INCOME TAX EXPENSE (Tables)
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12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
| INCOME TAX EXPENSE |
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| Schedule of income (loss) from domestic and foreign components before income tax expenses (benefit) |
| | | | | | | | | For the years ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | US$ | | US$ | | US$ | Loss before income tax | | | | | | | Loss from PRC entities | | (2,975,393) | | (2,605,951) | | (1,630,999) | Loss from overseas entities | | (14,279,569) | | (30,835,713) | | (16,276,274) | Total loss before income tax | | (17,254,962) | | (33,441,664) | | (17,907,273) |
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| Schedule of components of income tax expense |
| | | | | | | | | For the years ended December 31, | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | US$ | | US$ | | US$ | Current: | | | | | | | U.S. | | | | | | | Federal | | 1,502,796 | | (18,521) | | (604,462) | State and local | | 188,612 | | 968 | | 306,602 | Total current | | 1,691,408 | | (17,553) | | (297,860) | Deferred: | | | | | | | U.S. | | | | | | | Federal | | — | | — | | — | State and local | | — | | — | | — | Total deferred | | — | | — | | — | Income tax expense (benefit) | | 1,691,408 | | (17,553) | | (297,860) |
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| Schedule of reconciliation between the income tax expense and the actual provision |
| | | | | | | | | | For the years ended December 31, | | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | | US$ | | US$ | | US$ | | Loss before income tax | | (17,254,962) | | (33,441,664) | | (17,907,273) | | PRC statutory income tax rate | | 25 | % | 25 | % | 25 | % | Income tax credit computed at PRC statutory income tax rate | | (4,313,740) | | (8,360,416) | | (4,476,817) | | Impact of PRC preferential income tax rate as qualified TASE | | 1,725,496 | | 3,344,166 | | 1,790,727 | | Difference in income tax rates of overseas entities | | (1,012,031) | | 2,665,263 | | 3,146,473 | | Research and development super-deduction(a) | | (693,340) | | (639,650) | | (386,799) | | Research and development tax credits | | (668,854) | | (756,757) | | (537,086) | | Non-deductible expenses | | 7,241 | | 6,721 | | 6,081 | | Foreign derived intangible income deduction | | (394,979) | | — | | (97,431) | | Changes in valuation allowance | | 7,064,573 | | 3,747,543 | | 86,877 | | State tax | | (22,363) | | (25,113) | | 111,831 | | Others | | (595) | | 690 | | 58,284 | | Income tax expense (benefit) | | 1,691,408 | | (17,553) | | (297,860) | |
Note (a): Due to the impacts of research and development super-deduction, the Group’s subsidiary, Adagene (Suzhou) Limited, did not have any income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.
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| Schedule of tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred tax balances |
| | | | | | | As of December 31, | | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | US$ | | US$ | Deferred tax assets: | | | | | Net operating loss carry forward | | 17,781,302 | | 18,938,782 | Tax credit carry forward | | 1,969,174 | | 1,157,859 | Capitalized inventory | | 58,214 | | 49,305 | Unrealized foreign exchange gain/losses | | 398,422 | | 133,343 | Accrued expenses | | 151,615 | | 159,955 | Amortization of right-of-use assets and interest of lease liabilities | | — | | — | Gross deferred tax assets | | 20,358,727 | | 20,439,244 | Less: valuation allowance | | (20,336,613) | | (20,423,490) | Deferred tax assets | | 22,114 | | 15,754 | | | | | | Deferred tax liabilities: | | | | | Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and software | | (22,114) | | (15,754) | Deferred tax liabilities | | (22,114) | | (15,754) | Total deferred tax liabilities, net | | — | | — |
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| Schedule of movement of the valuation allowance |
| | | | | | | | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | | US$ | | US$ | | US$ | Balance as of January 1 | | 9,524,497 | | 16,589,070 | | 20,336,613 | Addition | | 7,064,573 | | 3,747,543 | | 86,877 | Balance as of December 31 | | 16,589,070 | | 20,336,613 | | 20,423,490 |
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