<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019d4a5f-56fb-7039-a441-41a582a0a3b6,g:b6baa392-d51c-496d-8aca-e1e9c72c196a-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/all" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#all"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#hypercube-dimension"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-default"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#dimension-domain"/>
  <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#domain-member"/>
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.arcosa.com/role/CoverPageandDEIDocument" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="aca-20260401.xsd#CoverPageandDEIDocument"/>
  <link:definitionLink xlink:role="http://www.arcosa.com/role/CoverPageandDEIDocument" xlink:type="extended">
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationLineItems"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentInformationTable_019d4a5f-56fb-7e93-9e0b-a5ce504974d9" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/all" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentInformationTable_019d4a5f-56fb-7e93-9e0b-a5ce504974d9" xlink:type="arc" order="1" xbrldt:closed="true" xbrldt:contextElement="segment"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentInformationDocumentAxis_019d4a5f-56fb-7b68-a23a-cbddf36d4125" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationDocumentAxis"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationTable_019d4a5f-56fb-7e93-9e0b-a5ce504974d9" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentInformationDocumentAxis_019d4a5f-56fb-7b68-a23a-cbddf36d4125" xlink:type="arc" order="1"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentDomain_019d4a5f-56fb-7b68-a23a-cbddf36d4125_default" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_DocumentDomain"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-default" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationDocumentAxis_019d4a5f-56fb-7b68-a23a-cbddf36d4125" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentDomain_019d4a5f-56fb-7b68-a23a-cbddf36d4125_default" xlink:type="arc" order="1"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentDomain_019d4a5f-56fb-7f70-b021-a147759d5da8" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_DocumentDomain"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/dimension-domain" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationDocumentAxis_019d4a5f-56fb-7b68-a23a-cbddf36d4125" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentDomain_019d4a5f-56fb-7f70-b021-a147759d5da8" xlink:type="arc" order="1"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_019d4a5f-56fb-7f22-a46f-c01e1d786620" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_019d4a5f-56fb-7f22-a46f-c01e1d786620" xlink:type="arc" order="0"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_Security12bTitle_019d4a5f-56fb-7d54-8a1d-011bab03d462" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_Security12bTitle_019d4a5f-56fb-7d54-8a1d-011bab03d462" xlink:type="arc" order="1"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentType_019d4a5f-56fb-7639-99ba-064660687d7c" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_DocumentType"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentType_019d4a5f-56fb-7639-99ba-064660687d7c" xlink:type="arc" order="2"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_019d4a5f-56fb-79e0-952d-eaf1f06ecd58" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_019d4a5f-56fb-79e0-952d-eaf1f06ecd58" xlink:type="arc" order="3"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityRegistrantName_019d4a5f-56fb-788f-ad41-958c6201d8fc" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityRegistrantName_019d4a5f-56fb-788f-ad41-958c6201d8fc" xlink:type="arc" order="4"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_019d4a5f-56fb-7f9a-ac05-2a1f57bf97e4" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_019d4a5f-56fb-7f9a-ac05-2a1f57bf97e4" xlink:type="arc" order="5"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityFileNumber_019d4a5f-56fb-70d2-81b4-261f5b971f4e" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityFileNumber_019d4a5f-56fb-70d2-81b4-261f5b971f4e" xlink:type="arc" order="6"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_019d4a5f-56fb-7824-a81d-b04038ecfe01" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_019d4a5f-56fb-7824-a81d-b04038ecfe01" xlink:type="arc" order="7"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_019d4a5f-56fb-72a6-ae83-b84cadef4328" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_019d4a5f-56fb-72a6-ae83-b84cadef4328" xlink:type="arc" order="8"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_019d4a5f-56fb-7a04-8f7b-a9c6ed662b57" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_019d4a5f-56fb-7a04-8f7b-a9c6ed662b57" xlink:type="arc" order="9"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_019d4a5f-56fb-705c-9f86-ad3bf6969006" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_019d4a5f-56fb-705c-9f86-ad3bf6969006" xlink:type="arc" order="10"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_019d4a5f-56fb-7e09-be55-0ddb3695a71c" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_019d4a5f-56fb-7e09-be55-0ddb3695a71c" xlink:type="arc" order="11"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_CityAreaCode_019d4a5f-56fb-75e4-9ad8-9de662de7477" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_CityAreaCode_019d4a5f-56fb-75e4-9ad8-9de662de7477" xlink:type="arc" order="12"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_LocalPhoneNumber_019d4a5f-56fb-750c-aac5-3897642f90e5" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_LocalPhoneNumber_019d4a5f-56fb-750c-aac5-3897642f90e5" xlink:type="arc" order="13"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_WrittenCommunications_019d4a5f-56fb-7352-b530-8cf4d7560392" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_WrittenCommunications_019d4a5f-56fb-7352-b530-8cf4d7560392" xlink:type="arc" order="14"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_SolicitingMaterial_019d4a5f-56fb-7b7a-883c-9cd96206c929" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_SolicitingMaterial_019d4a5f-56fb-7b7a-883c-9cd96206c929" xlink:type="arc" order="15"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_019d4a5f-56fb-7c94-b7de-f8054ec12845" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_019d4a5f-56fb-7c94-b7de-f8054ec12845" xlink:type="arc" order="16"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_019d4a5f-56fb-7d16-ba30-0e7fdc6a1c28" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_019d4a5f-56fb-7d16-ba30-0e7fdc6a1c28" xlink:type="arc" order="17"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_TradingSymbol_019d4a5f-56fb-74d1-9a41-4e7fa8f32f5b" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_TradingSymbol_019d4a5f-56fb-74d1-9a41-4e7fa8f32f5b" xlink:type="arc" order="18"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_SecurityExchangeName_019d4a5f-56fb-7762-80b0-00b0077264c2" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_SecurityExchangeName_019d4a5f-56fb-7762-80b0-00b0077264c2" xlink:type="arc" order="19"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_019d4a5f-56fb-78e2-820c-1cecfcc3574a" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_019d4a5f-56fb-78e2-820c-1cecfcc3574a" xlink:type="arc" order="20"/>
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="loc_dei_AmendmentFlag_019d4a5f-56fb-71c7-b80b-0fc1b2a6699f" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag"/>
    <link:definitionArc xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="loc_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems_019d4a5f-56fb-72e3-a859-9414966d8b35" xlink:to="loc_dei_AmendmentFlag_019d4a5f-56fb-71c7-b80b-0fc1b2a6699f" xlink:type="arc" order="21"/>
  </link:definitionLink>
</link:linkbase>
