| Schedule of income tax expense |
| | | | | | | | | | Year ended December 31, | | (in thousands of euros) | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | Loss before tax | | (109,819) | | (183,899) | | (354,116) | | Theoretical tax rate | | 25.0 | % | 25.0 | % | 25.0 | % | Tax benefit at theoretical rate | | 27,455 | | 45,975 | | 88,529 | | Tax credits | | 1,794 | | 1,584 | | 873 | | Permanent differences | | 478 | | (16,275) | | 3,967 | | Other permanent differences | | (975) | | (860) | | (6,905) | | Temporary differences | | (30) | | (34) | | (36) | | Tax rate differences | | 83 | | 100 | | 138 | | Non recognition of deferred tax assets related to tax losses and temporary differences | | (28,930) | | (30,569) | | (86,589) | | Impairment loss of deferred tax asset | | (481) | | (234) | | — | | Actual income tax benefit | | (607) | | (313) | | (22) | | of which | | | | | | | | Current taxes | | (62) | | (305) | | (124) | | Deferred taxes | | (545) | | (8) | | 102 | | Effective tax rate | | 0.06 | % | 0.17 | % | 0.04 | % |
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