UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark one)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report ________

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission file number 001-40024

MicroAlgo Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Unit 507, Building C, Taoyuan Street,

Long Jing High and New Technology Jingu Pioneer Park,

Nanshan District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,518052

(Address of principal executive offices)

Min Shu, Chief Executive Officer

ir@microalgor.com

Unit 507, Building C, Taoyuan Street,

Long Jing High and New Technology Jingu Pioneer Park,

Nanshan District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China

Tel: (86)0755-88600589

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 10,941,519 Class A Ordinary shares and 1,495,942 Class B Ordinary shares were outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes   ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes   ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes   ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes   ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement Item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐   Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes   ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. ☐ Yes   ☐ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategies and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

We would like to caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction with the risk factors disclosed in “Item 3. Key Information — 3.D. Risk Factors.” Other sections of this annual report include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements except as required under applicable law. You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Except where the context otherwise indicates and for the purpose of this annual report only:

Our reporting currency is the Renminbi. This annual report on Form 20-F also contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars were made at the rate of RMB 7.0288 to USD 1.00, representing the mid-point reference rate set by People’s Bank of China on December 31, 2025. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

PART I

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Our Holding Company Structure

MicroAlgo Inc. (“MicroAlgo” or the “Company”) (f/k/a Venus Acquisition Corporation (“Venus”)), a Cayman Islands exempted company, entered into the Merger Agreement dated June 10, 2021 (as amended on January 24, 2022, August 2, 2022, August 3, 2022 and August 10, 2022, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among WiMi Hologram Cloud Inc. (“WiMi” or the “Majority Shareholder”), Venus, Venus Merger Sub Corporation (“Venus Merger Sub”), a Cayman Islands exempted company incorporated for the purpose of effectuating the Business Combination (as defined herein), and VIYI Algorithm Inc. (“VIYI”), a Cayman Islands exempted company.

Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Company effected a business combination with VIYI through the merger of Merger Sub with and into VIYI, with VIYI surviving as the surviving company and as our wholly-owned subsidiary. On December 12, 2022, the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”) occurred. Upon the closing of the Business Combination, the Company changed its name to MicroAlgo Inc.

Our Class A Ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”) and Public Warrants are traded in the Over-The-Counter Market (“OTC”) under the trading symbols “MLGO” and “VENAF” respectively.

MicroAlgo is not an operating company, but a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. MicroAlgo operates its business through its subsidiaries in the PRC in which it owns equity interests.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, as of the date of this annual report.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Our Class A Ordinary shares may be prohibited from trading on a national exchange or over-the-counter under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“HFCA Act”) if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”) is unable to inspect our auditor for two consecutive years. Our current auditor, Onestop Assurance PAC (“Onestop”), the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the financial reports included elsewhere in this report, is registered with the PCAOB. Onestop is headquartered in Singapore and is subject to regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the applicable professional standards.

Although Onestop is headquartered in Singapore, our operations are primarily located within the PRC. Therefore, our auditor's ability to fully inspect our books and records relies on the continued cooperation of PRC authorities. While the PCAOB issued a report on December 15, 2022, vacating its previous 2021 determinations regarding its inability to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, the PCAOB continues to make annual determinations under the HFCA Act. Throughout 2023 and 2024, the PCAOB conducted a full cycle of inspections and investigations of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. Onestop was not included in the list of PCAOB-Identified Firms for the most recent determination period. 

Notwithstanding the current access granted to the PCAOB, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to conduct inspections and investigations completely to its satisfaction is subject to uncertainty and depends on factors out of our, and our auditor’s control. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it is again unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor due to positions taken by PRC authorities, we will be identified as a “Commission-Identified Issuer.” Under the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was enacted on December 29, 2022, if a company is identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years, the SEC is required to prohibit its securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange. The possibility of being a “Commission-Identified Issuer” and the risk of delisting could continue to adversely affect the trading price of our securities. 

Permission Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. Based on our understanding of PRC laws, our PRC subsidiaries are required to obtain a Business License in order to conduct business in the PRC. As of the date of this annual report, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our holding company, our subsidiaries in China. However, given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by government authorities, we cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China. We may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for our functions and services in the future. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry — We may be materially and adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of the Internet industry and companies.”

In connection with our continued listing on NASDAQ and previous issuance of securities to foreign investors, under current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries, (i) were not required to obtain permissions from the CSRC for our initial listing, (ii) are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, and (iii) have not been denied such requisite permissions by any PRC authority.

However, the PRC government exercises significant oversight and control over foreign investments in China-based issuers. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, or, collectively, the Trial Measures, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. Because our Class A Ordinary shares were already listed on Nasdaq prior to the effective date of the Trial Measures, we were not required to make an immediate retroactive filing with the CSRC for our initial listing. However, an overseas-listed company must also submit the filing with respect to its follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds and exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities, within three working days under the Trial Measures. Therefore, we will be required to file with the CSRC for our future capital-raising activities involving equity or equity-linked securities in the future within the applicable scope of the Trial Measures. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Doing Business in China — We are subject to extensive and evolving legal system in the PRC, non-compliance with which, or changes in which, may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects, and may result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.”

Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization

The Company is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in China. As a result, the Company’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries in China. If our existing PRC subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

We are permitted under PRC laws and regulations as an offshore holding company to provide fundings to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China only through loans or capital contributions, subject to the record-filing and registration with government authorities and limit on the amount of loans. Subject to satisfaction of the applicable government registration requirements, we may extend inter-company loans to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China or make additional capital contributions to the wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries to fund their capital expenditures or working capital. If we provide fundings to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries through loans, the total amount of such loans may not exceed the difference between the entity’s total investment as registered with the foreign investment authorities and our registered capital. Such loans must also be registered with SAFE (as defined herein) or their local branches. Other than these statutory and regulatory requirements, we do not currently have a formal corporate cash management policy that dictates how funds are transferred between our Cayman Islands holding company and our PRC subsidiaries.

As of the date of this annual report, no cash dividends or other distributions have been made by our PRC subsidiaries to the Company, and no distributions have been made by the Company to U.S. investors. For more detailed information and risks associated with a transfer of funds by the Company to our PRC subsidiaries in the form of a loan or capital injection, please see “Item 3.D.Risk Factors — Risk Factors Relating to Doing Business in China — PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds we receive from offshore financing activities to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand business.”

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Summary of Risk Factors

Investment in our Class A Ordinary shares involves significant risks. Below is a summary of material risks we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”

Risk Factors Relating to our Business and Industry

Risk Factors Relating to Doing Business in China

Risk Factors Relating to an Investment in our Class A Ordinary shares

Risk Factors Relating to our Business and Industry

We operate in a relatively new and rapidly evolving market.

We provide customers with comprehensive solutions integrating central processing algorithms with software or hardware to streamline their digital services to end users, thereby helping our customers to improve end user satisfaction, achieve direct cost savings, and reduce power consumption. Our services include algorithm optimization, accelerating computing power without the need for hardware upgrades, lightweight data processing and data intelligence services. Our business and prospects mainly depend on the continuous development and growth of the central processing algorithm service industry in the PRC. The development of this industry is affected by numerous factors, including but not limited to technological innovation, user experience, the development of the Internet and Internet-based services, regulatory environment, and macro-economic environment. The markets for our products and services are relatively new and rapidly developing and are subject to significant challenges. In addition, our continued growth depends, in part, on our ability to respond to changes in the central processing algorithm service industry, including rapid technological evolution, continued shifts in customer demands, introductions of new products and services and emergence of new industry standards and practices. Developing and integrating new solutions, products, services or infrastructure could be expensive and time-consuming, and these efforts may not yield the benefits we expect to achieve.

In addition, as the central processing algorithm service industry in China is relatively young, there are few proven methods of projecting customer demand or available industry standards on which we can rely. Some of our current monetization methods are also in a relatively preliminary stage. We cannot assure you that our attempts to monetize current applications will continue to be successful, profitable or accepted, and therefore the profit potential of our business is difficult to gauge. Our growth prospects should be considered in light of the risks and uncertainties that fast-growing early-stage companies with limited operating history in an evolving industry may encounter, including, among others, risks and uncertainties regarding our ability to:

Addressing these risks and uncertainties will require significant capital expenditures and allocation of valuable management and employee resources. We cannot assure you that it will succeed in any of these aspects or that the central processing algorithm service industry in the PRC will continue to grow at a rapid pace. If we fail to successfully address any of the above risks and uncertainties, then the size of our customer base, our revenue and profits may decline.

Our competitive position and results of operations could be harmed if we do not compete effectively.

The markets for our products and services are characterized by intense competition, new industry standards, limited barriers to entry, disruptive technology developments, short product life cycles, customer price sensitivity and frequent product introductions (including alternatives with limited functionality available at lower costs or free of charge). Any of these factors could create downward pressure on pricing and profitability and could adversely affect our ability to retain current customers or attract new customers. Our future success will depend on a continued ability to enhance and integrate our existing products and services, introduce new products and services in a timely and cost-effective manner, meet changing customer expectations and needs, extend our core technology into new applications, and anticipate emerging standards, business models, software delivery methods and other technological developments. Furthermore, some of our current and potential competitors enjoy competitive advantages such as greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources, broader brand awareness, and access to larger customer bases. As a result of these advantages, potential and current customers might select the products and services of our competitors, causing a loss of market share to us.

We have a limited operating history, and it may not be able to sustain rapid growth, effectively manage growth or implement business strategies.

We have a limited operating history. Although we have experienced significant growth since launching our business, our historical performance results and growth rate may not be indicative of our future performance. We may not be able to achieve similar results or grow at the same rate as it has in the past. To keep pace with the development of the central processing algorithm service industry in the PRC, we may need to adjust and upgrade our product and service offerings or modify our business model. These adjustments may not achieve expected results and may have a material and adverse impact on our financial conditions and results of operations.

In addition, our rapid growth and expansion have placed, and is expected to continue to place, a significant strain on our management and resources. There is no assurance that the future growth of us will be sustained at a similar rate or at all. We believe that our revenue, expenses and operating results may vary from period to period in response to a variety of factors beyond our control, which primarily include general economic conditions, emergencies and changes in policies, laws and regulations that may affect our business operations and our ability to monitor costs. In addition, our ability to develop new sources of revenues, diversify monetization methods, attract and retain customers, continue developing innovative technologies, increase brand awareness, expand into new market segments, and adjust to the rapidly changing regulatory environment in the PRC, will also affect our future growth to a great extent. Therefore, you should not rely on our historical results in predict our future financial performance.

Recent acquisitions could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt the business, dilute shareholder value and strain the resources.

Integrating the operations of acquired businesses successfully or otherwise realizing any of the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, including anticipated cost savings and additional revenue opportunities, involves a number of potential challenges. The failure to meet these integration challenges could seriously harm the financial condition and results of operations of us. Realizing the benefits of acquisitions depends in part on the integration of operations and personnel. These integration activities are complex and time-consuming, and we may encounter unexpected difficulties or incur unexpected costs, including:

Acquired businesses may have liabilities or adverse operating issues that we failed to discover through due diligence prior to the acquisition. In particular, to the extent that prior owners of any acquired businesses or properties failed to comply with or otherwise violated applicable laws or regulations, or failed to fulfill their contractual obligations to clients, us, as the successor owner, may be financially responsible for these violations and failures and may suffer financial or reputational harm or otherwise be adversely affected. Similarly, the acquisition targets may not have as robust internal controls over financial reporting as would be expected of a public company. Acquisitions also frequently result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets which are subject to potential impairment in the future that could harm our financial results. We may also become subject to new regulations as a result of an acquisition, including if we acquire a business serving clients in a regulated industry or acquires a business with clients or operations in a country in which we do not already operate. In addition, if we finance acquisitions by issuing equity securities, the interests of existing shareholders may be diluted, which could affect the market price of the shares of us. As a result, if we fail to evaluate properly acquisitions or investments, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such acquisitions, and we may incur costs in excess of what we anticipate. Acquisitions frequently involve benefits related to the integration of operations of the acquired business. The failure to successfully integrate the operations or otherwise to realize any of the anticipated benefits of the acquisition could seriously harm the results of operations of us.

Failure to maintain adequate financial, information technology and management processes and controls could result in material weaknesses which could lead to errors in our financial reporting, which could adversely affect our business.

As a subsidiary of WiMi, a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and of the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Global Market. However, failure to maintain adequate financial, information technology and management processes and controls of us could result in material weaknesses which could lead to errors in our financial reporting, which could adversely affect our business. Similarly, as an “emerging growth company,” we would be exempted from the SEC’s internal control reporting requirements. We may lose our emerging growth company status and become subject to the SEC’s internal control over financial reporting management and auditor attestation requirements in the year in which it is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which would occur once the market value of our ordinary share held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of the prior fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter. In addition, our current controls and any new controls that it develops may become inadequate because of poor design and changes in our business. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could adversely affect the results of assessments by our independent registered public accounting firm and their attestation reports.

If we are unable to certify the effectiveness of our internal controls, or if our internal controls have material weaknesses, we may not detect errors timely, our consolidated financial statements could be misstated, it could be subject to regulatory scrutiny and a loss of confidence by our shareholders, which could harm our reputation and business and adversely affect the market price of our securities.

As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and the applicable stock exchange. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives and may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition into a public company. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for it to obtain directors and officers liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits or incur substantially higher costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs it may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

If we fail to keep up with industry trends or technological developments, or develop, acquire, market and offer new products and services, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

The central processing algorithm service industry is rapidly evolving and is subject to continuous technological changes. Our success depends on our ability to continue to develop and implement services and solutions that anticipate and respond to rapid and continuing changes in technology and industry developments and offerings to serve the evolving needs of our customers. Our growth strategy is focused on responding to these types of developments by driving innovation that will enable us to expand business into new growth domains. Our competitive advantage could be adversely affected if we do not invest enough in new technologies and industrial developments, or if we make the incorrect strategical investment to respond to these developments and to drive innovation. If we do not sufficiently invest in new technology and industry developments, or evolve and expand our business at sufficient speed and scale, or if we do not make the right strategic investments to respond to these developments and successfully drive innovation, then our services and solutions, results of operations, and ability to develop and maintain a competitive advantage and continue to grow could be negatively affected.

In addition, we operate in a quickly evolving environment, in which there currently are, and we expect will continue to be, new technology developments. New services or technologies offered by competitors or new entrants may make our offerings less differentiated or less competitive when compared to other alternatives, which may adversely affect our results of operations. Technological innovations may also require substantial capital expenditures in product development as well as in modification of products, services or infrastructure. In order to maintain and improve competitiveness and continue to expand our business, we need to introduce constantly new solutions and products and services to satisfy customers’ needs, in order for us to attract new customers and retain existing customers. Researching and developing new technologies and solutions require significant investment of human resources and capital. We cannot assure you that any research and development efforts will be successful, or that we will be able to obtain financing to cover such expenditure. Failure to adapt our products and services to such changes in an effective and timely manner could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our results of operations could materially suffer in the event of insufficient pricing to enable us to meet profitability expectations.

If we are not able to obtain sufficient pricing for our services and solutions, our revenues and profitability could materially suffer. The rates we are able to charge for services and solutions are affected by a number of factors, including:

In addition, our profitability with respect to services and solutions for new technologies may be different when compared to the profitability of our current business, due to factors such as the use of alternative pricing, the mix of work and the number of service providers, among others.

The competitive environment the central processing algorithm services industry in the PRC affects our ability to obtain favorable pricing in a number of ways, any of which could have a material negative impact on our results of operations. The less we are able to differentiate and/or clearly convey the value of our services and solutions, the more risk we face in terms of our services and solutions will be seen as commodities, and price will become the driving factor in selecting a service provider. In addition, the introduction of new services or products by competitors could reduce our ability to obtain favorable pricing for the services or products that we offer. Competitors may be willing, at times, to price contracts lower than us in an effort to enter new markets or increase market share. Further, if competitors develop and implement methodologies that yield greater efficiency and productivity, they may be better positioned to offer similar services at lower prices. As such, failure to adopt a sufficient pricing policy or adjust our pricing policy in a timely and effective manner could adversely and materially affect our competitive position in the industry, which could adversely and materially affect our operations and financial conditions.

We make significant investments in research and development of new products and services that may not achieve expected returns.

We have made and will continue to make significant investments in research, development, and marketing for existing products, services, and technologies, as well as new technology or new applications of existing technology. Investments in new technology are speculative. Commercial success depends on many factors, including but not limited to, innovativeness, developer support, and effective distribution and marketing. There is no assurance that we will be rewarded from our investments in developing new services and products. If our customers do not perceive our latest offerings as providing significant new functionality or other value, they may reduce their purchases of services or products, thus unfavorably affecting revenue and profits. We may not achieve significant revenue from new products and services, or new applications of existing products and services, for several years, if at all. New products and services may not be profitable, and even if they are profitable, operating margins for some new products, services and businesses may not be as high as the margins we have experienced historically. Furthermore, developing new technologies is complex and unpredictable, which can require long development and testing periods. Significant delays in new releases or significant problems in creating new products or offering new services could adversely affect our revenue and profits.

We require a significant amount of capital to fund our research and development investments. If we cannot obtain sufficient capital on favorable terms or at all, our business, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Operating our business requires significant, continuous investment in acquiring, maintaining and upgrading contents, services, and technologies. Historically, we have financed our operations primarily with net cash generated from operating activities, financial support from shareholders and equity financing and loans from third-parties. As part of our growth strategy, we plan to continue investing substantial capital in research and development activities in the future, which may require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing. Our ability to obtain additional financing in the future is subject to a number of uncertainties, including but not limited to those relating to:

Although we expect to rely on net cash provided by operating activities and financing through capital markets for liquidity needs as our business continues to grow, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in our efforts to diversify sources of liquidity. If we raise additional funds through future issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our Class A Ordinary shares. Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, including the ability to pay dividends. This may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital to fund our research and development, and pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain sufficient capital to meet capital needs, then it may not be able to implement growth strategies, which may cause our business, financial condition and general prospects to be materially and adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to attract, hire, retain and motivate key management personnel and highly skilled employees.

Our success is largely attributable to the continued commitment and contribution of our directors and key senior management personnel. Their extensive knowledge and experience in the central processing algorithm service industry as well as their established relationships with our customers, are vital to our business. There are no assurances that we will be able to retain these key personnel, and the loss any of them without suitable and timely replacements, or the inability to attract and retain qualified personnel may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial position and general prospects.

As of December 31, 2025, we have a total number of 71 employees. We believe that our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, hire, retain and motivate qualified and skilled employees, as they are critical in improving our infrastructure and technologies and optimizing our operations. Competition for recruitment of highly skilled professionals is intense, which could also increase costs to attract and retain talented employees. We may not be able to hire and retain skilled employees at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation level and structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees may have greater resources than us do and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. In addition, we invest significant time and resources in training employees to ensure their competitiveness, which increases these employees’ value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain these employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training new employees, and our ability to provide services consistently could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business and ability to sustain profitability. Moreover, if any member of our management team or any of our other key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing business, our trade secrets and know-hows may leak which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our business depends substantially on the market recognition of our brand and negative media coverage could adversely affect our business.

We believe that enhancing our brand and extending our customer base are cornerstones to sustaining our competitive advantages. Negative publicity about us and our business, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers, and other employees, as well as the industry in which we operate, could be devastating and could materially and adversely affect the public perception of our brand, and in turn, reduce the sales of our products and services. Negative publicity concerning could be related to a wide variety of matters, including:

In addition to traditional media, there has been an increasing use of social media platforms and similar devices in China, including instant messaging applications, social media websites and other forms of internet-based communications that provide individuals with access to a broad audience of users and other interested people. The availability of information on instant messaging applications and social media platforms is virtually immediate as our impact without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. The opportunity for dissemination of information, including inaccurate information, is seemingly limitless and readily available. Information concerning us, shareholders, directors, officers and employees may be posted on such platforms at any time. The risks associated with any such negative publicity or incorrect information cannot be eliminated entirely or mitigated and may materially harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our failure to protect intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position.

We believe that our patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property are essential to the success of us. We depend to a large extent on the ability to develop and maintain the intellectual property rights relating to our central processing algorithm solutions and products. We have devoted considerable time and energy to the development and improvement of software, middleware, websites, and intellectual property.

We rely primarily on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets laws, and contractual restrictions for the protection of the intellectual property used in our business. Nevertheless, these provide only limited protection and the actions we take to protect intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Our trade secrets may become known or be independently discovered by competitors. We may have no rights or limited rights to stop others’ use of our information, including intellectual property. Moreover, to the extent that our employees or third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights to such intellectual property. Furthermore, it is often difficult to maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement, and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Contractual restrictions may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of company intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We cannot provide assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our services or solutions could infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others, or we might lose our ability to utilize the intellectual property of others.

We cannot be sure that our services and solutions do not infringe on the intellectual property rights of third parties, and these third parties could claim that we or our clients are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. These claims could harm our reputation, cause us to incur substantial costs or prevent it from offering some services or solutions in the future. Any related proceedings could require us to expend significant resources over an extended period. Any claims or litigation in this area could be time-consuming and costly, damage our reputation and/or require it to incur additional costs to obtain the right to continue to offer a service or solution to our customers. If we cannot secure this right at all or on reasonable terms, or if it cannot substitute alternative technology, then our results of operations could be materially adversely affected. The risk of infringement claims against us may increase as we expand upon our industry software solutions.

Additionally, in recent years, individuals and firms have purchased intellectual property assets in order to assert claims of infringement against technology providers and customers that use such technology. Any such action naming we or our clients could be costly to defend or lead to an expensive settlement or judgment against us. Moreover, such an action could result in an injunction being ordered against our client or our services or operations, causing further damages.

In addition, we rely on third-party software in providing some of our services and solutions. If we lose our ability to continue using such software for any reason, including in the event that the software is found to infringe the rights of others, we will need to obtain substitute software or seek alternative means of obtaining the technology necessary to continue to provide such services and solutions. Our inability to replace such software, or to replace such software in a timely or cost-effective manner, could materially adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, the application and interpretation of intellectual property right laws as well as the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how and other intellectual property rights are constantly evolving and may be uncertain, so we cannot assure you that the courts or regulatory authorities will agree with our legal analysis. If we are ruled to have violated the intellectual property rights of a third party, we may be liable for infringement activities, or may be prohibited from using the intellectual property rights, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives. In this case, our business and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to protect our source code from copying if there is an unauthorized disclosure.

Source code, the detailed program commands for our middleware and software programs and solutions, is critical to our business. Although we license portions of our application and operating system source code to several licensees, we take significant measures to protect the secrecy of large portions of our source code. If our source code leaks, we might lose future trade secret protection for that code. It may then become easier for third parties to compete with our products by copying functionality, which could adversely affect our revenue and operating margins.

Third parties may register trademarks or domain names or purchase internet search engine keywords that are similar to our trademarks, brand or websites, or misappropriate our data and copy our platform, all of which could cause confusion to our users, divert online customers away from our products and services or harm our reputation.

To divert potential customers from us to such competitors’ or third parties’ websites or platforms, competitors and other third parties may purchase (i) trademarks that are similar to our trademarks and (ii) keywords that are confusingly similar to our brand or websites in the internet search engine advertising programs and in the header and text of the resulting sponsored links or advertisements in order to divert potential customers from us to such competitors’ or third parties’ websites or platforms. Preventing such unauthorized use is inherently difficult. If we are unable to prevent such unauthorized use, competitors and other third parties may continue to drive potential customers away from our platform to competing, irrelevant or potentially offensive platform, which could harm our reputation and cause us to lose revenue.

Our business is highly dependent on the proper functioning and improvement of our information technology systems and infrastructure. Our business and operating results may be harmed by service disruptions, or by our failure to timely and effectively scale up and adjust our existing technology and infrastructure.

Our business depends on the continuous and reliable operation of our information technology (“IT”) systems. Our IT systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption as a result of fires, floods, earthquakes, power losses, telecommunications failures, undetected errors in software, computer viruses, hacking and other attempts to harm our IT systems. Disruptions, failures, unscheduled service interruptions or a decrease in connection speeds could damage our reputation and cause our customers and end-users to migrate to our competitors’ platforms. If we experience frequent or constant service disruptions, whether caused by failures of our own IT systems or those of third-party service providers, then our user experience may be negatively affected, which in turn may have a material and adverse effect on our reputation and business. We may not be successful in minimizing the frequency or duration of service interruptions. As the number of our end-users increases and more user data are generated on our platform, it may be required to expand and adjust technology and infrastructure to continue to reliably store and process content.

Our operations depend on the performance of the Internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China, which may experience unexpected system failure, interruption, inadequacy or security breaches.

Almost all access to the Internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT. Moreover, we primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunication’s lines and Internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s Internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunication networks provided by telecommunication service providers. Network flow in China has experienced significant growth during the past few years. Effective bandwidth and server storage at Internet data centers in large cities such as Beijing and Shenzhen are scarce. With the expansion of our business, it may be required to upgrade technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our platform. We cannot assure you that the Internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunication networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in the Internet usage. If we cannot increase our capacity to deliver online services, then it may not be able to expand our customer base, and the adoption of our services may be hindered, which could adversely impact our business and profitability.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and Internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if the Internet access fees or other charges to Internet users increase, some users may be prevented from accessing the mobile Internet and thus cause the growth of mobile Internet users to decelerate. Such deceleration may adversely affect our ability to continue to expand our user base.

We use third-party services and technologies in connection with our business, and any disruption to the provision of these services and technologies to us could result in adverse publicity and a slowdown in the growth of our users, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business partially depends on services provided by, and relationships with, various third parties. Some third-party software we use in our operations is currently publicly available and free of charge. If the owner of any such software decides to charge users or no longer makes the software publicly available, then we may need to incur significant costs to obtain licensing, find replacement software or develop it on our own. If we are unable to obtain licensing, find or develop replacement software at a reasonable cost, or at all, our business and operations may be adversely affected.

We exercise no control over the third parties with whom we have business arrangements. If such third parties increase their prices, fail to provide their services effectively, terminate their service or agreements or discontinue their relationships with us, then we could suffer service interruptions, reduced revenues or increased costs, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our insurance policies may not provide adequate coverage for all claims associate with our business operations.

We maintain various insurance policies, such as group personal accident insurance and corporate employee benefits insurance. However, our insurance coverage is still limited in terms of amount, scope and benefit. Insurance companies in China offer limited business insurance products. We do not have any business liability or disruption insurance coverage for our operations in China. Any business disruption may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of our resources. Any uninsured business disruption, litigation or legal proceedings or natural disasters, such as epidemics, pandemics or earthquakes, or other events beyond our control could result in substantial costs and the diversion of our management’s attention. If we are to be held liable for uninsured losses or amounts and claims for insured losses exceeding the limits of our insurance coverage, then our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected as a result.

We may be subject to claims, disputes or legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. If the outcome of these proceedings is unfavorable to us, then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We may be subject to claims, disputes, or legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business from time to time, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may receive formal and informal inquiries from governmental authorities and regulators regarding our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, many of which are evolving and subject to interpretation. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of laws could be asserted against us by our employees, customers, media partners, competitors, governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations and proceedings or other third parties. These claims could be asserted under a variety of laws, including but not limited to advertising laws, Internet information services laws, intellectual property laws, unfair competition laws, data protection and privacy laws, labor and employment laws, securities laws, real estate laws, tort laws, contract laws, property laws and employee benefit laws. We may also be subject to lawsuits due to actions by our media partners or advertising customers.

There can be no guarantee that we will be successful in defending ourselves in legal and arbitration actions or in asserting our rights under various laws. If the outcome of these proceedings is unfavorable to us, then our business, results of operations and financial conditions could be adversely affected. Even if we are successful in our attempt to defend ourselves in legal and arbitration actions or to assert our rights under various laws, enforcing our rights against the various parties involved may be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately futile. These actions may expose us to negative publicity, substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief, and criminal and civil fines and penalties, including but not limited to suspension or revocation of our licenses to conduct business.

We may need additional capital to support or expand our business, and we may be unable to obtain such capital in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, if at all.

Although we believe that our anticipated cash flows from operating activities, together with cash on hand, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve months, we cannot assure you this will be the case. We may also need additional cash resources in the future if it pursues opportunities for investments, acquisitions or similar actions. If we determine that our cash requirements exceed the amount of cash and cash equivalents we have on hand at the time, we may seek to issue equity or debt securities or obtain credit facilities. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our shareholding. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operational and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. We have historically used bank borrowings to partially finance operations. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available in amounts sufficient or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the applicable Nasdaq listing rules and, as a result, will qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. If we rely on these exemptions, you will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subjected to such requirements.

We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance rules because WIMI, our Major shareholder, beneficially owns more than 50% of the total voting power. Additionally, on November 29, 2024, the shareholders of the Company authorized the establishment of a dual-class share structure. This involved the creation of Class B ordinary shares, each carrying 20 votes, whereas each Class A ordinary share carries one vote. Consequently, upon issuance, the holders of Class B shares will possess a disproportionately higher voting influence on shareholder resolutions. Under the “controlled company” corporate governance rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company.” For so long as we remain a controlled company under that definition, it is permitted to elect to rely, and may rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors or that we must establish a nominating committee and a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subjected to these corporate governance requirements.

Our dual-class voting structure will have the effect of concentrating voting control with holders of Class B Ordinary Shares, which will limit the ability of our other investors to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors and the approval of any change of control transaction.

Our authorized and issued ordinary shares divide into Class A Ordinary shares and Class B Ordinary shares. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B Ordinary Shares are entitled to twenty votes per share. Holders of Class B Ordinary Shares will have the ability to control matters requiring shareholders’ approval, including any amendment of our memorandum and articles of association and approval over any change of control transactions. Our Class A and Class B Ordinary Shares are not convertible.

As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B Ordinary Shares have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers and consolidations, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. WIMI Hologram Cloud Inc., our parent company beneficially owns all of our Class B Ordinary Shares. As of December 31, 2025, these Class B Ordinary Shares constitutes approximately 73.2% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure. As such, WIMI Hologram Cloud Inc. will have sufficient voting power to determine the outcome with respect to elections of directors, amendments to our Memorandum and Articles of Association that are subject to a shareholder vote, increases to the number of shares available for issuance under our equity incentive plans or adoption of new equity incentive plans, and approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval for the foreseeable future.

We cannot predict the effect our dual-class structure may have on the market of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

We cannot predict whether our dual-class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, in adverse publicity, or in other adverse consequences. Certain shareholder advisory firms have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual-class structure of our Ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our Class A Ordinary Shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and could make our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected.

Our business may be materially and adversely affected by the effects of natural disasters, health epidemics or similar situation.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, blizzards, typhoons or fire accidents, epidemics such as avian flu, swine flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (or SARS), Ebola, Zika, COVID-19, or other events, such as acts of war, terrorism, environmental accidents, power shortages or communication interruptions.

We may be materially and adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of the Internet industry and companies.

Our subsidiaries in the PRC currently have obtained the necessary permits and licenses to operate our business in China. However, the PRC government extensively regulates the Internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the Internet industry. These Internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainty. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations of applicable laws and regulations. Issues, risks and uncertainties relating to PRC regulations of the Internet business include, but are not limited to, the following:

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the Internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, Internet businesses in China, including our business. There are also risks that we may be found to violate the existing or future laws and regulations given the uncertainty and complexity of China’s regulation of Internet business.

Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with PRC laws and regulations relating to cyber security. These laws and regulations could create unexpected costs, subject us to enforcement actions for compliance failures, or restrict portions of our business or cause us to change our data practices or business model.

Our business generates and processes a large quantity of data. We face risks inherent in handling and protecting large volume of data. Including:

The PRC regulatory and enforcement regime with regard to data security and data protection is rapidly evolving and becoming increasingly stringent. Most notably, on September 30, 2024, the PRC State Council promulgated the Regulations on Network Data Security Management (the "Network Data Regulations"), which became effective on January 1, 2025. The Network Data Regulations integrate and significantly expand upon the compliance requirements of the PRC Cybersecurity Law, the Data Security Law, and the Personal Information Protection Law.

The Network Data Regulations impose heightened operational obligations on entities classified as "network data processors," including mandatory incident reporting, regular compliance audits, and strict limitations on cross-border data transfers. Given the data-intensive nature of our algorithm and services, there is a substantial risk that regulatory authorities may classify our company as a network data processor. If we are deemed to be a network data processor, we may be required by Chinese governmental authorities to share personal information and algorithm data that we collect to comply with these national security and cybersecurity directives. The regulations also impose severe oversight on the processing of "Important Data"—defined as data that, if tampered with, destroyed, or leaked, could endanger national security, economic operations, social stability, or public health. Processors handling "Important Data" are required to appoint a dedicated network data security officer, establish a specialized data security management body, and conduct and submit annual risk assessments to provincial authorities.

Given the nature of our algorithm and data processing business, there are substantial uncertainties regarding how local regulators will interpret these new rules and whether the data we process will be classified as "Important Data" by relevant regional or industrial authorities. If our data processing activities are deemed to implicate Important Data or otherwise affect PRC national security, we will be subject to these heightened regulatory burdens and potential national security reviews. All these laws and regulations may result in significant additional compliance expenses. PRC regulators have been increasingly focused on data security, and we expect these areas will attract continued scrutiny and enforcement action going forward. If we are unable to fully comply with the new Network Data Regulations or other evolving privacy laws, we could become subject to severe penalties, fines, suspension of business, revocation of required licenses, or administrative orders requiring us to fundamentally alter our data practices or algorithm business model, any of which would materially and adversely affect our reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided directly or indirectly by our customers or end users.

We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, and data protection. These laws and regulations are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly with respect to foreign laws. In particular, there are numerous laws and regulations regarding privacy and the collection, sharing, use, processing, disclosure, and protection of personal information and other user data. Such laws and regulations often vary in scope, may be subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions.

We expect to obtain information about various aspects of our operations as well as regarding our employees and third parties. We also maintain information about various aspects of our operations as well as regarding our employees. The integrity and protection of our customer, employee and company data is critical to our business. Our customers, end users and employees expect that we will adequately protect their personal information. We are required by applicable laws to keep strictly confidential the personal information that it collects, and to take adequate security measures to safeguard such information.

The PRC Criminal Law, as amended by its Amendment 7 (effective on February 28, 2009) and Amendment 9 (effective on November 1, 2015), prohibits institutions, companies and their employees from selling or otherwise illegally disclosing a citizen’s personal information obtained during the course of performing duties or providing services or obtaining such information through theft or other illegal ways. On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress issued the Cyber Security Law of the PRC, or Cyber Security Law, which became effective on June 1, 2017.

Pursuant to the Cyber Security Law, network operators must not, without users’ consent, collect their personal information, and may only collect users’ personal information necessary to provide their services. Providers are also obliged to provide security maintenance for their products and services and shall comply with provisions regarding the protection of personal information as stipulated under the relevant laws and regulations.

The Civil Code of the PRC (issued by the PRC National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020, and effective from January 1, 2021) provides main legal basis for privacy and personal information infringement claims under the Chinese civil laws. PRC regulators, including the Cyberspace Administration of China, MIIT, and the Ministry of Public Security have been increasingly focused on regulation in the areas of data security and data protection.

The PRC regulatory requirements regarding cybersecurity are constantly evolving. For instance, various regulatory bodies in China, including the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protection laws and regulations with varying and evolving standards and interpretations. In April 2020, the Chinese government promulgated Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect on June 1, 2020. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security.

In November 2016, the Standing Committee of China’s National People’s Congress passed China’s first Cybersecurity Law (“CSL”), which became effective in June 2017. The CSL is the first PRC law that systematically lays out the regulatory requirements on cybersecurity and data protection, subjecting many previously under-regulated or unregulated activities in cyberspace to government scrutiny. The legal consequences of violation of the CSL include penalties of warning, confiscation of illegal income, suspension of related business, winding up for rectification, shutting down the websites, and revocation of business license or relevant permits. In April 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China and certain other PRC regulatory authorities promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective in June 2020. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security. On July 10, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued a revised draft of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments (“Draft Measures”), which required that, in addition to “operator of critical information infrastructure,” any “data processor” carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security should also be subject to cybersecurity review, and further elaborated the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities, including, among others, (i) the risk of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or exited the country; and (ii) the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled, or maliciously used by foreign governments after listing abroad. The Cyberspace Administration of China has said that under the proposed rules companies holding data on more than 1,000,000 users must now apply for cybersecurity approval when seeking listings in other nations because of the risk that such data and personal information could be “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments.” The cybersecurity review will also investigate the potential national security risks from overseas IPOs.

On December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China jointly with the relevant authorities formally published Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) which took effect on February 15, 2022, and replaced the former Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2020). Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) stipulates that operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and online platform operator (together with the operators of critical information infrastructure, the “Operators”) carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review, any online platform operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must go through a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country. Since we are not an operator, it does not control the personal information of more than one million users and does not collect data that affects or could affect national security. In the foreseeable future, we will not collect personal information of more than one million users or collect data that affects or may affect national security, and we will not be required to apply for a cybersecurity review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021). As of the date of this report, we have not received any notification from any PRC government agency regarding any requirement by us to go through a cybersecurity review. Further, if the enacted version of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review mandates clearance of cybersecurity review and other specific actions to be completed by companies like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all.

Since the Cybersecurity Review Measures are relativity new, the implementation and interpretation are not yet clear. There are uncertainties about how such regulations will affect us and our listing on Nasdaq. In the event that the Cyberspace Administration of China determines that we are subject to these regulations, we may be required to be delisted from Nasdaq and we may be subject to fines and penalties.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which will take effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law also sets forth the data security protection obligations for entities and individuals handling personal data, including that no entity or individual may acquire such data by stealing or other illegal means, and the collection and use of such data should not exceed the necessary limits The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, CSL and any other cybersecurity and related laws may limit the use and adoption of our products and services and could have an adverse impact on our business.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC approved the Personal Information Protection Law (“PIPL”), which will become effective on November 1, 2021. The PIPL regulates collection of personal identifiable information and seeks to address the issue of algorithmic discrimination. Companies in violation of the PIPL may be subject to warnings and admonishments, forced corrections, confiscation of corresponding income, suspension of related services, and fines.

To implement the security assessment mechanisms for cross-border transfers out of China of data under the Cyber Security Law, the Data Security Law, and the PIPL, the CAC promulgated the Security Assessment Measures, which took effect on September 1, 2022, and published the Security Assessment Guide on August 31, 2022. Under the Security Assessment Measures, a mandatory security assessment is required for data transfers out of mainland China under any of the following circumstances: (i) transfer of important data by data processors; (ii) transfer of personal information by critical information infrastructure operators and data processors that process personal information of more than one million individuals; (iii) transfer of personal information by data processors that have transferred either personal information of over 100,000 individuals or sensitive personal information of over 10,000 individuals abroad since January 1 of the preceding year; and (iv) other situations as determined by the CAC. We understand that the Security Assessment Measures cover (1) overseas transmission and storage by data processors of data generated during PRC domestic operations, and (2) access to or use of the data collected and generated by data processors and stored in the PRC by overseas institutions, organizations, or individuals. The Security Assessment Measures have retroactive effect for relevant cross-border data transfers out of mainland China conducted prior to September 1, 2022, and data processors have until February 28, 2023, to undergo mandatory security assessment for such prior relevant cross-border data transfers.

To implement the standard contract mechanism for cross-border transfers out of China of personal information under the PIPL, on February 22, 2023, the CAC published the Measures for the Standard Contract for Outbound Cross-Border Transfer of Personal Information, along with the final version of the PRC Standard Contract, which will be effective on June 1, 2023. Going forward, personal information processors may conclude a PRC Standard Contract with overseas recipients of personal information to comply with PIPL requirements for cross-border transfers out of mainland China of personal information that do not need to undergo a security assessment.

To implement the personal information protection certification mechanism for cross-border transfers out of China of personal information under the PIPL, on November 4, 2022, the CAC and SAMR jointly issued the Notification on the Implementation of Personal Information Protection Certification. In parallel, on December 16, 2022, the National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee released an updated version of the Certification Specification which provides the general principles and detailed requirements for personal information processors engaging in the cross-border transfer out of mainland China of personal information to meet in order to obtain a personal information protection certification from qualified certification institutions for cross-border transfers out of China of personal information governed by the PIPL. However, the list of qualified certification institutions has not been released to date.

We are not subject to the cybersecurity review by the CAC, given that: (i) our products and services are offered not directly to individual users but through our business customers; (ii) we do not possess a large amount of personal information in our business operations; and (iii) data processed in our business does not have a bearing on national security and thus may not be classified as core or important data by the authorities. However, there remains uncertainty as to how the PIPL and the measures promulgated thereunder will be interpreted or implemented and whether the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation related to the PIPL. If any such new laws, regulations, rules, or implementation and interpretation comes into effect, we will take all reasonable measures and actions to comply and to minimize the adverse effect of such laws on us. We offer our central processing algorithm services mainly to corporate clients and has limited interactions with individual end-users, which means our potential access or exposure to end-users’ personal identifiable information is limited. However, in the event us inadvertently accesses or becomes exposed to end-users’ personal identifiable information, through our corporate clients’ end-user-facing applications which access or store end users’ personal identifiable information, then we may face heightened exposure to the PIPL.

We cannot assure you that PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, would take the same view as we do, and there is no assurance that we can fully or timely comply with such laws. In the event that we are subject to any mandatory cybersecurity review and other specific actions required by the CAC, we face uncertainty as to whether any clearance or other required actions can be timely completed, or at all. Given such uncertainty, we may be further required to suspend our relevant business, shut down our website, or face other penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

On September 30, 2024, the Regulations on Network Data Security was promulgated and came into force as from January 1, 2025. The enacted version required that if a network data processor carries out network data processing activities that affects or may affect national security, it shall conduct a national security review in accordance with relevant state regulations, and emphasized special protection of important data. Important data refers to data in a specific field, a specific group, a specific region, or of a certain precision and scale, which, once tampered with, damaged, leaked, or illegally accessed or illegally utilized, may directly jeopardize national security, economic operation, social stability, public health and safety.

As of the date of this report, our Hong Kong subsidiaries have not collected, stored, or managed any personal information in Hong Kong. Therefore, we have concluded that currently it does not expect that laws and regulations in Mainland China on data security, data protection, or cybersecurity to be applied to our Hong Kong subsidiaries or that the oversight of the Cyberspace Administration of China will be extended to our operations outside of Mainland China. In Hong Kong, the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) of Hong Kong), or the PDPO, applies to data users, which control the collection, holding, processing or use of personal data in Hong Kong. Our Hong Kong subsidiaries are subject to the general requirements under PDPO including the need to obtain the prescribed consent of the data subject and to take all practicable steps to protect the personal data held by data users against unauthorized or accidental access, loss or use. Breaches of the PDPO may lead to a variety of civil and criminal sanctions including fines and imprisonment. In addition, data subjects have a right to bring proceedings in court to seek compensation for damage. We cannot guarantee that we are, or will be, in compliance with all applicable international regulations as they are enforced now or as they evolve.

We and our subsidiaries have a limited customer base and depend on a small number of customers for a significant portion of revenues which may result in heightened concentration risk.

Due to the nature of our business and our limited operating history, we and our subsidiaries have a limited customer base and have depended on a small number of customers for a significant portion of revenues. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, we had 139 and 104 customers who engaged us to provide central processing algorithm services, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, we derived 12.0% and 41.5% of our total revenues from one largest customer and three largest customers, respectively. In terms of accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, we derived 50.5% and 67.1% of our accounts receivable from 3 and 3 customers, respectively.

Our ability to maintain close relationships with our top customers is essential to the growth and profitability of our business. If we fail to retain these top customers in any particular period, or if a large customer enters into fewer engagements with us, or fail to enter into any engagements with us, or if we fail to develop additional major customers, or if we fail to develop additional major customers, then our revenue could decline, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

We and our subsidiaries depend on a limited number of vendors for a significant portion of our purchase which may result in heightened concentration risk.

We and our subsidiaries, also conduct business with a limited number of vendors. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, 23.8% and 49.0% of our total purchases were from two and three largest vendors, respectively. In terms of accounts payable for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, 71.5% and 92.7% of our accounts payable were from three and five vendors, respectively.

Our financial results could be materially and adversely affected if any one supplier fails to fulfill our contractual obligations, or if we are unable to find other suppliers to provide the same level of supplies. In addition, we cannot assure you that performance by third-party vendors will be satisfactory, and if they under-perform, it will have a material adverse effect on the cash flows or profitability of our business.

Risk Factors Relating to Doing Business in China

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

In March 2019, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the PRC passed the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (“Foreign Investment Law”). Among other things, the Foreign Investment Law defines the “foreign investment” as the investment activities in China conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises and other organizations (collectively, the “Foreign Investors”) in a direct or indirectly manner, including any of the following circumstances: (1) the foreign investor establishes a foreign-invested enterprise within the territory of China, independently or jointly with any other investor; (2) the foreign investor acquires shares, equities, property shares or any other similar rights and interests of an enterprise within the territory of China; (3) the foreign investor makes investment to initiate a new project within the territory of China, independently or jointly with any other investor; and (4) the foreign investor makes investment in any other way stipulated by laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council. PRC governmental authorities will administrate foreign investment by applying the principal of pre-entry national treatment together with a “negative list” (the “Negative List”, which shall be promulgated by or promulgated with approval by the State Counsel), to be specific, Foreign Investors are prohibited from making any investments in the fields which are catalogued into prohibited industries for foreign investment based on the Negative List, while Foreign Investors are allowed to make investments in the restricted industries provided that all the requirements and conditions as set forth in the Negative List have been satisfied; when Foreign Investors make investments in the fields other than those included in the Negative List, the national treatment principle shall apply. Besides, certain approval and/or filing requirements shall be fulfilled in accordance with applicable foreign investment laws and regulations.

The business that we conduct through our subsidiaries is not subject to Special Management Measures for the Market Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2024 Version) (the “2024 Negative List”) issued by MOFCOM and the National Development and Reform Commission, but it is unclear whether any new “negative list” to be issued under the Foreign Investment Law will be different from the 2024 Negative List.

If the chops of our PRC subsidiaries and their respective subsidiaries, are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised.

In China, a company chop or seal serves as the legal representation of the company towards third parties even when unaccompanied by a signature. Each legally registered company in China is required to maintain a company chop, which must be registered with the local Public Security Bureau. In addition to this mandatory company chop, companies may have several other chops which can be used for specific purposes. We also use electronic chops in certain circumstances, which have the same legal effect as physical chops under PRC law but may introduce additional risks related to information security, authorization and unauthorized use. The chops of our PRC subsidiaries are generally held securely by personnel designated or approved by us in accordance with our internal control procedures. To the extent those chops are not kept safely, are stolen or are used by unauthorized persons or for unauthorized purposes, the corporate governance of these entities could be severely and adversely compromised and those corporate entities may be bound to abide by the terms of any documents so chopped, even if they were chopped by an individual who lacked the requisite power and authority to do so. In addition, if the chops are misused by unauthorized persons, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve while distracting management from our operations.

The PRC government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we, our subsidiaries must conduct our business activities. We are currently not required to obtain approval from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, however, if we are required to obtain approval in the future and was denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges, we will not be able to continue listing on U.S. exchange, which would materially affect the interest of the investors.

The PRC government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate in China may be harmed by changes in our laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central data security, anti-monopoly policies or local PRC governments may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in the PRC or particular regions thereof, and could require us to divest itself of any interest it then holds in Chinese properties.

Additionally, on July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities, or the Opinions, which emphasized the need to strengthen administration over illegal securities activities and supervision of overseas listings by China-based companies. The Opinions proposed promoting regulatory systems to deal with risks facing China-based overseas-listed companies, and provided that the State Council will revise provisions regarding the overseas issuance and listing of shares by companies limited by shares and will clarify the duties of domestic regulatory authorities. However, the Opinions did not provide detailed rules and regulations. As a result, uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of the Opinions.

As such, our business segments may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. We could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub-divisions. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply.

Furthermore, it is uncertain when and whether we will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Although we are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the PRC federal or local government to obtain such permission and has not received any denial to list on the U.S. exchange, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our business or industry.

We are required to complete strict filing procedures with the CSRC for any future offshore capital-raising activities and material corporate events, and failure to comply with these requirements could subject us to severe penalties and materially limit our ability to raise capital.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, which became effective March 31, 2023. According to these measures, mainland China companies that directly or indirectly offer or list their securities in an overseas market are required to file with the CSRC. An overseas listed company must also submit the filing with respect to its follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds and exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities, within a specific time frame requested under these measures. An overseas listed company is also required to report material events to the CSRC within three working days after the occurrence and announcement of certain events, including, among other things, the change of control, investigation or penalties imposed by relevant authorities, the conversion of listing status or the transfer of listing board. Failure to comply with these filing or reporting requirements may result in fines and other penalties on the companies, the controlling shareholder and other responsible persons. For more details, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulation on Overseas Listings.”

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC held a press conference for the release of the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which clarifies that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before March 31, 2023 shall be deemed as the existing applicants who are not required to complete the filing procedures immediately but shall be required to file with the CSRC when subsequent matters such as refinancing are involved.

If we pursue future offshore capital-raising activities, there is no guarantee that we will be able to complete the required CSRC filings in a timely manner, or at all. If we fail to file with the CSRC in a timely manner or at all, for any future offering (including, among others, follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds and exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities) pursuant to these measures, our ability to raise or utilize funds could be materially and adversely affected. There remain substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation, application, and enforcement of these measures and how they will affect our operations and our future financing.

Adverse changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Substantially all of our revenues are generally sourced from China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are influenced by economic, political and legal developments in China. Economic reforms begun in the late 1970s have resulted in significant economic growth. However, any economic reform policies or measures in China may from time to time be modified or revised. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, and control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven across different regions and among different economic sectors. The Chinese government has implemented measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of the resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations.

Although the PRC economy has grown significantly in the past decade, that growth may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of the growth of the PRC economy since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the PRC government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the PRC or global economy and political tensions between the United States and China could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges, including the end of quantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve, the economic slowdown in the Eurozone since 2014 and uncertainties over the impact of Brexit. The Chinese economy has shown slower growth compared to the previous decade since 2012 and the trend may continue. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have been concerns over unrest and terrorist threats in the Middle East, Europe and Africa, which have resulted in market volatility.

If we plan to expand our business internationally and do business cross-border in the future, any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls or tariffs, may affect the demand for our products and services, impact our competitive position, or prevent us from being able to conduct business in certain countries. If any new tariffs, legislation, or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated, such changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In particular, there have been heightened tensions in international economic relations between the United States and China. The U.S. government has recently imposed, and has recently proposed to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what the U.S. government characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. Following mutual retaliatory actions for months, on January 15, 2020, the United States and China entered into the Economic and Trade Agreement Between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China as a phase one trade deal, effective on February 14, 2020. Although the direct impact of the current international trade tension, and any escalation of such tension, on the AR industry in China is uncertain, the negative impact on general, economic, political and social conditions may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy and the political tensions between the United States and China may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies, including companies based in China, upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB.

Our auditor is registered with the PCAOB and is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess our auditor’s compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor, Onestop Assurance PAC, is headquartered in Singapore. Therefore, our auditor is subject to the Determination announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021. Moreover, since the PCAOB Determination on December 15, 2022, the PCAOB currently has access to inspect the audit workpapers of our PRC subsidiaries or any PRC-based subsidiary. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the future, if there is any regulatory change or steps taken by the PRC regulators that do not permit Onestop Assurance PAC to provide audit documentation located in China or Hong Kong to the PCAOB for inspection or investigation, or the PCAOB expands the scope of the Determination so that we are subject to the HFCA Act, as the same may be amended, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction to our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities, including trading on the national exchange and trading on “over-the-counter” markets, may be prohibited under the HFCA Act. However, in the event the PRC authorities would further strengthen regulations over auditing work of Chinese companies listed on the U.S. stock exchanges, which would prohibit our current auditor to perform work in China, then we would need to change our auditor and the audit workpapers prepared by our new auditor may not be inspected by the PCAOB without the approval of the PRC authorities, in which case the PCAOB may not be able to fully evaluate the audit or the auditors’ quality control procedures. Furthermore, due to the recent developments in connection with the implementation of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, we cannot assure you whether the SEC, Nasdaq or other regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements. The requirement in the HFCA Act that the PCAOB be permitted to inspect the issuer’s public accounting firm, may result in the delisting of us in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our accounting firm at such future time.

If the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors as required under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, the SEC will prohibit the trading of our shares. A trading prohibition for our shares, or the threat of a trading prohibition, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditors, if any, would deprive our investors of the benefits of such inspections.

Uncertainties in the promulgation, interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to you and us.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the promulgation of new rules and explanations and interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties. For example, the enforcement of laws and rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice and there are risks that the Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary shares.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. Specifically, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

We are subject to extensive and evolving legal system in the PRC, non-compliance with which, or changes in which, may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects, and may result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary shares or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

PRC companies are subject to various PRC laws, regulations and government policies and the relevant laws, regulations and policies continue to evolve. Recently, the PRC government is enhancing supervision over companies seeking listings overseas and some specific business or activities such as the use of variable interest entities and data security or anti-monopoly. The PRC government may adopt new measures that may affect our operations, or may exert more oversight and control over offerings conducted outside of China and foreign investment in China-based companies, and we may be subject to challenges brought by these new laws, regulations and policies. However, since these laws, regulations and policies are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties. Furthermore, as we may be subject to additional, yet undetermined, laws and regulations, compliance may require us to obtain additional permits and licenses, complete or update registrations with relevant regulatory authorities, adjust our business operations, as well as allocate additional resources to monitor developments in the relevant regulatory environment. However, under the stringent regulatory environment, it may take much more time for the relevant regulatory authorities to approve new applications for permits and licenses, and complete or update registrations and we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with these laws and regulations promptly or at all. The failure to comply with these laws and regulations may delay, or possibly prevent us to conduct business, accept foreign investments, or be listed overseas.

The occurrence of any of these events may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects and may result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our Class A Ordinary shares or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors.

Under the PRC enterprise income tax law, we may be classified as a “PRC resident enterprise”, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

Under the PRC enterprise income tax law that became effective on January 1, 2008, an enterprise established outside the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on our worldwide income. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Further to SAT Circular 82, on August 3, 2011, the SAT issued the Administrative Measures of Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, which became effective on September 1, 2011, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82.

According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be considered a PRC tax resident enterprise by virtue of having our “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on our worldwide income only if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the senior management and core management departments in charge of our daily operations function have their presence mainly in the PRC; (b) our financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (c) our major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of our board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (d) not less than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in the PRC. SAT Bulletin 45 further clarifies the resident status determination, post-determination administration as well as competent tax authorities.

Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise group instead of those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the determination criteria set forth therein may reflect SAT’s general position on how the term “de facto management body” could be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, individuals or foreigners.

We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes even if the standards for “de facto management body” prescribed in the SAT Circular 82 are applicable to us. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that the company or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be subject to PRC enterprise income on our worldwide income at the rate of 25%, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations.

Although dividends paid by one PRC tax resident to another PRC tax resident should qualify as “tax-exempt income” under the enterprise income tax law, we cannot assure you that dividends by our PRC subsidiaries to our Cayman Islands holding company will not be subject to a 10% withholding tax, as the PRC foreign exchange control authorities, which enforce the withholding tax on dividends, and the PRC tax authorities have not yet issued guidance with respect to the processing of outbound remittances to entities that are treated as resident enterprises for PRC enterprise income tax purposes.

Non-PRC resident holders of our Class A Ordinary shares may also be subject to PRC withholding tax on dividends paid by us and PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of Class A Ordinary shares, if such income is sourced from within the PRC. The tax would be imposed at the rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC resident enterprise holders and 20% in the case of non-PRC resident individual holders. In the case of dividends, we would be required to withhold the tax at source. Any PRC tax liability may be reduced under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. Although our holding company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands, it remains unclear whether dividends received and gains realized by our non-PRC resident holders of our Class A Ordinary shares will be regarded as income from sources within the PRC if we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax will reduce the returns on your investment in our Class A Ordinary shares.

We cannot assure you that the PRC tax authorities will not, at their discretion, adjust any capital gains and impose tax return filing and withholding or tax payment obligations with respect to any internal restructuring, and our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing. Any PRC tax imposed on a transfer of our shares not through a public stock exchange, or any adjustment of such gains would cause us to incur additional costs and may have a negative impact on the value of your investment in the company.

We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under relevant tax treaties on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiaries.

We are an exempted company with limited liability, used as holding company, incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and as such rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries, as paid to us through our Hong Kong subsidiaries, to satisfy part of our liquidity requirements. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a withholding tax rate of 10% currently applies to dividends paid by a PRC “resident enterprise” to a foreign enterprise investor, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for preferential tax treatment. Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, and Circular 81 issued by the State Administration of Taxation, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if the PRC enterprise is at least 25% held by a Hong Kong enterprise throughout the 12 months prior to distribution of the dividends and is determined by the relevant PRC tax authority to have satisfied other requirements. Furthermore, under the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, which became effective in August 2015, the non-resident enterprises shall determine whether they are qualified for preferential tax treatment under the tax treaties and file relevant reports and materials with the tax authorities. There are also other conditions for benefiting from the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. We cannot assure you that our determination regarding our Hong Kong subsidiaries’ qualification to benefit from the preferential tax treatment will not be challenged by the relevant PRC tax authority or that we will be able to complete the necessary filings with the relevant PRC tax authority and benefit from the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the Double Taxation Avoidance Arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries to our Hong Kong subsidiaries.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in us by non-resident investors. In February 2015, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, as amended in 2017. Pursuant to this bulletin, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to SAT Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immovable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consist of direct or indirect investment in China or if our income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and our subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immovable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. SAT Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange.

There is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Bulletin 7. We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. We may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if we are transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if we are transferee in such transactions under SAT Bulletin 7. For transfer of shares in us by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that we should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, most of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Pursuant to the labor contract law that took effect in January 2008, our implementation rules that took effect in September 2008 and our amendment that took effect in July 2013, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. Due to lack of detailed interpretative rules and uniform implementation practices and broad discretion of the local competent authorities, it is uncertain as to how the labor contract law and our implementation rules will affect our current employment policies and practices. Our employment policies and practices may violate the labor contract law or our implementation rules, and we may thus be subject to related penalties, fines or legal fees. Compliance with the labor contract law and our implementation rules may increase our operating expenses, in particular our personnel expenses. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the labor contract law and our implementation rules may also limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. According to the Social Insurance Law and the Regulations on the Management of Housing Fund, employees must participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance and housing funds, and the employers must, together with their employees or separately, pay the social insurance premiums and housing funds for such employees.

As the interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practice will at all times be deemed in full compliance with labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Further, labor disputes, work stoppages or slowdowns at our operations or any of our third-party service providers could significantly disrupt daily operation or our expansion plans and have a material adverse effect on our business.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established complex procedures and requirements for acquisition of Chinese companies by foreign investors, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise.

Furthermore, the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law, which was significantly amended in 2022, requires that transactions deemed to be a "concentration of business operators" and involving parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) before they can be completed. On January 26, 2024, the State Council promulgated the amended Provisions on the Thresholds for Declaring Concentration of Business Operators. Under these updated rules, a mandatory pre-closing filing with SAMR is triggered if the combined global turnover of all operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB 12 billion in the preceding fiscal year (or if their combined PRC turnover exceeded RMB 4 billion), and at least two of the operators each had a PRC turnover exceeding RMB 800 million.

In addition, the Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment, jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and MOFCOM, which became effective in January 2021, specify that foreign investments in military, national defense-related areas, or foreign investments that result in the acquisition of de facto control of domestic enterprises in crucial sectors—such as important information technology and internet products and services—are subject to strict security review. The rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement.

In the future, we may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other rules to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining clearance from SAMR or passing a security review by the NDRC and MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. The application and interpretations of M&A Rules are still uncertain, and there is possibility that the PRC regulators may promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain approval of the Ministry of Commerce for our completed or ongoing mergers and acquisitions. There is no assurance that we can obtain such approval from the Ministry of Commerce for our mergers and acquisitions, and if we fail to obtain those approvals, we may be required to suspend our acquisition and be subject to penalties. Any uncertainties regarding such approval requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and corporate structure.

Furthermore, the M&A Rules, among other things, purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle controlled directly or indirectly by PRC domestic companies or individuals and formed for purposes of overseas listing through acquisition of PRC domestic interests obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. While our PRC counsel previously opined that we were not required to obtain CSRC approval under the M&A Rules for our initial listing because we established our WFOE utilizing foreign direct investment rather than through a merger with a "PRC domestic company," this historical analysis is now largely superseded by the CSRC Trial Measures effective March 2023, which independently require CSRC filings for any future offshore capital-raising activities.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under PRC law.

The State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to PRC Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or our local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC residents or entities, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions.

SAFE Circular 37 is issued to replace the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments through Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles. If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest of us, nor can we compel our shareholders to comply with the requirements of SAFE Circular 37. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE Circular 37. Failure by such shareholders to comply with SAFE Circular 37, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds we receive from offshore financing activities to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand business.

Any transfer of funds by us to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, is subject to approval by or registration or filing with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the approval of or filing with the Ministry of Commerce in our local branches and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE. In addition, (i) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE or our local branches or filed with SAFE in our information system; and (ii) our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the difference between their total investment amount and registered capital or, as an alternative, only procure loans subject to the calculation approach and limitation as provided in the People’s Bank of China Notice No. 9 (“PBOC Notice No. 9”). Any medium- or long-term loan to be provided by us to the PRC subsidiaries must be registered with the National Development and Reform Commission and SAFE or our local branches. We may not be able to obtain these government approvals or complete such registrations on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registration or filing, our ability to use the proceeds it receives from our offshore financing activities and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and ability to fund and expand our business. There is, in effect, no statutory limit on the amount of capital contribution that we can make to our PRC subsidiaries. This is because there is no statutory limit on the amount of registered capital for our PRC subsidiaries, and we are allowed to make capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries by subscribing for their initial registered capital and increased registered capital, provided that the PRC subsidiaries complete the relevant filing and registration procedures.

With respect to loans to our PRC subsidiaries by us, (i) if the PRC subsidiaries adopt the traditional foreign exchange administration mechanism, or the Current Foreign Debt Mechanism, the outstanding amount of the loans shall not exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the PRC subsidiaries; and (ii) if the PRC subsidiaries adopt the foreign exchange administration mechanism as provided in Notice of the People’s Bank of China on Matters concerning the Macro-Prudential Management of Full-Covered Cross-Border Financing, or the PBOC Notice No. 9, the risk-weighted outstanding amount of the loans, which shall be calculated based on the formula provided in PBOC Notice No. 9, shall not exceed 200% of the net asset of the PRC subsidiaries. According to the PBOC Notice No. 9, after a transition period of one year since the promulgation of PBOC Notice No. 9, the PBOC and SAFE will determine the cross-border financing administration mechanism for the foreign-invested enterprises after evaluating the overall implementation of PBOC Notice No. 9. As of the date hereof, neither the PBOC nor SAFE has promulgated and made public any further rules, regulations, notices or circulars in this regard. It is uncertain which mechanism will be adopted by the PBOC and SAFE in the future and what statutory limits will be imposed on us when providing loans to our PRC subsidiaries. Currently, our PRC subsidiaries have the flexibility to choose between the Current Foreign Debt Mechanism and the Notice No. 9 Foreign Debt Mechanism. However, if a more stringent foreign debt mechanism becomes mandatory, our ability to provide loans to our PRC subsidiaries or our consolidated affiliated entities may be significantly limited, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Circular on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, effective as of June 1, 2015, as amended by Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement under the Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond their business scopes, and also prohibit FIEs from using such Renminbi fund to provide loans to persons other than affiliates unless otherwise permitted under our business scope. As a result, we are required to apply Renminbi funds converted from the net proceeds us received from our offshore financing activities within the business scopes of our PRC subsidiaries. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from the net proceeds from our offshore financing activities to fund the establishment of new entities in China by their subsidiaries, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy liquidity requirements, conduct business and pay dividends to holders of our Class A Ordinary shares.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, such as the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, including holders of our Class A Ordinary shares, and service any debt us may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits upon satisfaction of relevant statutory condition and procedures, if any, determined under Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of our registered capital. Furthermore, if our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the PRC EIT Law, and our implementation rules provide that withholding tax rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. In 2005, the PRC government changed our decades-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive most of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to us. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi.

In light of the flood of capital outflows of China in 2016 due to the weakening Renminbi, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement including overseas direct investment. More restrictions and substantial vetting process are put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If any of our shareholders regulated by such policies fail to satisfy the applicable overseas direct investment filing or approval requirement timely or at all, it may be subject to penalties from the relevant PRC authorities. The PRC government may at our discretion further restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject the PRC plan participants or we to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly listed companies may submit applications to SAFE or our local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. In the meantime, our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who are non-PRC residents residing in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to limited exceptions, and who have been granted incentive share awards by us, may follow the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, or 2012 SAFE notices,

promulgated by the SAFE in 2012. Pursuant to the 2012 SAFE notices, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. Our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted options are subject to these regulations. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines, and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law.

The SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities.

Our leased property interests may be defective and our right to lease the properties affected by such defects may be challenged, which could adversely affect our business.

According to the PRC Land Administration Law, land in urban districts is owned by the state. The owner of a property built on state-owned land must possess the proper land and property title certificate to demonstrate that it is the owner of the premises and that it has the right to enter into lease contracts with the tenants or to authorize a third party to sublease the premises. Some of the landlords of our leasing center locations have failed to provide the title certificates to us. Our right to lease the premises may be interrupted or adversely affected if our landlords are not the property owners and the actual property owners should appear.

In addition, the title certificate usually records the approved use of the state-owned land by the government and the property owner is obligated to follow the approved use requirement when making use of the property. In the case of failure to utilize the property in accordance with the approved use, the land administration authorities may order the tenant to cease utilizing the premises or even invalidate the contract between the landlord and the tenant. If our use of the leased premises is not in full compliance with the approved use of the land, we may be unable to continue to use the property, which may cause disruption to our business.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and our implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with our “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on our global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular applies only to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the

“de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having our “de facto management body” in China, and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on our global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe we are not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on our worldwide income at the rate of 25%. Furthermore, we would be required to withhold a 10% tax from dividends us pays to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders may be subject to PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of Class A Ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to our non-PRC individual shareholders and any gain realized on the transfer of the Class A Ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source by us). These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of us would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the Class A Ordinary shares.

Risk Factors Relating to an Investment in our Class A Ordinary shares

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct most of our operations in China and substantially all of our operations outside of the United States. Most of our assets are located in China, and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, most of our senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC nationals. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

The market price for our Class A Ordinary shares have fluctuated and may be volatile.

The trading price of our Class A Ordinary shares have fluctuated since we first listed our Class A Ordinary shares on NASDAQ. The trading price of our Class A Ordinary shares could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our Class A Ordinary shares may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our Class A Ordinary shares will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we are involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our Key Projected Financial Metrics are subject to significant risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties, including assumptions regarding future market and changes in regulations. As a result, our projected revenues, market share, expenses and profitability may differ materially from our expectations.

The Key Projected Financial Metrics are subject to significant risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties, including assumptions regarding future market and changes in regulations. As a result, our projected revenues, market share, expenses and profitability may differ materially from our expectations.

We operate in a rapidly evolving and highly competitive industry and our Key Projected Financial Metrics are subject to the risks and assumptions made by management with respect to this industry. Operating results are difficult to forecast because they generally depend on our assessment of factors that are inherently beyond our control and impossible to predict with certainty, such as the development and commercialization of new business.

Additionally, our business is dependent on, among other things, attracting new customers, developing and marketing new products, brand protection and employee retention, many of which may be difficult to predict. This may result in decreased projected revenue levels, and we may be unable to adopt timely measures to compensate for any shortcomings in revenue and/or operating profitability. This inability could cause our operating results in a given period to be higher or lower than budgeted.

We may be unable to obtain additional financing to fund our operations or growth.

We may require additional financing to fund our operations or growth. The failure to secure additional financing could have a material adverse effect on the continued development or growth of us.

Our share price may be volatile and could decline substantially.

The market price of our Class A Ordinary shares may be volatile, both because of actual and perceived changes in the company’s financial results and prospects, and because of general volatility in the stock market. The factors that could cause fluctuations in our share price may include, among other factors discussed in this section, the following:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced significant price and trading volume fluctuations from time to time, and the market prices of the equity securities of retailers have been extremely volatile and are sometimes subject to sharp price and trading volume changes. These broad market fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary shares.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and does not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determinations to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our Class A Ordinary shares may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our Class A Ordinary shares could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A Ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary shares and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. As of December 31, 2025, we have 10,941,519 Class A Ordinary shares outstanding. The Class A Ordinary shares sold in our public offerings are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. We have 5,133,512 Class A Ordinary shares are unavailable for sale, subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act and applicable lock-up agreements. To the extent that these Class A Ordinary shares are sold into the market, the market price of our Class A Ordinary shares could decline.

Certain holders of our Class A Ordinary shares have the right to cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in Class A Ordinary shares representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of Class A Ordinary shares in the public market could cause the price of our Class A Ordinary shares to decline.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us or our business, our Class A Ordinary shares price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A Ordinary shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our Class A Ordinary shares would likely be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our securities or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us, demand for our Class A Ordinary shares could decrease, which might cause our ordinary share price and trading volume to decline.

We may redeem your unexpired warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your warrants worthless.

We will have the ability to redeem outstanding public warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration. If and when the warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise the redemption right even if it is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding warrants could force holders to (i) exercise the warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so, (ii) sell the warrants at the then-current market price when the holder might otherwise wish to hold onto such warrants or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of the warrants. None of the private placement warrants will be redeemable by us so long as they are held by their initial purchasers or their permitted transferees.

In addition, we may redeem your warrants after they become exercisable for a number of shares of our Class A Ordinary shares determined based on the redemption date and the fair market value of our Class A Ordinary shares. Any such redemption may have similar consequences to a cash redemption described above. In addition, such redemption may occur at a time when the warrants are “out-of-the- money,” in which case you would lose any potential embedded value from a subsequent increase in the value of our Class A Ordinary shares had your warrants remained outstanding.

If we cannot satisfy, or continue to satisfy, the initial listing requirements and other rules of Nasdaq, our securities may not be listed or may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities and your ability to sell them.

In order to maintain our listing on Nasdaq, we will be required to comply with certain rules of Nasdaq, including those regarding minimum shareholders’ equity, minimum share price of $1.00, minimum market value of publicly held shares, 300 round lot shareholders and various additional requirements. Even if we initially meet the listing requirements and other applicable rules of Nasdaq, we may not be able to continue to satisfy these requirements and applicable rules. If we are unable to satisfy Nasdaq criteria for maintaining our listing, our securities could be subject to delisting.

Recently, the SEC approved significant amendments to Nasdaq Listing Rules 5810 and 5815, which took effect in late 2024 and January 2025, drastically accelerating the delisting process for companies that fail to maintain the minimum $1.00 bid price. These new rules pose a severe and immediate risk to our continued listing status due to our recent history of capital reorganizations. Specifically, under the amended rules:

If Nasdaq does not list our securities, or subsequently delists our securities from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standings to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (save for our memorandum and articles of association, register of mortgages and charges and any special resolutions of our shareholders) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, users of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the report based on foreign laws.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we conduct substantially all of our operations in China, and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our senior executive officers reside within China for a significant portion of the time and most are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for our shareholders to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside China. In addition, China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these non-PRC jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult or impossible.

Shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including securities law class actions and fraud claims, generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the security’s regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the security’s regulatory authorities in the Unities States have not been efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism.

According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. See also “Risk Factors Relating to an Investment in our Class A Ordinary shares— You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.”

Changes in laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with any laws and regulations, may adversely affect our business, investments and results of operations.

We are subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and the Nasdaq. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq and other legal or regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws, regulations and rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Future changes to tax laws could adversely affect us.

Government agencies in jurisdictions where we and our affiliates will do business have had an extended focus on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations. One example is in the area of “base erosion and profit shifting,” including situations where payments are made between affiliates from a jurisdiction with high tax rates to a jurisdiction with lower tax rates. As a result, the tax laws in the countries in which we and our affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could adversely affect us and our affiliates.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We could remain an emerging growth company for up to five years from the date of our IPO, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our Class A Ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700,000,000 as of any June 30 before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b) (1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, us, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accountant standards used.

We may be or become a PFIC, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders.

Our actual status as a passive foreign investment company (a "PFIC") is a factual determination made annually after the end of each taxable year and is therefore subject to change. There can be no assurance regarding our PFIC status for the current or any future taxable year. Because the value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC asset test will generally be determined based on the market price of our Class A Ordinary shares, and because we hold a significant amount of cash, our PFIC status will depend in large part on the market price of our Class A Ordinary shares and how quickly we utilize our cash reserves. Accordingly, fluctuations in our market capitalization or changes in our asset composition may cause us to be or become a PFIC.

If we are deemed a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. holder of our Class A Ordinary shares, the U.S. holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including increased tax liability on disposition gains and certain "excess distributions," and may be subject to additional reporting requirements. Furthermore, if we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year, we do not intend to prepare or provide the information necessary for a U.S. holder to make a “qualified electing fund” (QEF) election, which could otherwise mitigate some of these adverse tax consequences. U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of the PFIC rules to their investment. For a more detailed explanation of the tax consequences of PFIC classification, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. TAXATION—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax — Passive Foreign Investment Company.” 

Corporate History

MicroAlgo Inc. (“MicroAlgo” or the “Company”) (f/k/a Venus Acquisition Corporation (“Venus”)), a Cayman Islands exempted company incorporated on May 14, 2018, entered into the Merger Agreement dated June 10, 2021 (as amended on January 24, 2022, August 2, 2022, August 3, 2022 and August 10, 2022, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among WiMi Hologram Cloud Inc. (“WiMi” or the “Majority Shareholder”), Venus, Venus Merger Sub Corporation (“Venus Merger Sub”), a Cayman Islands exempted company incorporated for the purpose of effectuating the Business Combination, and VIYI Algorithm Inc. (“VIYI”), a Cayman Islands exempted company.

On December 9, 2022, in accordance with the Merger Agreement, the closing of the business combination (the “Closing”) occurred. As a result of the consummation of the business combination, VIYI is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, which has changed its name to MicroAlgo Inc.

VIYI Algorithm Inc. (“VIYI”), is a company incorporated on September 24, 2020 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. WiMi Hologram Cloud Inc. (“WiMi Inc.” or the “Parent”) is VIYI’s parent company. VIYI and its subsidiaries is primarily engaged in providing central processing algorithm services.

On March 27, 2023, Weidong established a fully owned subsidiary Shenzhen Weidong Technology Co., Ltd. (“SZ Weidong”) in Shenzhen.

On May 17, 2023, YY Online transferred 1% equity of Shanghai Guoyu to SZ Weidong.

On June 5, 2023, VIYI Technology Ltd established a fully owned subsidiary CDDI Capital Ltd (“CDDI”) in British Virgin Islands.

On June 27, 2023, CDDI formed a 55% owned subsidiary VIWO Technology Inc. (“VIWO Cayman”) in Cayman.

On July 31, 2023, VIYI Technology Ltd transferred its equity of Viwo Technology to VIWO Cayman. VIWO Cayman holds 100% equity in Viwo Technology.

On December 20, 2023, VIWO Cayman established a fully owned subsidiary VIWO Technology (HK) Co., Limited (“VIWO HK”) in Hong Kong.

On January 23, 2024, VIWO Technology (HK) Co., Limited established a wholly-owned subsidiary, Beijing Viwotong Technology Co., Ltd. (“BJ Viwotong”).

On February 2024, SZ Viwotong transferred 100% equity of Tapuyu and Younike to BJ Viwotong.

On March 7, 2024, BJ Viwotong established a wholly-owned subsidiary, Beijing Weiyun Spacetime Technology Co., Ltd (“BJ Weiyun”).

In November, 2024, BJ Viwotong transferred 100% equity of Tapuyu and Younike to BJ Weiyun for the purpose of easy for group management.

On September 16, 2025, the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands issued an order confirming the reduction of the Company’s share capital, reducing the par value of each issued share to US$0.0000001. The authorized share capital of the Company was consequently changed to US$100.

Our principal executive office is located at Unit 507, Building C, Taoyuan Street, Long Jing High and New Technology Jingu Pioneer Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China. Our registered office address in the Cayman Islands is located at 215-245 N Church St., 2nd Floor White Hall House, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates, 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware 19711.

We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed with the SEC, can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You can request copies of these documents, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov), which contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding us that are filed electronically with the SEC.

We are dedicated to the development and application of bespoke central processing algorithms. We provide comprehensive solutions to customers by integrating central processing algorithms with software or hardware, or both, thereby helping them increase the number of customers, improve end-user satisfaction, achieve direct cost savings, reduce power consumption, and achieve technical goals. The range of our services include algorithm optimization, accelerating computing power without the need for hardware upgrades, lightweight data processing, and data intelligence services. Our ability to efficiently deliver software and hardware optimization to customers through bespoke central processing algorithms serves as a driving force for our long-term development.

Central processing algorithms refer to a range of computing algorithms, including analytical algorithms, recommendation algorithms, and acceleration algorithms. The businesses engaged in internet advertisement, intelligent chip design, finance, retail, and logistics depend on the ability to efficiently process and analyze data with optimized computing software and hardware capable of handling the data workload. Bespoke central processing algorithms suitable to each customer’s distinct needs help them achieve this purpose.

In the mid-to-long term, we will continue to adhere to our strategic mindset. By improving upon each iteration of our one-stop intelligent data management solutions made possible by our proprietary central processing algorithm services, we can help customers to enhance their service efficiency and make model innovations in business, and actively enhance the industry value of the central processing algorithm services in the general field of data intelligent processing industry.

Competitive Strengths

We stand out as compared with our competitors in the following ways:

Leading bespoke central processing algorithm service provider in China enjoying first-mover advantages and rapid revenue growth

We are one of China’s leading central processing service providers and one of the earliest service providers to enter this field. In recent years, our business has grown rapidly and the growth rate of revenue has been increasing.

Customized central processing algorithm solutions in a diverse range of scenarios, serving customers in a diverse and growing range of industry verticals

Our customers are engaged in a diverse range of industries, which is evidence that our central processing algorithm technology is highly versatile, which allows us to ensure a constant stream of revenue from various sources. We primarily provide central processing algorithm solutions to enterprise customers in the industry verticals: internet advertisement, and intelligent chips, which translate to a range of customers including advertisement integration agencies, electronics manufacturers, internet information infrastructure service providers, and intelligent chip designers and integrators. Having the capability to service customers from a range of industries works to our advantage because we can derive business from multiple industry sources to ensure a stream of revenue even when one industry faces downturns.

Generally, the central processing algorithm services of our achieves computing power acceleration, digital lightweight processing, and intelligent data management and processing. These improvements help our customers grow and enhance their businesses’ operational quality and overall efficiency. Currently, our central processing algorithm solutions have the following applications to our existing core customers:

For more information on how we provide services to our customers, please see “Business—Our Business Model.”

In addition, due to the versatility of our central processing algorithm solutions and our proven commitment to research and development, we are well-positioned to continue growing our customer base to reach customers from a broader range of industries that are reforming the way they do business as a result of the rapidly developing information technology, prevalence of smartphones and 5G connectivity, AI, big data, IoT and cloud computing. The industry verticals such as government, finance, healthcare, manufacturing, education, and cultural media demand better data processing and management capabilities from an internet advertisement perspective. We believe that our highly versatile central processing algorithm solutions will be ideally suited to meet those demands. For more information on our expansion plans, please also see “Business—Our Strategies—We plan to expand our central processing algorithm solutions to cover more applications and different industries.”

Long-term and stable strategic cooperation relationships

We enjoy stable and long-term strategic alliances with many of our customers in the internet advertisement, and intelligent chip design and development. Our customers are internet advertising integration agencies, electronics manufacturers, and internet information infrastructure service providers who have entered into a master agreement with us and used our services according to such agreement during the relevant contact period. Our customers typically enter into a master agreement with us for a fixed term, which means we are constantly communicating with our customers to help them explore needs or applications which may be optimized. Once that need is identified, our customers send in a separate request for service engagements or products, or both. Our involvement in our customers’ process of identifying needs means they count on us as trusted advisors to introduce them to industry trends and our latest technological developments. This close collaboration creates a synergistic effect between us and our customers, which results in high customer loyalty.

Market leader in cutting edge technology protected by intellectual property rights

We are the market leader in terms of the quantity of intellectual property. As of December 31, 2025, we own 628 proprietary intellectual property rights, which include 485 software copyrights, 3 artwork copyrights, 87 patents, 28 registered trademarks, 20 exclusive rights for the layout design of integrated circuit, and 5 domain names. The large quantity of intellectual property at our disposal as compared to our competitors exemplifies our commitment to research and development and long-term development.

We leverage our fixation on staying in the forefront of technological development to help customers explore solutions and needs that are yet to be identified. We then provide proprietary central processing algorithm solutions to meet those needs.

To maintain our market leader position, we are seizing opportunities arising from the increasing global application of emerging technologies such as cloud computing, AI, and 5G, by focusing on applications stemming from these technologies that are ripe for optimization via central processing algorithms. In the year ended December 31, 2025, we expended RMB 63.3 million (USD9.0 million) in research and development; we intend to commit more investments in the future to improve upon our research and development platform, retain talented individuals in the field of central processing algorithm technology, and strengthen the research and development for core technologies and products. Our efforts for research and development have, and will continue to secure our market leader position through technical barriers, which has allowed us to stay afront and be the first choice of our customers.

Visionary and experienced management team in the central processing algorithm industry and exceptional research and development team

We believe that our success is attributable in part to our experienced and visionary senior management team with extensive experience in China’s information technology industry. Our management team, led by Min Shu, our CEO and executive director, has delivered proven financial results since the company’s inception. Mr. Shu has accumulated over 25 years of experience in the information technology industry since he began his career as a software development engineer. Since entering the industry, he has also developed leadership and management skills in various management roles prior to joining us in 2018 as the deputy general manager of technology. Mr. Shu is supported by our senior management team, including our Chairman of the Board, Jie Zhao, Chief Financial Officer, Li He.

Our goal to stay at the forefront of technological development and fixation on research and development has driven us to build an exceptional research and development team staffed by 43 full-time research and development team members. Our research and development team is well versed in early-stage technological development to implement central processing algorithm solutions in a range of use cases. Our core technical staff have an average of 5 to 10 years of working experience in computer, software, computer graphic processing, data algorithm and neural networks. Our talented technical staff are responsible for the design and development of central processing algorithm solutions in, for example, algorithm design and development, digital graphic lightweight processing, image synthesis and data intelligence.

Excellent corporate culture and values attracting talents

Our management principals are best described as efficient and quick, open and innovative, and customer-dedicated:

Driven by our management principles, we have kept both of our team members and customers happy and satisfied, which has attributed to our success to date.

Our Strategies

To achieve our mission and further grow our market position, we plan to implement the following strategies:

We will continue to strengthen our central processing algorithm solutions for our core customers in internet advertisement to ensure a steady revenue stream.

Our core customers in internet advertisement, represent industries experiencing significant growth in recent years and are expected to continue growing. We will continue to strengthen and market our central processing algorithm solutions applicable to our core industry customers to deliver measurable results and ensure a constant stream of revenue.

In terms of the digital marketing industry, we understand our customers are increasingly focusing on measurable advertising results, with performance-based advertising solutions experiencing rapid growth. Our scalable central processing algorithm solutions are well suited to meet this increasing demand and customers’ need for measurable results, i. e., measurable conversion rate. For details of our range of services for internet advertisement customers, please see “Business—Our Business Model—Application of our central processing algorithm service in internet advertisement.”

We will continue to strengthen our research and development capabilities in central processing algorithms to establish more technical barriers to enhance our competitiveness.

Technological innovation coupled with research and development sets the foundation for us to maintain competitiveness. We endeavor to increase investments in research and development to improve upon our research and development platform, retain talented individuals in the field of central processing algorithm technology, and strengthen the research and development for core technologies and products, intelligent chips algorithms and AI algorithms. In so doing, we aim to seize first-mover opportunities created by an increasing global application of emerging technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and 5G, and focus on the development of central processing algorithm services capable of enhancing the research and development capabilities for these emerging technologies.

Currently, in response to the rapidly growing demands for large-scale data processing, the company keeps a close attention on the development trends of cutting-edge technologies such as quantum computing and conducts fundamental technological research to make necessary preparations for future technological evolution. At the present stage, the company is mainly focusing on promoting the reserve of relevant theories and technologies and simultaneously exploring the potential application directions in some business scenarios.

Meanwhile, we are continuously working on expanding our range of intellectual property, including software copyright and utility model patents.

Through research and development, we will continue to improve the applications and platform upon which we provide our central processing algorithm service. By taking advantage of cloud computing, we plan on integrating AI chip technology, big data management, analytics, and other emerging technologies to provide a comprehensive service platform that combines both hardware and software to explore all potential value of data by way of data intelligence analysis. Our ultimate goal is to integrate central processing algorithm technology, big data, and artificial intelligence via the cloud infrastructure and provide even more versatile software and hardware integration service for smart application for industrial purposes, creating an ecosystem where individuals, enterprises and various applications are interconnected, so as to enable our customers and other industry participants to accelerate the process of digital transformation in alignment with our mission.

We plan to expand our central processing algorithm solutions to cover more applications and increase marketing efforts aimed at different industries.

We plan to expand the range of our central processing algorithms’ application for use in mobile internet, finance, government, manufacturing, and other industries where there is an increasing demand for data management and processing efficiency. While focusing on our customers in internet advertisement to generate revenue, we intend to branch out in accordance with market trends and continue to expand the application and platform of our central processing algorithm solutions consistently with this development strategy. In so doing, we intend to expand our integrated services built upon our proprietary central processing algorithms to penetrate industries including:

Below is a brief industry overview for each of these industries and our value-added:

Government cloud central processing algorithm services

The government is committed to breaking down data silos and sharing urban resources to provide better civil services and security to the general population, which means the “market” for the government’s services is by far the largest in any industry. In the process of a government’s self-transformation, it would be required to undertake massive data management and analysis, massive data connectivity and massive city terminal perception exercises.

In general, the government cloud is a platform that serves as the “engine room,” coordinating the technological hardware and software resources used by the government. The cloud provides the government with a platform to engage in comprehensive services such as infrastructure, supporting software, application system, information resources, operation guarantee, and information security. By using cloud technology, the government significantly reduces IT costs, promotes the sharing of information between departments, and improves the speed of launching applications and service quality. The government is also able to accelerate the establishment of smart cities and satisfy the high threshold of data sharing by efficiently processing and managing data.

The government cloud algorithm solutions we intend to provide enable the government to improve the efficiency and quality of service of the government cloud platform’s operational efficiency and quality of service, and have exhibited strong market potential.

Central processing algorithm services for the manufacturing industry

As information technology is ever-increasing intertwined with traditional manufacturing industries, the industrial internet is constantly required to upgrade ICT infrastructure platform, which is a platform for unified communications, to support the application digitalization, networking, and intelligent upgrading of the manufacturing industry and the entire real economy. The integration of information technology and manufacturing also gave rise to new business models such as network collaboration, personalized customization, and service-oriented manufacturing. A variety of machines, devices, and equipment must be embedded with a large number of energy-efficient chips and connected to the network through sensors, embedded controllers, and application systems to form a new complex architecture based on “terminal-cloud” collaboration.

With the integration of AI, these new business models promote the centralization and intelligent development of the manufacturing industry. As a result of network inter connectivity between machines, raw materials, control systems, information systems, products, and people, efficient business decisions can be made through the combination of comprehensive and in-depth perception of data and big data analysis to achieve intelligent control, operation optimization and production organization reform, effectively unleashing the potential of machines and enhancing productivity. As a transit station for data localization and transmission, central processing algorithms serve a crucial role in the overall development of the industrial internet.

Financial technology central processing algorithm services

Financial technology is reshaping the way the financial industry work. The transformation of channel and real-time trading scenarios from a centralized system to a fully distributed system demands higher computing power and better energy efficiency ratios. In the next few years, operation analysis scenario will complete the switch from all-in-one to an open architecture, requiring high distributed concurrency. The new smart finance business is the fastest-growing scenario in the future, which requires high concurrency and mobile collaboration. The traditional business scenario is transforming to the cloud, which requires low energy consumption and costs to improve the price-performance ratio of big data comprehensive analysis.

Big data finance focuses on the acquisition, storage, processing analysis, and visualization of financial big data. In general, the core technologies of financial big data include the infrastructure layer, the data storage and management layer, the computing processing layer, the data analysis and visualization layer. The data analysis and visualization layer are mainly responsible for simple data analysis, advanced data analysis, and visualization of the relevant analysis results. Big data finance is also committed to the research and development of new financial business models of financing, payment, investment, and information intermediary services by adopting internet technology and information and communications technology. The application scenarios above would benefit from bespoke centralized processing algorithms to improve business efficiency and reduce costs.

Medical cloud central processing algorithm services

Big data and AI technologies will drive the way consumers access health care. Applications include intelligent healthcare such as disease prediction, personalized precision healthcare, personalized medicine, and medical graph and image analysis. Distinct features of the medical cloud include data diversity (such as voice, text, and medical images) and massive data volume (such as high-quality data training). Our central processing algorithms solutions can meet the diversified computing needs for green and low power consumption and intensive computing power.

The medical cloud essentially serves as the holder of electronic health records. With the development of the medical cloud, functions such as remote consultation, remote medical treatment, and information sharing are becoming a reality. Moreover, medical cloud will promote public health and achieve cross-system and cross-department business information sharing, allowing medical and health service institutions to share medical resources and carry out remote diagnosis and treatment services to individuals or families to reduce repeated examination expenditures. It will also make patient transfers between hospitals more efficient, and patients can enjoy higher quality services through remote medical treatment and establish an information-sharing platform.

Intelligent transportation central processing algorithm services

Terminal-edge-cloud is crucial to the future of how people travel. On the terminal side, it is necessary to have a comprehensive view of the surrounding situation and detailed information and to make changes in a timely manner. On the edge side, it is essential to timely provide intelligent and accurate information on decision-making for efficient deployment. On the cloud side, a sustainable and iterative “brain” is needed to empower the edge and terminal sides. Collection of traffic information through efficient technologies enables transportation industry players to engage in more efficient traffic management, public travel, and the industry vertical pertaining to transportation construction management. Through the terminal-edge-cloud, and interconnected transportation system can efficiently perceive, analyze, predict and control regional traffic to ensure safety and efficiency.

To achieve such a level of interconnectivity, terminal-edge cloud servers and data centers perform intensive arithmetic processing for large amounts of raw data, which demands excellent computing capacity, speed, data storage, and bandwidth of basic hardware such as chips. As traditional data centers face various development bottlenecks such as high energy consumption and low computing efficiency, terminal-edge cloud servers will prove to be the answer to the industry’s current problem.

With the continuous popularization of these new technologies, the realization of an intelligent society must first undergo comprehensive digitalization, and the central processing algorithm application field is the core driver of such digitalization.

PaaS 3D central processing algorithm cloud services

Based on the 3DPaaS vertical cloud service platform, we provide internet industry applications with support in areas including scenario intelligence, scenario visualization, and lightweight processing for 3D interactive procedures. One of our goals is to construct the best intelligent 3D data platform in China to provide more efficient and intelligent information services for people’s work and life.

Through the implementation of hybrid cloud deployment solutions, 3D computing system architecture, and interactive stream transmission, we have solved many industry pain points, such as excessive data usage on 3D Internet online applications and cross-platform deployment. Our self-developed 3D acceleration algorithm, intelligent interaction, and stream transmission technologies are the first in the PRC and have already achieved commercialization.

We provide enterprises with a one-stop lightweight launching cloud platform for 3D applications, which is featured with scenario-based intelligent interaction. We will charge fees on a project-by-project basis (B2B) or based on various factors such as space usage and traffic volume, annual fees, and technology licensing to cater to different industries such as VR, AR, 3D interactive programs, and scenario-based e-commerce. We will facilitate the promotion and application of central processing algorithm technology in the future.

Central processing algorithm cloud service for enterprise (SAAS) marketing

Leveraging our technologies on 3D online display, VR tours, data algorithm analysis, and precise traffic algorithm matching, we will provide enterprise owners with a one-stop product display system, real-time VR product tour and interactive communication, VR live professional broadcast promotion, and sales platform, decision-making system for customer acquisition and data optimization, and consumer analysis and accurate user matching algorithm system.

This technology provides a new form of display and interactive communication for products and integrates the functions, features, and highlights of product introduction. Through intuitive interaction, customers can quickly switch and select different materials and colors of the same product.

Leveraging the current development of the central processing algorithm technology and our technical reserve capability, the platform is ready for use under the existing environment. We will receive relevant service fees from content production, annual fees for the SAAS system, algorithm technology service fees, and streaming platform licensing fees. We are currently liaising with some small and medium-sized brand owners in relation to the provision of our competitive product (SAAS) marketing cloud services. Our next step is to provide global online product (SAAS) marketing cloud services both domestically and internationally to export companies and factories.

We will selectively seek strategic acquisitions to enhance market position, integrate industrial chain resources, and maximize capital efficiency.

We intend to pursue investment opportunities or acquire businesses that complement or enhance our existing businesses that are strategically beneficial to our long-term goals. We aim to target companies that have competitive strengths in algorithm development and research, and AI capabilities to enhance our research and development abilities.

In addition, we plan to pursue business collaborations to enhance our operational efficiency by collaborating with resource-based partners that generate significant user traffic. Our ideal partners are internet traffic wholesalers and advertisement integration agencies.

We will continue our focus on brand building to enhance our brand value.

Concurrent to improving our innovative technologies, we are attaching ever greater importance to brand building and strategic positioning, especially in view of becoming a public company. We carry out brand value communication through multiple channels, including through media and investor relations. We believe that building a good reputation in the industry is essential to building up brand value. We strive to maximize brand value by providing customers with high-quality products and services, operates our business with integrity, and builds an excellent corporate image through good value output.

Our Business Model

We provide central processing algorithm solutions primarily to the internet advertisement, and intelligent chip industry. Our customers are internet advertising integration agencies, electronics manufacturers, and internet information infrastructure service providers who have entered into contracts with us and used our services pursuant to such contracts during the relevant period. Customers typically enter into a master agreement with us for a fixed term and submit separate requests for each service engagement or product, or for both. For more information on how We enter into business arrangements with our customers, please see “Business—Our Strengths—Long-term and stable strategic cooperation relationships.”

Application of our central processing algorithm service in internet advertisement

Generally, for customers in the field of internet advertisement, like internet advertising integration agencies, our central processing algorithm solutions helps them engage in more efficient data processing and management, which culminates in more effective programmed advertising and dynamic content optimization with the goal to improve consumer conversion rate, which means the rate at which individuals who have seen an advertisement turn into a user or purchaser of the service or items contemplated by the advertisement.

Our proprietary central processing algorithm solutions improve upon the processes by which our customers are able to make one of their most crucial business decisions—the effective placement of advertisements. In sum, our customers provide advertisement materials in the form of 3D models or images, which we process in our back servers into more detailed data such as color key and fusion image; we then purchase advertisement placement opportunities from ad traffic wholesalers and begins analyzing multimedia sources hosted on such traffic wholesalers with our image recognition software to extract scenario data from such videos to determine data points such as the location, time, space and other useful information. At the same time, we are also processing internet users’ data to achieve effective and precise placement of advertisements.

The diagram below illustrates the key steps of providing solutions to our digital marketing customers:

We first obtain advertisement placement opportunities from internet traffic wholesalers. We then use our image recognition software to perform scenario-based classification of such videos to determine their location, time, space, and other relevant information to identify the most appropriate places to insert our customers’ advertisements. With such data, we establish dynamic information databases in relation to these multimedia sources with technology such as Relational Database Service (RDS) to be further processed at our disposal. At the same time, our back servers are communicating with these traffic wholesaler’s servers to collect user data, which we then process with our crowd-based socio-cognitive systems (SCS) for the purpose of effectively placing our customer’s advertisement through a process of dynamic content optimization (DCO), with the aim of improving our customers’ consumer conversion rate.

In sum, we provide effective advertising solutions for digital marketers by optimizing advertising content and precisely matching content with suitable consumers by processing a massive amount of data through efficient automation. Eligible consumers are selected in accordance with their demographics and personal preferences, which our central processing algorithm service is able to analyze for the purpose of maximizing the internet advertisement effect.

We ensure high-quality engineering architecture for our proprietary central processing algorithms, which means our services are being provided at low latencies while being highly scalable. We are capable of powerful real-time transcoding with stable, smooth, and low latency, which provides our customers valuable insights into consumer behavior.

Application of our central processing algorithm service in intelligent chip optimization solutions business

Our intelligent chip industry customers depend on us to provide them with solutions for data processing and optimizing hardware. Our centralized processing algorithm solution manifests in the form of reducing our customer’s energy efficiency ratio through more efficient data services under optimization of algorithm software as well as through equipping instruction chip CPU with intelligent chips such as GPU, FPGA, and ASIC that have incredible computing power. Different CPU and intelligent chip combinations are fitted in accordance with the diverse requirements of data processing and various data type of other industries. We also provide CPUs coupled with integrated smart application solutions. By delivering our products directly to customers, we act as the bridge between upstream and downstream businesses in the CPU industry chain.

Currently, the chips applied in the AI field are primarily designed for specific applications and are unable to adapt to the needs of multiple scenarios flexibly. In order to achieve progress in the field of artificial intelligence, an intelligent chip must adapt to the requirements of various algorithms in different scenarios, provide powerful computing power support, and meet the application of terminal scenarios with high energy consumption ratios.

We apply central processing algorithm to intelligent chip optimization. Our central processing algorithm service has mature technology in chip performance improvement and software application, providing chip products based on solution services and technology development services for customers. Usually, we provide customers with online technical services and support, and we also provide customers with on-site technical solution implementation and technical support. Intelligent chips must be able to change the function dynamically in real-time to meet the changing needs of the software. Software defines hardware, hardware feedback software. Through the central processing algorithm to explore the specific architecture of machine learning, architecture feedback to the central processing algorithm to optimize, to achieve two-way optimization. If a chip is to be deemed practical, it must have robust scalability so that it can be used in more scenarios. The central processing algorithm can make more efficient use of the chip architecture, guide the design of the chip architecture, and transform the computing power into intelligence.

We use the central processing algorithm, the instruction chip CPU is equipped with GPU, FPGA, ASIC, and other intelligent chips with more outstanding computing power. In order to improve the overall energy efficiency ratio of data service, according to the different data of different industries and their various data processing methods, we use the CPU to carry different combinations of intelligent chips to realize more efficient data service under the optimization of algorithm software.

By using our powerful central processing algorithm technology, we can provide chip optimization solutions for customers’ personalized needs. We provide our customers with the application scheme of the combination of CPU and central processing algorithm. Through more effective use of central processing algorithms, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and other technologies for chip resources and data scheduling, we can meet the diversified needs of customers. We use the central processing algorithm service to realize the computing acceleration, data lightweight, and efficiency in the cloud computing application field.

Leveraging our central processing algorithm services, we have achieved accelerated computing in cloud computing applications, data lightweight efficiency enhancement, and traffic monetization. Our strength in intelligent chip optimization solutions business in satisfying the development requirements of mobile and data business has accelerated the transformation of the computing architecture of cloud service providers from a single to a diversified one. Under the multiplier effect generated by the combination of 5G and central processing algorithm service technologies, we will facilitate the effective collaboration of and build an ecosystem for the “terminal-edge-cloud” application scenarios of our customers.

Benefiting from the development of IoT, cloud computing technology, and the increasing government investment, China’s artificial intelligence market size is in the process of speedy expansion, the development of the artificial intelligence market will drive the growth of the central processing algorithm intelligent chip optimization solution industry.

In the future, IoT will provide more data collection terminals, which dramatically enhances the data volume. Big data provides information sources for AI, cloud computing offers a physical carrier for AI, and 5G reduces the delay of data transmission and processing. 5G, IoT, cloud computing all put forward higher data processing, analysis, and other needs and requirements. The central processing algorithm intelligent chip solutions combined with hardware performance optimization, software algorithm optimization, and other vital technologies will make breakthrough progress in the future under the background of the increasingly mature emerging technologies such as 5G, IoT, cloud computing, and big data.

Our Ecosystem and our Participants

We have effectively established an ecosystem centered around internet advertisement, and intelligent chip optimization. We connect with market participants representing every stage in these core industry verticals. They include advertisers, internet advertising integration agencies, internet traffic wholesalers, online platforms, cloud service providers, electronics manufacturers, internet information infrastructure service providers, and internet users, as illustrated in the diagram below:

Our revenue from digital marketing is derived based on the effectiveness of our ad placement. Our one-stop-shop service solutions enable internet advertising integration agencies to complete cost-effective advertising placements, which allows them to acquire, transform and retain advertisers efficiently.

As cost outlays, we purchase advertisement placement opportunities from internet traffic wholesalers. We also pay corresponding fees to internet traffic wholesalers based on the CPM charging model.

To ensure a continuous stream of revenue, we are constantly updating the inventory of advertisements ready for placement to internet traffic wholesalers with whom our partners. They include short video platforms, video platforms for drama series and films, as well as news and information platforms. We are constantly updating internet traffic wholesalers’ advertisement inventories in real-time for maximum effectiveness. The central processing algorithm services we provide are able to meet these real-time requirements. Therefore, we believe that our services are critical to helping our customers to achieve high conversion rates.

We also use cloud services to ensure that our central processing algorithm services are maintained in a safe and reliable environment.

Our revenue from the intelligent chip industry is derived from service fees and sales revenue. Electronics manufacturers and internet information infrastructure service providers rely on our intelligent chip optimization solutions; We provide them with hardware and software integrated intelligent chip optimization solution services that combine chip hardware and smart application software.

Sales and Marketing

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, we had 139 and 104 customers who engaged us to provide central processing algorithm services, respectively. We focus our efforts to deepen our relationships with existing customers, develop relationships with new and potential customers, and on exploring untapped business opportunities. Our company has mature business development capabilities and oftentimes rely on customer referrals. As such, we do not require intensive investments in sales modeling. This results in direct cost savings in terms of project travel, public relations, and business entertainment.

In addition, while optimizing the service of central processing algorithm, we are also adjusting our sales strategy with the change of market environment, taking advantage of good service, seeking potential clients in the industry so as to increase our revenue and market share rapidly. We have built deep relationships with our major customers from whom we generate a significant amount of our revenue.

Research and Development

As of December 31, 2025, our research and development team consisted of 43 full-time staff. The professional background of our team members includes computer, software, computer graphic processing, data algorithm, and neural networks. Our research and development team has extensive experience, averaging 5 – 10 years of working experience, and is responsible for the design and development of solutions for our central processing algorithms services such as digital graphic lightweight, algorithm, data intelligence, and image synthesis.

We are committed to continuously strengthening and updating our information technology infrastructure and other technologies according to our annual development plan and based on our assessment of market demand. The process of our self-development research and development is as follows: (1) research and development personnel raises new ideas for research and development based on the market situation and customers’ needs to complete the investigation report and decision analysis; (2) project approval and formulate product research and development plan; (3) development of product technology; (4) product testing and review; (5) launching of new product; (6) promotion and application of the new product.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property rights are critical to our success and competitiveness. We rely on a combination of trademarks, patents, domain names, copyrights, and employee confidentiality agreements to protect our intellectual property rights. As of December 31, 2025, we owned:

All of which are material to our business.

Competition

There are other companies addressing various aspects/verticals of the central processing algorithm service market in the PRC. The central processing algorithm service market is highly fragmented and evolving. With respect to our central processing algorithm services, we compete against other companies engaged in similar services like us.

We believe the principal competitive factors in our market are:

We believe we compete favorably on the basis of the above factors; however, we expect competition to intensify in the future. Our ability to remain competitive will largely depend on the quality of our applications, the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts, the quality of our customer service, and our ability to acquire or develop complementary technologies, products, and businesses to enhance the features and functionality of our applications.

Employees

We had 71 full-time employees as of December 31, 2025, all of our employees are based in China. The following table sets forth the number of our employees:

Under PRC law, we participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments for our PRC-based full-time employees, including pension, unemployment insurance, childbirth insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, and housing fund. We are required under PRC law to make contributions monthly to employee benefit plans for our PRC-based full-time employees at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses, and certain allowances of such employees, up to a maximum amount determined by the local governments in China.

We enter into labor contracts and standard confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our key employees. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any labor disputes. None of our employees are represented by labor unions.

Facilities

Our headquarter is located in Shenzhen, China, we currently lease approximately 619 square meters of office space in the aggregate, our maintain office in Unit 507, Building C, Taoyuan Street, Long Jing High and New Technology Jingu Pioneer Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current requirements and that additional space can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms to meet our future needs.

Insurance

We do not maintain insurance policies covering damages to our Information Technology systems. We also do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain product liability insurance or key-man insurance. We consider our insurance coverage to be in line with that of other companies in the same industry of similar size in China.

Regulations

We are subject to a variety of PRC laws, rules and regulations across a number of aspects of our business. The following is a summary of the principal PRC laws and regulations relating to our business and operations within the territory of the PRC.

Regulation on Foreign Investment Restrictions

Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are principally governed by the Catalog of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment, or the Encouraging Catalog, and the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access, or the Negative List, which were promulgated and are amended from time to time by Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, and National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC, and together with the Foreign Investment Law and its respective implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Encouraging Catalog and the Negative List lay out the basic framework for foreign investments in China, classifying businesses into three categories with regard to foreign investments: “encouraged”, “restricted” and “prohibited”. Industries not listed in the Encouraging Catalog or the Negative List are generally deemed as falling into a fourth category “permitted” unless specifically restricted by other PRC laws.

The MOFCOM and NDRC, promulgated the Special Administrative Measures for the Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2024 Version) (the “2024 Negative List”) on September 6, 2024, which became effective on November 1, 2024.

On March 15, 2019, the Foreign Investment Law was formally issued, and become effective on January 1, 2020, on which Regulation for the Implementation of Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China and Measures for Reporting of Information on Foreign Investment become effective. The Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulation mainly focuses on the foreign investment promotion, foreign investment protection and foreign investment management. Comparing with the draft Foreign Investment Law (2015), the Foreign Investment Law does not mention concepts such as “De facto control” and “controlling PRC companies by contracts or trusts”, nor did it specify the regulation requirements on controlling through contractual arrangements. Pursuant to Measures for Reporting of Information on Foreign Investment, a foreign investor or foreign-invested enterprise shall, through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information disclosure system, report investment information to the competent departments in charge of commerce. The foreign investment information reports include the initial report, report of changes, report of deregistration, and annual report.

Regulations on Infringement upon Intellectual Property Rights via Internet

The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, which was adopted by the National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020 and became effective on January 1, 2021, provides that (i) network users and network service providers shall assume tort liability if they infringe upon another person’s civil rights and interests through the network. Where it is otherwise prescribed in law, such provisions shall prevail; (ii) where a network user commits any tortious act through network services, the right holder shall have the right to notify the network service provider to take necessary action such as deletion, block or disconnection. The notice shall include preliminary evidence of the infringement and the real identity information of the right holder. After receiving the notice, the network service provider shall promptly forward the notice to the relevant network user and take necessary measures in light of the preliminary evidence of infringement and the type of service; if the network service provider fails to take necessary action after being notified, it shall assume joint and several liability with the network user with regard to the aggravated part of the damage. If the network user or network service provider is damaged due to wrong notice, the right holder shall assume tort liability. Where it is otherwise prescribed in law, such provisions shall prevail; (iii) Where a network service provider knows or should have known that a network user is infringing upon another person’s civil rights and interests through its network service but fails to take necessary action, it shall assume joint and several liability with the network user.

Regulation on Intellectual Property Rights

The PRC has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including patents, trademarks, copyrights and domain names.

Patents

According to the Patent Law of the PRC promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on March 12, 1984, and most recently amended on October 17, 2020 and became effective on June 1, 2021, the patents are divided into three types. According to the Patent Law of the PRC and the Interim Measures on the Handling of Examination Operations in relation to the Implementation of the Amended Patent Law issued by the China National Intellectual Property Administration on May 24, 2021, invention patents are valid for 20 years, utility model patents are valid for 10 years and design patents filed no later than May 31, 2021 are valid for 10 years while design patents filed on or after June 1, 2021 are valid for 15 years, from the date of application.

On June 15, 2001, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Rules for the Patent Law of the PRC, which was last amended on December 11, 2023 and became effective from January 20, 2024. According to the Patent Law of the PRC and its implementing regulations, the State Intellectual Property Office of the PRC is primarily responsible for administering patents in the PRC. The patent administration departments of provincial or autonomous regions or municipal governments are responsible for administering patents within their respective jurisdictions. The Chinese patent system adopts a “first come, first file” principle, which means that where more than one person files a patent application for the same invention, a patent will be granted to the person who files the application first. To be patentable, invention or utility models must meet three criteria: novelty, inventiveness and practicability. A third-party player must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent. Otherwise, the use constitutes an infringement of the patent rights.

Patent Enforcement

Unauthorized use of patents without consent from owners of patents, forgery of the patents belonging to other persons, or engagement in other patent infringement acts, will subject the infringers to infringement liability. Serious offences such as forgery of patents may be subject to criminal penalties. When a dispute arises out of infringement of the patent owner’s patent right, Chinese law requires that the parties first attempt to settle the dispute through mutual consultation. However, if the dispute cannot be settled through mutual consultation, the patent owner, or an interested party who believes the patent is being infringed, may either file a civil legal suit or file an administrative complaint with the relevant patent administration authority. A Chinese court may issue a preliminary injunction upon the patent owner’s or an interested party’s request before instituting any legal proceedings or during the proceedings. Damages for infringement are calculated as the loss suffered by the patent holder arising from the infringement, and if the loss suffered by the patent holder arising from the infringement cannot be determined, the damages for infringement shall be calculated as the benefit gained by the infringer from the infringement. If it is difficult to ascertain damages in this manner, damages may be determined by using a reasonable multiple of the license fee under a contractual license. Statutory damages may be awarded in the circumstances where the damages cannot be determined by the above mentioned calculation standards. The damage calculation methods shall be applied in the aforementioned order. Generally, the patent owner has the burden of proving that the patent is being infringed. However, if the owner of an invention patent for manufacturing process of a new product alleges infringement of its patent, the alleged infringer has the burden of proof.

Trademark Law

Trademarks are protected by the Trademark Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 23, 1982, last amended on April 23, 2019, and took effect on November 1, 2019, as well as the Implementation Regulation of the PRC Trademark Law, adopted by the State Council on August 3, 2002, and revised on April 29, 2014. In the PRC, registered trademarks include commodity trademarks, service trademarks, collective marks and certification marks. The Trademark Office of National Intellectual Property Administration handles trademark registrations and grants a term of 10 years to registered trademarks commencing from the date of registration and the registered trademarks can be renewable every 10 years where a registered trademark needs to be used after the expiration of its validity term. On January 13, 2023, the State Intellectual Property Office issued a notice of public consultation on the Draft Revision of the Trademark Law of the PRC (Draft for Comments). As of the date of this annual report, such draft has not been formally adopted.

Software Copyright Law

The Copyright Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on September 7, 1990, last amended on February 26, 2010, became effective as of April 1, 2010, further amended on November 11, 2020, and took effect on June 1, 2021. Under the currently effective Copyright Law, Chinese citizens, legal persons, or other organizations shall, whether published or not, enjoy copyright in their works, which include, among others, works of literature, art, natural science, social science, engineering technology and computer software.

The Computer Software Copyright Registration Measures or the Software Copyright Measures promulgated by the National Copyright Administration on April 6, 1992, which was amended on February 20, 2002, regulate registrations of software copyright, exclusive licensing contracts for software copyright and transfer contracts. The National Copyright Administration of China shall be the competent authority for the nationwide administration of software copyright registration and the Copyright Protection Centre of China (the “CPCC”), is designated as the software registration authority. The CPCC shall grant registration certificates to the Computer Software Copyrights applicants which conforms to the provisions of both the Software Copyright Measures and the Computer Software Protection Regulations (Revised in 2013).

Regulation on Domain Name

The domain names are protected under the Administrative Measures for Internet Domain Names promulgated by MIIT on August 24, 2017, the effective date of which was November 1, 2017. MIIT is the major regulatory body responsible for the administration of the PRC Internet domain names, under supervision of which China Internet Network Information Center, or CNNIC, is responsible for the daily administration of CN domain names and Chinese domain names. On September 25, 2002, CNNIC promulgated the Implementation Rules of Registration of Domain Name, or the CNNIC Rules, which was renewed on June 5, 2009 and May 29, 2012, respectively. Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on the Internet Domain Names and the CNNIC Rules, the registration of domain names adopts the “first to file” principle and the registrant shall complete the registration via the domain name registration service institutions. In the event of a domain name dispute, the disputed parties may lodge a complaint to the designated domain name dispute resolution institution to trigger the domain name dispute resolution procedure in accordance with the CNNIC Measures on Resolution of the Top Level Domains Disputes, file a suit to the People’s Court or initiate an arbitration procedure.

Regulations Relating to Internet Advertisement

The PRC Advertisement Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on October 27, 1994 and last amended on April 29, 2021, requires advertisers to ensure that the contents of the advertisements are true. The content of advertisements cannot contain prohibited information, including but not limited to: (i) information that harms the dignity or interests of the nation or divulges state secret, (ii) information that contains wordings such as “national level,” “highest level,” and “best,” and (iii) information that contains ethnic, racial, religious, or sexual discrimination. Advertisements posted or published through the internet cannot affect normal usage of network by users. Advertisements published in the form of pop-up window on the internet must display the close button clearly to make sure that the viewers can close the advertisement by one-click.

On July 4, 2016, the PRC State Administration for Industry and Commerce, promulgated the Internet Advertisement Measures, which became effective on September 1, 2016. The Internet Advertisement Measures regulates any advertisement published on the internet, including but not limited to, those on websites, webpage, and Apps, those in the forms of word, picture, audio and video. According to the Internet Advertisement Measures, internet information service providers must stop any person from using their information services to publish illegal advertisements if they are aware of, or should reasonably be aware of, such illegal advertisements even though the internet information service provider merely provides information services and is not involved in the internet advertisement businesses. The following activities are prohibited under the Internet Advertisement Measures: (i) providing or using applications and hardware to block, filter, skip over, tamper with, or cover up lawful advertisements provided by others; (ii) using network access, network equipment, and applications to disrupt the normal transmission of lawful advertisements provided by others or adding or uploading advertisements without permission; or (iii) harming the interests of others by using false statistics or traffic data.

On February 25, 2023, the SAMR promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertisement, effective from May 1, 2023. These measures are applicable to the usage of internet media such as websites, web pages, and internet applications, whether directly or indirectly, to promote commercial advertisement activities for products or services via text, images, videos or other forms, in the territory of PRC. Under the new measures, when publishing internet advertisements in the form of pop-ups or other forms, the advertiser or the publisher should prominently mark a close button to ensure that the advertisement can be closed with one click. Furthermore, operators of live broadcasting rooms who are commissioned to provide advertisement design, production, agency and publishing services shall assume legal responsibility and obligations as the advertisement operator and advertiser.

Regulations on Information Security and Privacy Protection

Internet content in the PRC is regulated and restricted from a state security standpoint. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (the “SCNPC”) enacted the Decisions on the Maintenance of Internet Security, which took effect on December 28, 2000 and was last amended on August 27, 2009, to subject persons to criminal liabilities in the PRC for any attempt to (i) gain improper entry to a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. The Administration Measures on the Security Protection of Computer Information Network with International Connections, which took effect on December 30, 1997 and was last amended on January 8, 2011, prohibit using the internet in ways which, among others, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. The Provisions on the Technical Measures for the Protection of the Security of the Internet, which was promulgated by the MPS and took effect on March 1, 2006, require internet service providers to take proper measures including anti-virus, data back-up and other related measures, to keep records of certain information about its users (including users registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days, and to detect illegal information, stop transmission of such information, and keep relevant records. If an internet information service provider violates these measures, the MPS and the local security bureaus may revoke its operating license and shut down its website. In accordance with the Circular of the Ministry of Public Security, the State Secrecy Bureau, the State Cipher Code Administration and The Information Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Administrative Measures for the Graded Protection of Information Security which took effect on June 22, 2007, the security protection grade of an information system may be classified into the five grades. To newly build an information system of Grade II or above, its operator or user shall, within 30 days after it is put into operation, handle the record-filing procedures at the local public security organ at the level of municipality divided into districts or above of its locality.

On December 28, 2012, the SCNPC promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. On July 16, 2013, the MIIT promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users, which took effect on September 1, 2013, to regulate the collection and use of users’ personal information in the provision of telecommunication services and internet information services in PRC and the personal information includes a user’s name, birth date, identification card number, address, phone number, account number, password and other information that can be used for identifying a user and time and place the user uses the aforementioned service. Telecommunication business operators and internet service providers are required to establish its own rules for collecting and use of user’s information and cannot collect or use users’ information without users’ consent. Telecommunication business operators and internet service providers are prohibited from disclosing, tampering with, damaging, selling or illegally providing others with, collected personal information. Several Provisions on Regulation of the Market Order of Internet Information Service, which took effect on March 15, 2012, stipulate that without the consent of users, internet information service providers shall not collect information relevant to the users that can lead to the recognition of the identity of the users independently or in combination with other information, nor shall they provide personal information of users to others, unless otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations.

In accordance with the Cyber Security Law of the PRC, which took effect on June 1, 2017, network operators shall comply with relevant laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services. Those who provide services through networks shall take technical measures and other necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data, and the network operator shall not collect the personal information irrelevant to the services it provides or collect or use the personal information in violation of the provisions of laws or agreements between both parties, and network operators of key information infrastructure shall store within the territory of the PRC all the personal information and important data collected and produced within the territory of the PRC. The purchase of network products and services that may affect national security shall be subject to national cyber security review. On December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with 12 other governmental departments, jointly promulgated the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022. The revised measures stipulate that, in addition to “operators of critical information infrastructure,” any “data processor” carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security is subject to cybersecurity review. These measures further require that online platform operators holding the personal information of more than 1,000,000 users must apply for a cybersecurity review before listing abroad. The cybersecurity review will also investigate the potential national security risks from overseas IPOs.

On September 30, 2024, the Regulations on Network Data Security was promulgated and came into force as from January 1, 2025. The enacted version required that if a network data processor carries out network data processing activities that affects or may affect national security, it shall conduct a national security review in accordance with relevant state regulations, and emphasized special protection of important data. Important data refers to data in a specific field, a specific group, a specific region, or of a certain precision and scale, which, once tampered with, damaged, leaked, or illegally accessed or illegally utilized, may directly jeopardize national security, economic operation, social stability, public health and safety.

On May 8, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate released the Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Infringement of Citizens’ Personal Information (the “Interpretations”), which took effect on June 1, 2017. The Interpretations clarify several concepts regarding the crime of “infringement of citizens’ personal information” stipulated by Article 253A of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, including “citizen’s personal information”, “provision”, and “unlawful acquisition”. Also, the Interpretations specify the standards for determining “serious circumstances” and “particularly serious circumstances” of this crime.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law also sets forth the data security protection obligations for entities and individuals handling personal data, including that no entity or individual may acquire such data by stealing or other illegal means, and the collection and use of such data should not exceed the necessary limits.

On August 20, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, which became effective on November 1, 2021. The PRC Personal Information Protection Law specifically specifies the rules for handling sensitive personal information, i.e., personal information that, once leaked or illegally used, may easily cause harm to the dignity of natural persons or grave harm to personal or property security, including information on biometric characteristics, financial accounts, individual location tracking, etc., as well as the personal information of minors under the age of 14. Personal information handlers shall bear responsibility for their personal information handling activities and adopt the necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information they handle. Otherwise, the personal information handlers will be ordered to correct or suspend or terminate the provision of services, confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

On September 17, 2021, the CAC, together with eight other government authorities, jointly issued the Guidelines on Strengthening the Comprehensive Regulation of Algorithms for Internet Information Services. The guidelines provide that daily monitoring of data use, application scenarios, and effects of algorithms must be carried out by the relevant regulators, and relevant regulators should conduct security assessments of algorithms. The guidelines also provide that an algorithm filing system should be established, and classified security management of algorithms should be promoted.

On December 31, 2021, the CAC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, and the SAMR jointly promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Internet Information Service Algorithm Recommendation, which took effect on March 1, 2022. The Administrative Provisions on Internet Information Service Algorithm Recommendation, among others, implements classification and hierarchical management for algorithm recommendation service providers based on various criteria, requires algorithm recommendation service providers to inform users of their provision of algorithm recommendation services in a conspicuous manner, and publicize the basic principles, purpose intentions, and main operating mechanisms of algorithm recommendation services in an appropriate manner, and requires such service providers to provide users with options that are not specific to their personal profiles, or convenient options to cancel algorithmic recommendation services.

Regulations on Employment and Social Welfare

Labor Contract Law

The Labor Contract Law of the PRC, or the Labor Contract Law, which was promulgated on January 1, 2008 and amended on December 28, 2012, is primarily aimed at regulating rights and obligations of employer and employee relationships, including the establishment, performance and termination of labor contracts. Pursuant to the Labor Contract Law, labor contracts shall be concluded in writing if labor relationships are to be or have been established between employers and the employees. Employers are prohibited from forcing employees to work above certain time limit and employers shall pay employees for overtime work in accordance to national regulations. In addition, employee wages shall be no lower than local standards on minimum wages and shall be paid to employees timely.

Social Insurance and Housing Fund

As required under the Regulation of Insurance for Labor Injury implemented on January 1, 2004 and amended in 2010, the Provisional Measures for Maternity Insurance of Employees of Corporations implemented on January 1, 1995, the Decisions on the Establishment of a Unified Program for Old-Aged Pension Insurance of the State Council issued on July 16, 1997, the Decisions on the Establishment of the Medical Insurance Program for Urban Workers of the State Council promulgated on December 14, 1998, the Unemployment Insurance Measures promulgated on January 22, 1999 and the Social Insurance Law of the PRC implemented on July 1, 2011, employers are required to provide their employees in the PRC with welfare benefits covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, labor injury insurance and medical insurance.

In accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Housing Fund which was promulgated by the State Council in 1999 and amended in 2002, employers must register at the designated administrative centers and open bank accounts for depositing employees’ housing funds. Employer and employee are also required to pay and deposit housing funds, with an amount no less than 5% of the monthly average salary of the employee in the preceding year in full and on time. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

Employee Stock Incentive Plan

Pursuant to the Notice of Issues Related to the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Listed Company, or Circular 7, which was issued by the SAFE on February 15, 2012, employees, directors, supervisors, and other senior management who participate in any stock incentive plan of a publicly-listed overseas company and who are PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens residing in China for a continuous period of no less than one year, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a qualified domestic agent, which may be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, the SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee stock options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, employees working in the PRC who exercise stock options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. The PRC subsidiaries of an overseas listed company are required to file documents related to employee stock options and restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of employees who exercise their stock option or purchase restricted shares. If the employees fail to pay or the PRC subsidiaries fail to withhold income tax in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, the PRC subsidiaries may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities.

Regulations on Taxation

Corporate Income Tax

In accordance with the EIT Law, which took effect on January 1, 2008 and was last amended on December 29, 2018 and the Implementation Regulation for the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC which took effect on January 1, 2008 and was last amended on April 23, 2019 (collectively, the “EIT Laws”), taxpayers consist of resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises. Resident enterprises are defined as enterprises that are established in China in accordance with the PRC laws, or that are established in accordance with the laws of foreign countries (or regions) but whose actual or de facto control entity is within the PRC. Non-resident enterprises are defined as enterprises that are set up in accordance with the laws of foreign countries (or regions) and whose actual administration is conducted outside the PRC, but (i) have entities or premises in China, or (ii) have no entities or premises in China but have income generated from China. According to the EIT Laws, foreign invested enterprises in the PRC are subject to corporate income tax at a uniform rate of 25%. For a non-resident enterprise having no office or establishment inside China, or for a non-resident enterprise whose incomes have no actual connection to its institution or establishment inside China, a withholding tax of 10% will be levied for the income derived from China.

The Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies promulgated by the SAT and last amended on December 29, 2017 sets out the standards and procedures for determining whether the “de facto management body” of an enterprise registered outside of the PRC and controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups is located within the PRC.

In accordance with the EIT Laws, a high-tech enterprise which has independent intellectual property rights and complies with the rules of corporate income tax and other relevant laws and regulations enjoys a reduced corporate income tax rate of 15%. The specific standards and procedures for the management of identification of high-tech enterprises are stipulated in the Measures for the Administration of the Certification of High-tech Enterprises which were jointly issued by the Ministry of Science and Technology, the MOF and the SAT on April 14, 2008, took retroactive effect on January 1, 2008 and were amended on January 29, 2016, took retroactive effect on January 1, 2016.

Dividend Tax

Pursuant to the EIT Laws, income from equity investment between qualified PRC resident enterprises such as dividends and bonuses, which refers to investment income derived by a resident enterprise from its direct investment in another resident enterprise, is tax-exempt.

In addition, pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income which took effect in the PRC on January 1, 2007, the PRC resident enterprise which distributes dividends to its Hong Kong shareholders should pay income tax according to the PRC law. However, if the beneficiary of the dividends is a Hong Kong resident enterprise, which directly holds no less than 25% equity interests of the aforesaid enterprise (i.e. the dividend distributor), the tax levied shall be 5% of the distributed dividends.

Pursuant to the Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Relevant Issues relating to the Implementation of Dividend Clauses in Tax Agreements which took effect on February 20, 2009, all of the following requirements shall be satisfied in order to enjoy the preferential tax rates provided under the tax agreements: (i) the tax resident that receives dividends should be a company as provided in the tax agreement; (ii) the equity interests and voting shares of the PRC resident company directly owned by the tax resident reach the percentages specified in the tax agreement; and (iii) the equity interests of the Chinese resident company directly owned by such tax resident at any time during the twelve months prior to receiving the dividends reach a percentage specified in the tax agreement. On February 3, 2018, the SAT issued the Notice on Certain Issues regarding Beneficial Owner in Tax Treaties which took effect on April 1, 2018 provides clearer guidelines and adopts comprehensive assessment approaches when determining whether a company can be qualified as Beneficial Owner, so as to enjoy the preferential tax rate on dividends.

Pursuant to Notice on Widening the Applicable Scope of the Policy of Temporary Exemption of Withholding Taxes on the Direct Investment Made by Overseas Investors with Distributed Profits which took effect on January 1, 2018, where the profits distributed by a resident enterprise within the territory of China to an overseas investor are directly invested in an investment project which is not in the prohibited category and is in conformity with the specified conditions, the project shall be governed by the deferred tax payment policy and be temporarily exempt from withholding income tax.

VAT

According to the Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax of the PRC which took effect on January 1, 1994 and was last amended on November 19, 2017, and the Provisional Implementation Rules of the Provisional Regulations on Value-added Tax of the PRC which was last amended on October 28, 2011 and subsequently enforced on November 1, 2011, all enterprises and individuals that engage in the sale of goods, the provision of processing, repair and replacement services, and the importation of goods within the territory of the PRC shall pay VAT. According to the Circular on Comprehensively Promoting the Pilot Program of the Collection of VAT in Lieu of Business Tax, which took effect on May 1, 2016, the pilot practice of levying VAT in lieu of business tax was extended nationwide to the sale of services, intangible assets or property.

According to the Circular of the Ministry of Finance (the “MOF”) and SAT on Adjusting Value-added Tax Rates which took effect on May 1, 2018, where a taxpayer engages in a taxable sales activity for the VAT purpose or imports goods, the previous applicable 17% and 11% tax rates are adjusted to be 16% and 10% respectively, and are further adjusted to be 13% and 9% respectively in accordance with the Announcement of the MOF, the SAT and the General Administration of Customs on Deepening the Policies Related to Value-Added Tax Reform which took effect on April 1, 2019.

Urban Maintenance and Construction Tax as well as Education Surtax

In accordance with the Provisional Provisions on the Collection of Educational Surtax, which was last amended on January 8, 2011, all entities and individuals who pay consumption tax, VAT and business tax shall also be required to pay educational surtax. The educational surtax rate is 3% of the amount of VAT, business tax and consumption tax actually paid by each entity or individual, and the educational surtax shall be paid simultaneously with VAT, business tax and consumption tax. In accordance with the Provisional Regulations on Urban Maintenance and Construction Tax of the PRC which was last amended on January 8, 2011 and Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Collection of the Urban Maintenance and Construction Tax, which took effect on March 12, 1994, any entity or individual liable to consumption tax, VAT and business tax shall also be required to pay urban maintenance and construction tax. Payment of urban maintenance and construction tax shall be based on the consumption tax, VAT and business tax which a taxpayer actually pays and shall be made simultaneously when the latter are paid. The rates of urban maintenance and construction tax shall be 7%, 5% and 1% for a taxpayer in a city, in a county town or town and in a place other than a city, county town or town respectively.

Tax on Indirect Transfer

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Circular on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Circular 7. Pursuant to SAT Circular 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises, may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include, inter alia, whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives directly or indirectly from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consist of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income is mainly derived from China; and whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure. According to SAT Circular 7, where the payor fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such tax to the tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. SAT Circular 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired on a public stock exchange. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Circular on Issues of Tax Withholding regarding Non-PRC Resident Enterprise Income Tax, or SAT Circular 37, which further elaborates the relevant implemental rules regarding the calculation, reporting and payment obligations of the withholding tax by the non-resident enterprises. Nonetheless, there remain uncertainties as to the interpretation and application of SAT Circular 7. SAT Circular 7 may be determined by the tax authorities to be applicable to our offshore transactions or sale of our shares or those of our offshore subsidiaries where non-resident enterprises, being the transferors, were involved.

Regulation on Foreign Exchange

In accordance with the Foreign Exchange Administrative Regulations of the PRC which was last amended on August 5, 2008, Renminbi is generally freely convertible for payments of current account items, such as trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions and dividend payments, but are not freely convertible for capital account items, such as capital transfer, direct investment, investment in securities, derivative products or loans unless prior approval/registration of the SAFE is obtained.

In accordance with the Administration Rule on the Settlement and Sale of and Payment in Foreign Exchange, which took effect on July 1, 1996, a foreign invested enterprise is allowed to process the settlement and sale of and payment in foreign exchange for capital account items after submitting valid commercial documents and getting approval from the SAFE. According to the Circular 13, which took effect on June 1, 2015, certain of the aforementioned approval rights of the SAFE are authorized to designated banks.

Pursuant to the Circular 19 which took effect on June 1, 2015, and the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange Settlement which took effect on June 9, 2016, whose main business is investment, are allowed to make equity investment in PRC using the Renminbi funds converted from its registered capital. Meanwhile, the use of such Renminbi funds converted cannot be:

In October 2019, the SAFE released the Notice on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, which, among others, cancelled the restrictions on the domestic equity investment by non-investment foreign-funded enterprises with their capital funds and non-investment foreign-funded enterprises are allowed to make domestic equity investment with their capital funds in accordance with the law on the premise that the existing special administrative measures (Negative List) for foreign investment access are not violated and the projects invested thereby in China are true and legitimate.

In addition, foreign invested enterprises are allowed to settle foreign exchange capitals on a discretionary basis; the foreign invested enterprises may, according to its actual business needs, settle with a bank the portion of the foreign exchange capital in its capital account for which the relevant foreign exchange bureau has confirmed monetary contribution rights and interests (or for which the bank has registered the account-crediting of monetary contribution). For the time being, foreign invested enterprises are allowed to settle 100% of their foreign exchange capitals on a discretionary basis. The SAFE may adjust the foregoing percentage as appropriate based on prevailing international balance of payments.

In accordance with the Circular 37 which took effect on July 4, 2014, a “special purpose vehicle” means an overseas enterprise directly established or indirectly controlled by a domestic resident (including domestic institutions and domestic individual residents) for the purpose of engaging in investment and financing with the domestic enterprise assets or interests he legally holds, or with the overseas assets or interests he legally holds. Domestic residents establishing or taking control of a special purpose vehicle abroad which makes round-trip investments in PRC are required to file foreign exchange registration with the local foreign exchange bureau. According to the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Simplifying and Improving the Direct Investment-related Foreign Exchange Administration Policies, the initial foreign exchange registration for establishing or taking control of a special purpose company by domestic residents can be filed with a designated bank, instead of the local foreign exchange bureau.

Pursuant to the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification (the “Circular 3”) which took effect on January 26, 2017, stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting profits. Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

On October 23, 2019, the SAFE released the Circular 28, according to which besides foreign-invested enterprises engaged in investment business, non-investment foreign-invested enterprises are also permitted to make domestic equity investments with their capital funds in foreign currency provided that such investments do not violate the Negative List (2021) and the target investment projects are genuine and in compliance with laws. According to the Circular on Optimizing Administration of Foreign Exchange to Support the Development of Foreign-related Business, issued by the SAFE on April 10, 2020, eligible enterprises are allowed to make domestic payments by using their capital funds, foreign credits and the income under capital accounts of overseas listing, without submitting the evidentiary materials concerning authenticity of such capital for banks in advance; provided that their capital use is authentic and in compliance with administrative regulations on the use of income under capital accounts. The bank in charge shall conduct post spot checking in accordance with the relevant requirements.

Regulation on Foreign Exchange Registration of Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, and its implementation guidelines. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37 and its implementation guidelines, PRC residents (including PRC institutions and individuals) must register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment in an overseas special purpose vehicle, or SPV, directly established or indirectly controlled by PRC residents for the purposes of offshore investment and financing with their legally owned assets or interests in domestic enterprises, or their legally owned offshore assets or interests. Such PRC residents are also required to amend their registrations with SAFE when there is a change to the basic information of the SPV, such as changes of a PRC resident individual shareholder, the name or operating period of the SPV, or when there is a significant change to the SPV, such as changes of the PRC individual resident’s increase or decrease of its capital contribution in the SPV, or any share transfer or exchange, merger, division of the SPV. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in the Circular 37 may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant onshore company, including the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent or affiliate, the capital inflow from the offshore entities and settlement of foreign exchange capital, and may also subject relevant onshore company or PRC residents to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

Regulation on Dividend Distributions

The principal laws and regulations regulating the dividend distribution of dividends by foreign-invested enterprises in China include the PRC Company Law, last amended in 2023 and to be effective in July 2024 and the Foreign Investment Law. Under the current regulatory regime in the PRC, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profit, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. A PRC company, including foreign-invested enterprise, is required to set aside as general reserves at least 10% of its after-tax profit, until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital unless the provisions of laws regarding foreign investment otherwise provided, and shall not distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year.

Regulation on Overseas Listings

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, namely, the Ministry of Commerce, the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, SAT, SAIC, China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and SAFE, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules purport, among other things, to require that offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, that are controlled by PRC companies or individuals and that have been formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic interest held by such PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published a notice on its official website specifying documents and materials required to be submitted to it by SPVs seeking CSRC approval of their overseas listings. In our case, the CSRC approval was considered not required under the M&A Rules for the listing and trading of our Class A Ordinary shares given that (i) our PRC subsidiary was directly established by us as wholly foreign-owned enterprises, and we have not acquired any equity interest or assets of a PRC domestic company owned by PRC companies or individuals as defined under the M&A Rules that are our beneficial owners after the effective date of the M&A Rules, and (ii) no provision in the M&A Rules clearly classifies the contractual arrangements as a type of transaction subject to the M&A Rules. However, there can be no assurance that the relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion.

On December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce jointly promulgated the Measures for the Security Review for Foreign Investment, effective on January 18, 2021, setting forth provisions concerning the security review mechanism on foreign investment, including the types of investments subject to review, scopes of review and procedures, among others. The Office of the Working Mechanism of the Security Review of Foreign Investment will lead the task together with the Ministry of Commerce. Foreign investor or relevant parties in China must declare the security review to the aforesaid office prior to the investments in, among other industries, important cultural products and services, important information technology and internet products and services, important financial services, key technologies, and other important fields relating to national security and obtaining control in the target enterprise.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, effective March 31, 2023. On May 26, 2023, the CSRC promulgated another supporting guideline, which came into effect on the same date. These measures establish a new filing-based regime to regulate overseas offerings and listings by domestic companies. Under these measures, the overseas offering and listing by a domestic company, whether directly or indirectly, shall be filed with the CSRC.

According to the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and the supporting guidelines, an overseas offering and listing is prohibited under any of the following circumstances: (i) if the intended securities offering and listing is specifically prohibited by national laws and regulations and relevant provisions; (ii) if the intended securities offering and listing constitutes endangers to national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (iii) if, in the past three years, the domestic enterprise or its controlling shareholders or actual controllers have committed corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property, or other criminal offenses disruptive to the order of the socialist market economy; (iv) if the domestic enterprise is under investigation according to law for suspected crimes or major violations of laws and regulations, but no clear conclusions have been reached; or (v) if there are material ownership disputes over the equity held by the controlling shareholder or by other shareholders that are controlled by the controlling shareholder and/or actual controller.

The Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and the supporting guidelines require the issuer or its main operational entity in the PRC to: (i) file with the CSRC for its initial public offering or listing within three working days after the submission of listing application documents outside mainland China; (ii) file with the CSRC for its follow-on securities offerings in the same offshore market within three working days after the completion of such offerings; (iii) file with the CSRC for its offerings or listing in offshore stock market other than the stock market of its initial public offering or listing within three working days after the submission of offering application outside mainland China; and (iv) report material events to the CSRC within three working days after the occurrence and announcement of such events, including, among other things, the change of control, investigation or penalties imposed by relevant authorities, the conversion of listing status or the transfer of listing board.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC held a press conference for the release of the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which clarifies that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before March 31, 2023 shall be deemed as the existing applicants who are not required to complete the filing procedures immediately but shall be required to file with the CSRC when subsequent matters such as refinancing are involved.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC and other relevant government authorities promulgated the Provision on Confidentiality of Overseas Securities Issuance and Listing which became effective on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Provision on Confidentiality of Overseas Securities Issuance and Listing, where a domestic enterprise provides or publicly discloses to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulatory authorities and other entities and individuals, or provides or publicly discloses through its overseas listing subjects, documents and materials involving state secrets and working secrets of state organs, it shall report the same to the competent department with the examination and approval authority for approval in accordance with the law, and submit the same to the secrecy administration department of the same level for filing. Domestic enterprises providing accounting archives or copies thereof to entities and individuals concerned such as securities companies, securities service institutions and overseas regulatory authorities shall perform the corresponding procedures pursuant to the relevant provisions of the State. The working papers formed within the territory of the PRC by the securities companies and securities service institutions that provide corresponding services for the overseas issuance and listing of domestic enterprises shall be kept within the territory of the PRC, and those that need to leave the PRC shall go through the examination and approval formalities in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State.

Loans by Foreign Companies to their PRC Subsidiaries

Loans made by foreign investors as shareholders in foreign invested enterprises established in China are considered to be foreign debts and are mainly regulated by the Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration, the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts, the Statistical Monitoring of Foreign Debts Tentative Provisions, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of External Debt, and the Administrative Measures for Registration of Foreign Debts. Pursuant to these regulations and rules, a shareholder loan in the form of foreign debt made to a PRC entity does not require the prior approval of SAFE, but such foreign debt must be registered with and recorded by SAFE or its local branches within 15 business days after entering into the foreign debt contract. Under these regulations and rules, the balance of the foreign debts of a foreign invested enterprise shall not exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the foreign invested enterprise, or Total Investment and Registered Capital Balance.

The Interim Provisions of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on the Ratio of the Registered Capital to the Total Investment of a Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise was promulgated by SAIC on February 17, 1987 and effective on March 1, 1987. According to these provisions, with respect to a sino-foreign equity join venture, the registered capital shall be (i) no less than seven-tenths of its total investment, if the total investment is US$3 million or under US$3 million; (ii) no less than one-half of its total investment, if the total investment is ranging from US$3 million to US$10 million (including US$10 million), provided that the registered capital shall not be less than US$2.1 million if the total investment is less than US$4.2 million; (iii) no less than two-fifths of its total investment, if the total investment is ranging from US$10 million to US$30 million (including US$30 million), provided that the registered capital shall not be less than US$5 million if the total investment is less than US$12.5 million; and (iv) no less than one-third of its total investment, if the total investment exceeds US$30 million, provided that the registered capital shall not be less than US$12 million if the total investment is less than US$36 million.

The Notice of the People’s Bank of China on Matters concerning the Macro-Prudential Management of Full-Covered Cross-Border Financing, or PBOC Notice No. 9, issued by the PBOC on January 12, 2017, provides that within a transition period of one year from January 12, 2017, the foreign invested enterprises may adopt the currently valid foreign debt management mechanism, or Current Foreign Debt Mechanism, or the mechanism as provided in PBOC Notice No. 9, or Notice No. 9 Foreign Debt Mechanism, at their own discretion. PBOC Notice No. 9 provides that enterprises may conduct independent cross-border financing in RMB or foreign currencies as required. According to the PBOC Notice No. 9, the outstanding cross-border financing of an enterprise (the outstanding balance drawn, here and below) shall be calculated using a risk-weighted approach, or Risk-Weighted Approach, and shall not exceed the specified upper limit, namely: risk-weighted outstanding cross-border financing ≤ the upper limit of risk-weighted outstanding cross-border financing. Risk-weighted outstanding cross-border financing = © outstanding amount of RMB and foreign currency denominated cross-border financing x maturity risk conversion factor x type risk conversion factor + © outstanding foreign currency denominated cross-border financing x exchange rate risk conversion factor. Maturity risk conversion factor shall be 1 for medium- and long-term cross-border financing with a term of more than one year and 1.5 for short-term cross-border financing with a term of less than one year. Type risk conversion factor shall be 1 for on-balance-sheet financing and 1 for off-balance-sheet financing (contingent liabilities) for the time being. Exchange rate risk conversion factor shall be 0.5. The PBOC Notice No. 9 further provides that the upper limit of risk-weighted outstanding cross-border financing for enterprises shall be 200% of its net assets, or Net Asset Limits. Enterprises shall file with SAFE in its capital item information system after entering into a cross-border financing agreement, but no later than three business days before making a withdrawal.

Based on the foregoing, if we provide funding to our wholly foreign owned subsidiaries through shareholder loans, the balance of such loans shall not exceed the Total Investment and Registered Capital Balance and we will need to register such loans with SAFE or its local branches in the event that the Current Foreign Debt Mechanism applies, or the balance of such loans shall be subject to the Risk-Weighted Approach and the Net Asset Limits and we will need to file the loans with SAFE in its information system in the event that the Notice No. 9 Mechanism applies. Under the PBOC Notice No. 9, after a transition period of one year from January 11, 2017, the PBOC and SAFE will determine the cross-border financing administration mechanism for the foreign-invested enterprises after evaluating the overall implementation of PBOC Notice No. 9. As of the date hereof, neither the PBOC nor SAFE has promulgated and made public any further rules, regulations, notices or circulars in this regard. It is uncertain which mechanism will be adopted by the PBOC and SAFE in the future and what statutory limits will be imposed on us when providing loans to our PRC subsidiaries.

See “ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION—Our Holding Company Structure”.

See “Item 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY—B. Business Overview—Facilities.”

Not applicable.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

Overview

We are dedicated to the development and application of bespoke central processing algorithms. We provide comprehensive solutions to customers by integrating central processing algorithms with software or hardware, or both, to streamline their digital services for end-users or technological development purposes, thereby helping them increase the number of customers, improve end-user satisfaction, achieve direct cost savings, reduce power consumption, and achieve technical goals. The range of our services include algorithm optimization, accelerating computing power without the need for hardware upgrades, lightweight data processing, and data intelligence services. Our ability to efficiently deliver software and hardware optimization to our customers through bespoke central processing algorithms serves as a driving force for our long-term development.

Currently, our technology and solutions are mainly in the field of internet multimedia video advertising, where we have historically been successful in providing advertising distribution solutions, software services, and comprehensive solutions for enterprise customers and intelligent chips solutions.

In the mid-to-long term, we will continue to adhere to its strategic mindset. By improving upon each iteration of our one-stop intelligent data management solutions made possible by our proprietary central processing algorithm services, we can help customers to enhance their service efficiency and make model innovations in business, and actively enhance the industry value of the central processing algorithm services in the general field of data intelligent processing industry.

We currently derive our revenue from central processing algorithms services for the internet advertisement (“CPA”). Historically, prior to the disposal of certain subsidiaries in 2023, we also derived revenue from intelligent chips and services.

Our total revenues were RMB 580.0 million, RMB 541.5 million and RMB 422.0 (USD 60.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We recorded a net loss of RMB 266.2 million, net income of RMB 52.4 million and net income of RMB 127.6 million (USD 18.1 million) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 respectively.

Key Factors Affecting Results of Operations

Our results of operations are affected by the factors discussed below.

Our ability to increase the number of customers and average revenue for central processing algorithm services

Approximately 98.3%, 100% and 100% of our revenues were generated from our central processing algorithm services for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 respectively.

Our ability to increase our revenues and enhance our profitability will depend on our ability to continue to increase our customer base and revenue per customer for our central processing algorithm services. To achieve this, we strive to increase our marketing efforts and to enhance the quality and capabilities of our technologies.

Investment in technology and talent

We expend considerable capital and efforts in the research and development of algorithmic use cases and product solutions to maintain our competitiveness in the computer and internet industries. In light of the rapid growth of data volume, data processing capabilities are the key to enterprise development, which requires the advancement of technology related to central processing algorithms, new services, products, and capabilities to newer stages of development. To retain existing customers and attract potential customers, we must continue to innovate to keep pace with the growth of the industry and our business to bring forward new cutting-edge technologies. Our current research and development efforts primarily focus on enhancing its artificial intelligence technology, image processing technology, intelligent chips, and application solutions to create novel service and product offerings. We spent approximately RMB 111.7 million and RMB 63.3 million (USD 9.0 million) on research and development for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

China’s increased demand for central processing algorithm services in internet advertisement

Effective central processing algorithm solutions can empower downstream industries experiencing high demand for data analysis and computing power optimization, which applies to internet advertising, finance, retail, logistics, and other industries. Because of huge downstream demands, the overall market of central processing algorithm services is enormous.

Our ability to pursue strategic opportunities for growth

We intend to continually pursue strategic acquisitions and investments in selective technologies and businesses in the central processing algorithm industries to enhance our technology capabilities. We believe that a solid acquisition and investment strategy may be critical for us to accelerate our growth and strengthen its competitive position in the future. our ability to identify and execute strategic acquisitions and investments will likely affect our operating results over time.

Our ability to expand its application fields and to diversify its customer base

Currently, the primary source of our revenue is derived from providing central processing algorithm solutions to businesses in the entertainment and internet advertisement industries. With increasing awareness and acceptance of this technology, we expect that more applications will be identified to magnify the value of this technology, such as the industry of the Internet, finance, local government, and manufacturing industries that have strong demand for data empowerment. Expand the scenario application of central processing algorithm services. Our ability to expand its application fields and diversify its customer base may affect our operating results in the future.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

We operate in one segment and generate revenue by providing (i) central processing algorithm services and (ii) intelligent chips and services. Please see our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Revenues

Our revenues consist of (i) providing central processing algorithm solutions, including internet advertising solutions, and (ii) intelligent chips and services revenues.

Central processing algorithm services primarily consist of algorithm optimization, data analysis, and solution services provided to internet advertising clients. Intelligent chips and services primarily consisted of chip sales and related technical support services, which were discontinued after 2023.

Our breakdown of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, is summarized below:

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenue for our central processing algorithm solutions for the internet advertisement algorithm services comprised of (i) costs paid to channel providers and shared costs with content providers based on the profit-sharing arrangements, (ii) third party consulting services expenses and (iii) compensation expenses for the professionals.

Cost of revenue for our intelligent chip and services consists primarily of the costs of products sold and third-party software development costs.

Our breakdown of cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, is summarized below:

Selling expenses

Our selling expenses consist primarily of (i) compensation for selling personnel and (ii) travel expenses for its sales representatives.

General and administrative expenses.

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of (i) compensation for its management and administrative personnel, (ii) expenses in connection with its operation supporting functions such as legal, accounting, consulting and other professional service fees, and (iii) office rental, depreciation, and other administrative related expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses include salaries and other compensation-related expenses to our research and product development personnel, outsourced subcontractors, as well as office rental, depreciation, and related expenses for our research and product development team.

Results of Operations

Our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 are summarized below:

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Revenues

We generate revenue primarily from central processing algorithm services and intelligent chips and services. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our revenues were RMB 580.0 million, RMB 541.5 million and RMB 422.0 million (USD 60.0 million), respectively.

Our total revenues decreased by approximately RMB 38.5 million, or 6.6%, from approximately RMB 580.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to approximately RMB 541.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to a decrease of approximately RMB 28.4 million in central processing algorithm service revenue, and a decrease of approximately RMB 10.1 million in intelligent chips and services revenue.

Our total revenues decreased by approximately RMB 119.4 million (USD 16.7 million), or 22.1%, from approximately RMB 541.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 to approximately RMB 422.0 million (USD 60.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025 due to the decrease in central processing algorithm services revenue.

We generate revenues from advertising display services when we complete its performance obligation to deliver related advertising services based on the specific terms of the contract, which are commonly based on a specific action, e.g., cost per impression (“CPM”) for online display. Revenue from performance-based advertising services is generated when traffic users completed a transaction as specified in contracts.

Our central processing algorithm services revenue decreased by approximately RMB 28.4 million, or 5.0%, from approximately RMB 570.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately RMB 541.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily attributable to the overall market demand for internet advertising.

Our central processing algorithm services revenue decreased by approximately RMB 119.4 million (USD 16.7 million), or 22.1%, from approximately RMB 541.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, to approximately RMB 422.0 million (USD 60.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025. This decrease was primarily attributable to global economic uncertainty was leading to a comprehensive shift towards conservatism in corporate marketing budgets, higher-margin projects and the rationalization of our service offerings.

Intelligent chips and services revenues include revenues generated from the resale of intelligent chips. We generate revenues when the control of products is transferred to customers, as evidenced by customers’ signed acceptances. We also generate revenues from software development.

The revenue of our intelligent chips and services, which decreased by approximately RMB 10.1 million, or 100.0 %, from approximately RMB 10.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to nil for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decline was due to the disposal of Fe-da Electronics and its subsidiaries in fiscal year 2023 and our revenue from Intelligent chips and services was mainly from Fe-da Electronics. There was no revenue generated from intelligent chips and services during financial year 2024 and 2025.

Cost of Revenues

For our central processing algorithm services, the cost of revenues consists of the costs paid to (i) channel providers and shared costs with content providers based on the profit-sharing arrangements, (ii) third-party consulting services expenses, and (iii) compensation expenses for our professionals.

For intelligent chips and services, the cost of revenue consists primarily of the costs of products sold and third-party software development costs.

Our total cost of revenues decreased by approximately RMB 18.3 million, or 4.5%, from the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately RMB 387.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Our total cost of revenues decreased by approximately RMB 74.5 million (USD 10.4 million), or 19.2%, from approximately RMB 387.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, to approximately RMB 313.2 million (USD 44.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, largely in line with the revenue decline.

Our cost of revenues for central processing algorithm services decreased by approximately RMB 8.2 million, or 2.1%, from the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately RMB 387.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in the cost of revenues was mainly due to the decrease in central processing algorithm services revenue.

Our cost of revenues for central processing algorithm services decreased by approximately RMB 74.5 million (USD 10.4 million), or 19.2%, from approximately RMB 387.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, to approximately RMB 313.2 million (USD 44.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025. The decrease in the cost of revenues was mainly due to the decrease in central processing algorithm services revenue.

Our cost of revenues for intelligent chips and services decreased by approximately RMB 10.1 million or 100.0%, from the year ended December 31, 2023, to nil for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in the cost of revenues was mainly due to the disposal of Fe-da Electronics and its subsidiaries in the current fiscal year, which was related to intelligent chips and services business before fiscal year 2024. There was no cost of revenues generated from intelligent chips and services during financial year 2024 and 2025.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit decreased by approximately RMB 44.9 million (USD 6.3 million), from approximately RMB 153.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 to approximately RMB 108.8 million (USD 15.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Operating Expenses

Operating Expenses were RMB 419.2 million, RMB 133.6 million and RMB 86.4 million (USD 12.3 million) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The decrease of approximately RMB 47.2 million (USD 6.6 million) or 35.3% in 2025 was mainly because the decline of research and development expenses with the amount of approximately RMB 48.5 million (USD 6.8 million).

Selling expenses were RMB 2.8 million, RMB 2.2 million and RMB 2.2 million (USD 0.3 million) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The fluctuation on selling expenses was minimal due to the more stable personnel structure compared with previous years.

General and administrative expenses were RMB 24.9 million, RMB 19.7 million and RMB 21.0 million (USD 3.0 million) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The increase of approximately RMB 1.2 million (USD 0.2 million), or 6.2% was mainly due to the reverse on credit losses of other receivables in financial year 2024, which caused increase in financial year 2025.

Research and development expenses were RMB 161.2 million, RMB 111.7 million and RMB 63.3 million (USD 9.0 million) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The decrease of approximately RMB 48.4 million (USD 6.8 million), or 43.3% in 2025 was mainly because some R&D projects had completed, and contemporary R&D technology was adequate for the business development needs, which was based on the attribution of resources and high efficiency.

Stock compensation expense was RMB 117.4 million, nil and nil for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. There was no stock compensation expense occurred in financial year 2025.

Goodwill impairment losses were RMB 106.3 million, nil and nil for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. There was no goodwill and impairment losses occurred in financial year 2025.

Other income (expenses), net

The total other income, net was RMB 38.4 million for the year ended December 31 2024. Total other income, net was RMB 112.5 million (USD 16.0 million) for the year ended December 31 2025. The total other income increased of approximately RMB 74.1 million (USD 10.4 million), or 193.0% in 2025 was mainly due to a sharp rise in investment income, which grew from RMB 12.4 million to RMB 132.3 million (USD 18.8 million). The investment income in 2025 consisted primarily of realized gains from the sale of short-term investments and fair value gains on certain equity securities. This increase was partially offset by loss from by debt of RMB 17.2 million (USD 2.4 million) in 2025, which was mainly from the recognition of bad debt loss from subsidiaries.

Benefit of (Provision for) income taxes

Benefit of income taxes was RMB 2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023. Provision for income taxes was RMB 6.1 million, RMB 7.3 million (USD 1.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The fluctuation on provision for income taxes was minimal.

Net income (loss)

As a result of the combination of factors discussed above, our net loss increased from RMB 266.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to approximately RMB 52.4 million of net income for the year ended December 31, 2024. The net income increased by RMB 75.2 million (USD 10.5 million), or 143.5%, resulting in net income with the amount of approximately RMB 127.6 million (USD 18.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025.

After the deduction of non-controlling interest, net loss attributable to us was approximately RMB 268.2 million and net income attributable to us was approximately RMB 38.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively. The net income attributable to us was RMB 113.9 million (USD 16.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Comprehensive loss attributable to us was approximately RMB 325.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and comprehensive income attributable to us was approximately RMB 43.6 million for the years ended December 31 2024, compared to approximately RMB 63.8 million (USD 9.2 million) comprehensive income attributable to us for the same period in 2025.

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately RMB 1,229.0 million (USD 174.8 million). Our working capital was approximately RMB 2,351.9 million (USD 334.6 million) as of December 31, 2025. In assessing our liquidity, we monitor and analyze our cash on-hand and our operating and capital expenditure commitments. To date, we have financed our working capital requirements through cash flow generated from operations, debt and equity financings.

We believe our current working capital is sufficient to support our operations for the next twelve months. We may, however, need additional cash resources in the future if we experience changes in business conditions or other developments, or if we find and wish to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisition, capital expenditure or similar actions. If we determine that our cash requirements exceed the amount of cash and cash equivalents we have on hand at the time, we may seek to issue equity or debt securities or obtain credit facilities. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations. Our obligation to bear credit risk for certain financing transactions we facilitate may also strain our operating cash flow. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Current foreign exchange and other regulations in the PRC may restrict our PRC entities in their ability to transfer their net assets to us and our subsidiaries in Singapore and Hong Kong and to our investors. The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Under current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to us. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi.

In light of the flood of capital outflows of China in 2016 due to the weakening Renminbi, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement including overseas direct investment. More restrictions and substantial vetting process are put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If any of our shareholders regulated by such policies fail to satisfy the applicable overseas direct investment filing or approval requirement timely or at all, it may be subject to penalties from the relevant PRC authorities. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to its shareholders.

However, these restrictions have no material impact on the ability of these PRC subsidiaries to transfer funds to us as we have no present plans to declare dividends which it plans to retain our accumulated deficit to continue to grow our business. In addition, these restrictions have no material impact on the ability of us to meet its cash obligations, as a majority of our current cash obligations are due within the PRC. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of the offering to make loans or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

The following table summarizes the key components of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

Operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was approximately RMB 17.4 million (USD 2.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, as compared to net cash provided by operating activities of approximately RMB 29.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and net cash used in operating activities of approximately RMB 45.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025, was primarily attributable to net income of approximately RMB 127.6 million (USD 18.1 million) adjusted by gain from short-term investment-unrealized and realized of approximately RMB 132.3 million (USD 18.8 million), allowance for expected credit losses of approximately RMB 9.6 million (USD 1.4 million) and amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets of RMB 1.1 million (USD 0.2 million). Cash inflow was attributable to the increase of other payables and accrued liabilities of RMB 17.3 million (USD 2.5 million), the increase of accounts payable of RMB 8.7 million (USD 1.2 million) and the increase of taxes payable of RMB 7.0 million (USD 1.0 million). Cash inflow was offset by increase in accounts receivables of RMB 19.9 million (USD 2.8 million) and increase in other receivables and prepaid expenses of RMB 6.3 million (USD 0.9 million).

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, was primarily attributable to net income of approximately RMB 52.4 million adjusted by loss from disposal of subsidiaries of RMB 54.7 million, gain from short-term investment-unrealized of RMB 16.2 million, credit losses of approximately RMB 4.9 million and amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets of RMB 1.0 million. Cash inflow was attributable to the increase of other payables and accrued liabilities of RMB 52.2 million. Cash inflow was offset by decrease in advance from customers of RMB 7.0 million and decrease in prepaid services fees of RMB 4.6 million.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to net loss of approximately RMB 266.2 million adjusted by non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses of approximately RMB 1.0 million, goodwill impairment loss of approximately RMB 106.3 million, long lived assets impairment loss of approximately RMB 6.6 million and increase of share-based compensation expense of approximately RMB 120.0 million. Cash inflow was offset by increase in prepaid services fees of RMB 22.6 million as Younike acquainted in fiscal year 2023 gained new customers and revenue. Cash inflow was also attributable to the increase in other payables and accrued liabilities of approximately RMB 7.5 million and increase in accounts payables of approximately RMB 6.7 million. 

Investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately RMB 856.3 million (USD 121.8 million) and RMB 124.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net cash provided by investing activities was approximately RMB 16.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was mainly due to the increase in redemption of short-term investment-realized of approximately RMB 79.7 million (USD 11.3 million). It was offset by the purchase of short-term investments of approximately RMB 936.0 million (USD 133.2 million).

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was mainly due to the increase in sale of short-term investments of approximately RMB 251.0 million. It was offset by the purchase of short-term investments of approximately RMB 366.0 million and loss from short-term investments of approximately RMB 9.6 million.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was mainly due to purchase of property and equipment of approximately RMB 0.4 million and offset by the purchase of short-term investments of approximately RMB 18.4 million.

Financing activities

Net Cash provided by financing activities was approximately RMB 1,082.0 million (USD 153.9 million) and RMB 809.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Net Cash used in financing activities was approximately RMB 76.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023.

Net Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was mainly due to the increase in issuance of convertible notes payable of approximately RMB 1,067.0 million (USD 151.8 million). As of December 31, 2025, all the convertible note has been converted into shares. For the year ended December 31, 2025, subsidiaries borrowed RMB 30.0 million (USD 4.3 million) from banks and repaid RMB 15.0 million (USD 2.1 million) to banks for operation purpose.

Net Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was mainly due to the increase in issuance of convertible notes payable of approximately RMB 697.0 million and the increase in stock issuance of approximately RMB 129.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2024, subsidiaries borrowed RMB 18.1 million from banks and repaid RMB 16.6 million to banks for operation purpose.

Net Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was mainly due to offset by proceeds from Parent of approximately RMB 37.5 million and proceeds from loan-related party of approximately RMB 25.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, subsidiaries borrowed RMB 10.0 million and RMB 3.5 million from banks, respectively, for operation purpose.

Commitments and Contingencies

In the normal course of business, we are subject to loss contingencies, such as legal proceedings and claims arising out of its business, that cover a wide range of matters, including, among others, government investigations and tax matters. In accordance with ASC No. 450-20, “Loss Contingencies”, we will record accruals for such loss contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Holding Company Structure

MicroAlgo is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our PRC subsidiaries in China. As a result, MicroAlgo’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. If our existing PRC subsidiaries or newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated deficit, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of our PRC subsidiaries in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to enterprise expansion funds and staff bonus and welfare funds at their discretion, and our variable interest entities may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our PRC subsidiaries have not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements including arrangements that would affect our liquidity, capital resources, market risk support and credit risk support or other benefits.

Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2025, the future minimum payments under certain of our contractual obligations were as follows:

We have focused on and will continue to focus on investment in our technology system. Our research and development expenses were approximately RMB 161.2 million, RMB 111.7 million and RMB 63.3 million (USD 9.0 million) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

We believe that a core element of the competitiveness of the Central processing algorithm industry is research and development related to technology development, and we rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. For details of our intellectual property portfolio, please see Item 4 B. Business Overview — Intellectual Property”.

Other than as disclosed in the foregoing disclosures and elsewhere in this Annual Report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2025 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenue, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, except for the following known trends and uncertainties:

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires our management to make assumptions, estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported, including the notes thereto, and related disclosures of commitments and contingencies, if any. We have identified certain accounting policies that are significant to the preparation of our financial statements. These accounting policies are important for an understanding of our financial condition and results of operation. Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial conditions and results of operations and require management’s difficult, subjective, or complex judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting the estimate may differ significantly from management’s current judgments. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, we believe the following critical accounting policies involve the most significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Current Expected Credit Losses

Nature of estimate: Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” requires us to record the full amount of expected credit losses for the life of a financial asset at the time it is originated or acquired, adjusted for subsequent changes in expected lifetime credit losses.

Assumptions: The provision for credit losses is estimated mainly based on past collection experience as well as consideration of current and future economic conditions and changes in our collection trends. We estimate the expected credit losses for financial assets with similar risk characteristics on a pooled basis. The key assumptions used in the process of estimating the provision for credit losses include portfolio composition, loss severity and recoveries, and application of macroeconomic forecasts. The estimate of expected credit losses is sensitive to our assumptions in these factors. When one of our estimates of loss severity and recoveries and macroeconomic forecasts decreased or increased by 5% while holding all other estimates constant, there would be no significant impact to our consolidated results of operations.

Fair Value Measurement of Short-Term Investments

The Company estimates the fair value of short-term investments using a hierarchical framework under ASC 820 (Fair Value Measurement). These investments are classified as Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 based on the observability of inputs. For instruments without active market quotes (e.g., money market funds with underlying assets or corporate bonds), management utilizes valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows or third-party pricing services. Given market volatility, determining fair value requires significant judgment regarding liquidity discounts and credit spreads.

Revenue Recognition (Principal vs. Agent Assessment)

Under ASC 606 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers), the Company evaluates whether it acts as a principal or an agent in its revenue arrangements. This determination is critical as it dictates whether revenue is recognized on a gross basis (principal) or net basis (agent). Management assesses control over goods or services before they are transferred to the customer. Key indicators include whether the Company has primary responsibility for fulfillment, inventory risk, and pricing latitude. Due to the complexity of contractual terms and evolving business arrangements, this assessment involves significant judgment.

Debt-to-Equity Swap and Debt Conversion

The Company accounts for conversions in accordance with ASC 470 (Debt). When debt is converted to equity (a debt-to-equity swap), management must determine whether the transaction constitutes a troubled debt restructuring, an extinguishment, or a straightforward conversion. Significant judgment is required to:

1. Measure the fair value of the equity instruments issued.

2. Determine the allocation between the liability and equity components (if the instrument is convertible).

3. Calculate any gain or loss on extinguishment.

If the conversion terms are significantly modified, the transaction may be accounted for as a derecognition of the original liability and recognition of a new liability, potentially resulting in a material gain or loss.

Our estimate of the key assumptions did not change significantly throughout the periods presented.

See “Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding current expected credit losses.

The following table sets forth certain information concerning our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.

Jie Zhao has been serving as our chairman of the board of directors since December 2022. Mr. Zhao joined the WiMi group of companies in August 2015 as the chairman of Yitian Internet. He was appointed as the director and chairman of the board in November 2020 and re-designated as a non-executive director. He also served as the chairman of the company’s nomination committee. Prior to joining the WiMi group of companies, Mr. Zhao served as a software developer for AsiaInfo Beijing Co., Ltd., a company specializing in computer systems in China from 2002 to 2004. From December 2004 to December 2012, he served as director of Shenzhen WeiXun YiTong Technology Co., Ltd., a mobile internet company in China. From February 2008 to May 2015, he served as a director of Xiamen Xiangtong Animation Co., Ltd., a mobile animation company in China. Mr. Zhao graduated from Wuhan University of Technology with a bachelor’s degree in robotics design and manufacturing in 1999 and obtained his master’s degree in software engineering from Tsinghua University in 2006.

Min Shu has been serving as our executive director, chief executive officer since December 2022. Mr. Shu joined the WiMi group of companies in June 2018 as the deputy general manager of technology. Prior to joining the WiMi group of companies, he served as a software development engineer at Shenzhen Integvol Information Technology Co., Ltd. from 2001 to 2006, where he was responsible for software development and system architecture, and the development and design of a mobile application platform. From 2006 to 2012, he served as a senior software technical engineer at Shanghai Motegor Technology Co., Ltd., where he was responsible for the management of software development and system architecture. From June 2012 to April 2018, he served as the chief technical officer at Shanghai BlueSky Information Technology Co.,Ltd. Where he was responsible for the management of technology development and system architecture. Mr. Shu graduated from Huazhong University of Science and Technology with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering and automation in July 1999 and obtained his master’s degree in communication engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 2001.

Shan Cui has been serving as our Independent Director since December 2022. Prior to the closing of our business combination, she served as an Independent Director of Venus since the closing of Venus’ IPO on February 11, 2021. Ms. Cui has been an independent director and chair of the audit committee and compensation committee of Fuqin Fintech Limited, an online lending information intermediary platform, since August 28, 2018. She has been the Executive Director of First Capital International Limited since 2010 and provided consulting services for private equity companies and venture capital companies. She was the CFO of Lizhan Environmental Corporation, a then Nasdaq-listed company engaged in the business of green leather material manufacturing, from 2011 to 2013. From 2009 to 2010, she was the Manager of Planning and Analysis for Greene, Tweed & Company, a manufacturer of high-performance engineering parts and products serving aerospace, oilfield, and semi-conductor industries. Prior to that, Ms. Cui was the Senior Finance Manager at Ikon Office Solutions from 2005 to 2008, the CFO for Invista from 2003 to 2004, the Senior Financial Consultant for the Peachtree Companies from 2001 to 2003, the Manager of Strategic Planning and Analysis for General Time Corporation from 1998 to 2001, and the Senior Vice President for Seaboard Corporation from 1996 to 1998. Ms. Cui obtained her MBA degree in Business Administration from Georgia State University and her Bachelor’s degree in International Business English from Ocean University of China.

Haixia Zhao has been serving as our Independent Director since December 2022. Ms. Zhao had over 15 years of management experience in the energy industry, where she gained substantial skills and knowledge in energy sector. From June 2019, she served as the independent director and chair of the risk committee at Sterlite Power Transmission Limited. From January 2010 to December 2018, she was the president of BP Singapore Pte. Ltd. where she was responsible for downstream and marketing in the eastern hemisphere in October 1996. From January 2010 to December 2016, she served as a director at Guangdong Dapeng LNG Company Ltd. where she served on the investment committee. From January 1993 to June 2010, she worked at the AES Corporation, a company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (stock code: AES) in Singapore and her last position was the general manager where she was responsible for the growth strategy in Asia and Middle East region. She was appointed as a director of AES Transpower Private Ltd. From July 1987 to December 1991, she was an Assistant Manager at China Construction Bank, where she was responsible for client development. Ms. Zhao graduated with a bachelor’s degree majoring in Civil Engineering and a bachelor’s degree majoring in physics from Zhejiang University in the PRC in 1987, and a master’s degree in construction management from University of Maryland in the United States in 1993.

Wengang Kang has been serving as our Independent Director since December 2022. Mr. Kang has extensive experience in the legal industry, where he gained substantial skills and knowledge in legal industry. From July 2017 to June 2018, Mr. Kang was an associate at Shanghai Ximu Law Firm. From June 2018 to January 2020, Mr. Kang was an associate at Beijing Zhongyin (Shanghai) Law Firm, where he advised on corporate legal matters. Since 2020, he has been a partner of Shanghai Yingdong Law Firm. Mr. Kang graduated with a degree in law at the Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law in the PRC in July 2013.

Li He has been serving as our chief financial officer since December 2022. Mr. He joined the WiMi group in October 2020 as the financial controller of Yitian Internet and was appointed as chief financial officer in October 2020. Prior to joining, he served as a relationship manager at Royal Bank of Scotland (China) Limited Shenzhen Branch between 2007 and 2010. From June 2010 to July 2015, he served as an investment director at JPMorgan Asset Management, where he was responsible for investments in China. From August 2015 to February 2019, He was appointed as the vice president of the investment division at Yingxin Investment Group Co., Ltd., where he was in charge of managing the company’s investment. Mr. He graduated with a degree in international economics and trade at Shenzhen University in the PRC in July 2007.

Compensation

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we paid an aggregate cash compensation of approximately RMB 548,859 (USD 78,087) to our directors and executive officers. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our directors and executive officers. Our PRC subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.

Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is employed for an unspecified time period, which can be terminated upon both parties’ agreement or by law. We may terminate an executive officer’s employment for cause at any time without advance notice in certain events. We may terminate an executive officer’s employment by giving a prior written notice or by paying certain compensation. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time by giving a prior written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, unless expressly consented to by us, at all times during and within one year after the termination of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, any of our confidential information or the confidential information of our customers and suppliers.

Clawback Policy

We adopted a Clawback Policy in compliance with the SEC rules and Nasdaq listing standards to recover any excess incentive-based compensation from current and former executive officers after an accounting restatement. A copy of the Clawback Policy is filed as exhibit 97.1 to this Annual Report.

Our board of directors consists of five directors, including three independent directors, Shan Cui, Haixia Zhao, Wengang Kang. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. The Corporate Governance Rules of the Nasdaq generally require that a majority of an issuer’s board of directors must consist of independent directors.

A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction with our company is required to declare the nature of his or her interest at a meeting of our directors. A general notice given to the directors by any director to the effect that he or she is a member of any specified company or firm and is to be regarded as interested in any contract or transaction which may thereafter be made with that company or firm shall be deemed a sufficient declaration of interest in regard to any contract so made or transaction so consummated. Subject to the Nasdaq rules and disqualification by the chairman of the relevant board meeting, a director may vote in respect of any contract or proposed contract or arrangement notwithstanding that he/she may be interested therein and if he/she does so, his/her vote shall be counted and he/she may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of the directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered. Our board of directors may exercise all of the powers of our company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, or any part thereof, and to issue debentures, debenture stock or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has established an audit committee. The composition and its responsibilities are described below. Members serve on the committee until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors. Our board of directors may have or establish other committees as it deems necessary or appropriate from time to time.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of 3 Independent Directors, chaired by Shan Cui. We have determined that each of them satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2) of the Listing Rules of the Nasdaq and meet the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, as amended. We have determined that Ms. Cui qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of its financial statements. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

Duties and Functions of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonable prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In accordance with our amended and restated articles of association, the functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others, (i) convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings, (ii) declaring dividends, (iii) appointing officers and determining their terms of offices and responsibilities, and (iv) approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registering of such shares in our share register. In addition, in the event of an equality of votes, the chairman of our board of directors has a second or casting vote.

Terms of Directors and Officers

Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors and may be removed by our board of directors. Our directors may be appointed by a resolution of our board of directors, or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution of the shareholders. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found by our company to be of unsound mind; (iii) resigns by notice in writing to our company; (iv) without special leave of absence from our board of directors, is absent from three consecutive meetings of the board and the board resolves that his office be vacated; or (v) is removed from office pursuant to any other provisions of our post offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Share Incentive Plan

For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, we did not grant any share incentive awards to our directors and executive officers.

See “Item 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY—B. Business Overview—Employees.”

The following table sets forth information concerning the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares on an as-converted basis by:

We have adopted a dual-class ordinary share structure. The calculations in the table below are based on 12,437,461 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 30, 2026, consisting of 10,941,519 Class A ordinary shares and 1,495,942 Class B ordinary shares.

Please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — E. Share Ownership.”

Transaction balance of Related Parties

Amounts due to Parent Company are those nontrade payables arising from transactions between the Company and the Parent Company, such as advances made by the Parent Company on behalf of the Company, and allocated shared expenses paid by the Parent Company. Those balances are unsecured and non-interest bearing and are payable on demand.

During years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 the Company obtained approximately RMB nil and RMB nil from Parent Company and repaid RMB 17,379,014 and RMB nil to Parent.

Please see “Note-11 Related party transactions and balances” for details with WiMi Hologram Cloud Inc.

Contractual Arrangements

Not applicable.

Employment Agreements

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — B. Compensation — Employment Agreements.”

Not applicable.

Our audited consolidated financial statements are set forth beginning on page F-1, which can be found after Item 19.

Legal Proceedings

We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business or otherwise. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention.

In April 2023, Joyous JD Limited and the Company filed suit in the New York Supreme Court New York County against Yolanda Asset Management Corporation, the sponsor of Venus Acquisition Corporation. Joyous JD Limited was a backstop investor of the Company prior to the closing of the Business Combination. In the lawsuit, Joyous JD Limited and the Company has alleged the following claims:

Due to uncertainty over the process and outcome of the lawsuit, the final ruling of the Court shall prevail. 

Dividend Information

We currently have no plan to declare or pay any dividends in the near future on our Ordinary shares, as we currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely principally on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Item 3. Key Information — 3.D. Risk Factors — Risk Related to Doing Business in China — Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.”

Except as otherwise disclosed in this report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of the annual financial statements included herein.

Our Class A Ordinary shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market since December 12, 2022 under the symbol “MLGO.”

Not applicable.

See “A. Offer and Listing Details” above.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.