | | | patents, | | | | | | | | | | | Non‑compete | | software | | Customer | | | | | | | | | agreements | | and others | | lists | | Driver lists | | Licenses | | Total | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | As of January 1, 2025 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost | | 7,183,773 | | 5,281,533 | | 1,556,086 | | 297,678 | | 612,236 | | 14,931,306 | Accumulated amortization and impairment | | (7,183,773) | | (5,189,253) | | (1,556,086) | | (297,678) | | — | | (14,226,790) | Net book amount | | — | | 92,280 | | — | | — | | 612,236 | | 704,516 | For the year ended December 31, 2025 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opening net book amount | | — | | 92,280 | | — | | — | | 612,236 | | 704,516 | Additions | | — | | 22,424 | | — | | — | | 21,535 | | 43,959 | Disposals | | — | | (3,374) | | — | | — | | — | | (3,374) | Amortization | | — | | (37,783) | | — | | — | | — | | (37,783) | Impairment provisions | | — | | (796) | | — | | — | | — | | (796) | Currency translation differences | | — | | 4,925 | | — | | — | | 5,448 | | 10,373 | Closing net book amount | | — | | 77,676 | | — | | — | | 639,219 | | 716,895 | As of December 31, 2025 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost | | 7,183,773 | | 5,309,782 | | 1,561,734 | | 300,626 | | 639,219 | | 14,995,134 | Accumulated amortization and impairment | | (7,183,773) | | (5,232,106) | | (1,561,734) | | (300,626) | | — | | (14,278,239) | Net book amount | | — | | 77,676 | | — | | — | | 639,219 | | 716,895 |
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the impairment losses for intangible assets were RMB80,800, nil and RMB796, respectively. The Group tests annually whether intangible assets with an indefinite useful life have suffered any impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, no such identifiable intangible assets have been impaired. Amortization charges were expensed off in the following categories in the consolidated income statements: | | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | RMB | | RMB | | RMB | Operations and support | | 148 | | 157 | | 1,529 | Sales and marketing | | 948,145 | | 86,686 | | 9,502 | Research and development | | 32,683 | | 18,951 | | 17,863 | General and administrative | | 22,306 | | 33,037 | | 8,889 | Total | | 1,003,282 | | 138,831 | | 37,783 |
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