Exhibit 15.2
Alternative performance measures
EBITDA, Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization
EBITDA provides an analysis of the operating results excluding depreciation and amortization and impairments, as they are non-cash variables which can vary substantially from company to company depending on accounting policies and the accounting value of the assets. EBITDA is an approximation to pre-tax operating cash flow and reflects cash generation before working capital variation. EBITDA is widely used by investors when evaluating businesses (multiples valuation), as well as by rating agencies and creditors to evaluate the level of debt, comparing EBITDA with net debt.
EBITDA is calculated in the following manner:
EBITDA = Net income for the period + Income tax charge +/- Equity in Earnings (losses) of non-consolidated companies +/- Financial results + Depreciation and amortization +/- Impairment charge/(reversal)
EBITDA is a non-IFRS alternative performance measure.
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For the year ended December 31, |
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|
Millions of U.S. dollars |
2025 |
2024 |
2023 |
|
Net income |
1,973 |
2,077 |
3,958 |
|
Income tax charge |
501 |
480 |
675 |
|
Equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies |
(58) |
(9) |
(95) |
|
Financial results |
(133) |
(129) |
(221) |
|
Depreciation and amortization |
616 |
633 |
549 |
|
EBITDA |
2,899 |
3,052 |
4,865 |
Net cash / (debt) position
This is the net balance of cash and cash equivalents, other current investments and fixed income investments held to maturity less total borrowings. It provides a summary of the financial solvency and liquidity of the company. Net cash / (debt) is widely used by investors and rating agencies and creditors to assess the company’s leverage, financial strength, flexibility and risks.
Net cash/ debt is calculated in the following manner:
Net cash= Cash and cash equivalents + Other investments (Current and Non-Current) +/- Derivatives hedging borrowings and investments - Borrowings (Current and Non-Current).
Net cash is a non-IFRS alternative performance measure.
|
At December 31, |
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|
Millions of U.S. dollars |
2025 |
2024 |
2023 |
|
Cash and cash equivalents |
573 |
675 |
1,638 |
|
Other current investments |
2,307 |
2,373 |
1,970 |
|
Non-current investments |
751 |
998 |
398 |
|
Derivatives hedging borrowings and investments |
(3) |
- |
- |
|
Current borrowings |
(305) |
(426) |
(535) |
|
Non-current borrowings |
(0) |
(11) |
(48) |
|
Net cash position |
3,322 |
3,609 |
3,422 |
Free Cash Flow
Free cash flow is a measure of financial performance, calculated as operating cash flow less capital expenditures. FCF represents the cash that a company is able to generate after spending the money required to maintain or expand its asset base.
Free cash flow is calculated in the following manner:
Free cash flow = Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities - Capital expenditures.
Free cash flow is a non-IFRS alternative performance measure. Net cash provided by operating activities for the year 2025 amounted to $2,600 million.
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For the year ended December 31, |
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|
Millions of U.S. dollars |
2025 |
2024 |
2023 |
|
Net cash provided by operating activities |
2,600 |
2,866 |
4,395 |
|
Capital expenditures |
(617) |
(694) |
(619) |
|
Free cash flow |
1,982 |
2,172 |
3,776 |