Income Taxes (Tables)
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12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2025 |
| Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
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| Schedule of Income Tax Expense |
Income tax expense consists of the following:
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Year Ended December 31, |
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2025 |
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2024 |
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(in thousands) |
|
Current tax provision |
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|
|
|
|
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Federal |
|
$ |
— |
|
|
$ |
— |
|
State |
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|
130 |
|
|
|
178 |
|
Total current provision |
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|
130 |
|
|
|
178 |
|
Deferred income taxes: |
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|
|
|
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Federal |
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|
— |
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|
|
— |
|
State |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
— |
|
Total deferred income taxes |
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|
— |
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|
|
— |
|
Provision for income taxes |
|
$ |
130 |
|
|
$ |
178 |
|
|
| Summary of Reconciliation of Effective Income Tax Rate to the Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate |
The following table is a reconciliation of our effective income tax rate to the statutory federal income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 in accordance with the guidance in ASU 2023-09:
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Year Ended December 31, 2025 |
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Amount |
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Rate |
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(in thousands) |
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|
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|
Income benefit at statutory federal rate |
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$ |
(49,727 |
) |
|
|
|
21.0 |
|
% |
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit (1) |
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|
80 |
|
|
|
|
— |
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|
Tax credits |
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|
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|
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Federal research and development credit |
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|
(6,417 |
) |
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|
2.7 |
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|
Changes in valuation allowance |
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51,133 |
|
|
|
|
(21.7 |
) |
|
Nontaxable or nondeductible items |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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Stock-based compensation |
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|
4,375 |
|
|
|
|
(1.8 |
) |
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Officers compensation |
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291 |
|
|
|
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(0.1 |
) |
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Other |
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45 |
|
|
|
|
— |
|
|
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits |
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|
350 |
|
|
|
|
(0.2 |
) |
|
Provision benefit for income taxes |
|
$ |
130 |
|
|
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
% |
(1) The state that contributes to the majority (greater than 50%) of the tax effect in this category relates to Massachusetts for the year ended December 31, 2025. A reconciliation of the Company's federal income tax rate and effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 in accordance with the guidance prior to the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is summarized as follows:
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Year Ended December 31, 2024 |
Federal income taxes |
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21.0 |
|
% |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |
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|
3.7 |
|
|
Permanent differences |
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(0.1 |
) |
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Research and development tax credits |
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|
6.4 |
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Transaction costs |
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|
0.7 |
|
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Executive compensation |
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(1.3 |
) |
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Tax law change |
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(2.9 |
) |
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Valuation allowance |
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|
(27.6 |
) |
|
Effective income tax rate |
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|
(0.1 |
) |
% |
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| Summary of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities |
Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized as follows:
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Year Ended December 31, |
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2025 |
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|
2024 |
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(in thousands) |
|
Deferred tax assets: |
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|
|
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Net operating losses |
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$ |
164,685 |
|
|
$ |
112,075 |
|
Capitalized license agreements |
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|
33,096 |
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|
34,699 |
|
Capitalized research and development expense |
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|
87,212 |
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|
81,544 |
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Research and development credits |
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|
35,430 |
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|
28,716 |
|
Compensation related |
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|
9,386 |
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|
6,887 |
|
Operating lease liabilities |
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|
120 |
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|
465 |
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Other |
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|
358 |
|
|
|
531 |
|
Total deferred tax assets |
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|
330,287 |
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|
264,917 |
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Less: valuation allowance |
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(330,182 |
) |
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(264,379 |
) |
Total deferred tax assets less valuation allowance |
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|
105 |
|
|
|
538 |
|
Deferred tax liabilities: |
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Operating lease right-of-use assets |
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(105 |
) |
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(446 |
) |
Fixed assets |
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— |
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(92 |
) |
Total deferred tax liabilities |
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|
(105 |
) |
|
|
(538 |
) |
Net deferred tax assets |
|
$ |
— |
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|
$ |
— |
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|
| Summary of NOL and Tax Credit Carryforwards |
NOLs and tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2025, were as follows (in thousands):
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Amount |
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Expiration Years |
NOLs, federal (post-December 31, 2017) |
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$ |
592,856 |
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|
Indefinite (1) |
NOLs, federal (pre-January 1, 2018) |
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|
40,370 |
|
|
2034 through 2036 |
NOLs, state |
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|
543,402 |
|
|
2034 thru 2045 |
Research and development tax credits, federal |
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|
33,679 |
|
|
2034 thru 2045 |
Research and development tax credits, California |
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|
6,806 |
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Indefinite |
Research and development tax credits, Massachusetts |
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|
1,586 |
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|
2034 thru 2040 |
(1) NOL carryforward generated after 2017 which can be carried forward indefinitely and can generally be used to offset up to 80% of future taxable income
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| Summary of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits |
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of total gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
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December 31, |
|
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|
2025 |
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|
2024 |
|
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(in thousands) |
|
Beginning balance of unrecognized tax benefits |
|
$ |
9,681 |
|
|
$ |
8,664 |
|
Gross increase based on tax positions related to current year |
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|
358 |
|
|
|
1,805 |
|
Gross decrease based on tax positions related to prior years |
|
|
— |
|
|
|
(788 |
) |
Ending balance of unrecognized tax benefits |
|
$ |
10,039 |
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|
$ |
9,681 |
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|