NOTE 15 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had two classes of authorized capital stock: common stock and preferred stock.

Common Stock

Holders of common stock generally vote as a class with the holders of the preferred stock and are entitled to one vote for each share held. Subject to the rights of the holders of the preferred stock to receive preferential dividends, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends when and if declared by the Board of Directors. Following payment of the liquidation preference of the preferred stock, any remaining assets will be distributed ratably among the holders of the common stock and, on an as-if-converted basis, the holders of any preferred stock upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company. The holders of common stock have no preemptive, subscription or conversion rights and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions.

At December 31, 2025, the Company has reserved 19,350,388 shares of authorized but unissued common stock for possible future issuance as follows:

 SCHEDULE OF RESERVED SHARES

Faraday Subscription Agreement

As described in Note 1 – Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates, on September 29, 2025, the Company consummated the Subscription Agreement with certain investors, including Faraday pursuant to which the Company issued and sold 337,432 shares of the Company’s common stock and issued 100,000 to the Company’s legal firm . The purchase price of the common stock was $2.246 per share for an aggregate $0.8 million.

Additionally, in connection with the closing of the Subscription Agreement, the Company issued 60,257 shares of common stock as compensation to its advisor which has been accounted for under ASC 718 Compensation—Stock Compensation (See Note 1 – Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates).  The grant date fair value of these shares of $0.3 million, is included in General and Administrative Expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. 

Further, in connection with the closing of the Subscription Agreement, 1,087,266 warrants were issued to the placement agent, (the “Placement Agent Warrants”). The Placement Agent Warrants were immediately exercisable and have an initial exercise price of $2.47 per share. At December 31, 2025, 1,087,266 Placement Agent Warrants remain outstanding.

2024 Common Stock Purchase Agreement

On November 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”) with Horberg Enterprises LP (the “Investor”), pursuant to which the Company in its sole discretion has the right, but not the obligation, to issue and sell to the Investor up to $10.0 million of the Company’s common stock, from time to time beginning on the Commencement Date, as discussed below, subject to certain limitations and conditions detailed in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. The Company is not obligated to sell any shares to the Investor under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement; sales and timing of any sales of the Company’s common stock are solely at the Company’s election. In accordance with the terms of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, the Commencement Date is subject to certain conditions, including the effectiveness of a registration statement on Form S-1 or a similar prospectus permitting the Investor to offer and resell the shares of common stock acquired under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

No upfront fees were paid to the Investor at the execution of the arrangement. As of December 31, 2025, no registration statement had been filed and thus the Commencement Date permitting the sale of shares under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement had not yet occurred.

The Company evaluated the Common Stock Purchase Agreement under ASC 815-40 Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts on an Entity’s Own Equity as it represents the right to require the Investor to purchase shares of Common Stock in the future, similar to a put option. The Company concluded the Common Stock Purchase Agreement represents a freestanding derivative instrument that does not qualify for equity classification and therefore requires fair value accounting. The Company analyzed the terms of the contract and concluded the derivative instrument had no value at inception, as of December 31, 2025, or as of December 31, 2024.

Preferred Stock

There are a total of 15,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock authorized , of which 10,000 shares are designated as Series A-2 Preferred Stock, 10,000 shares are designed as Series A-3 Preferred Stock, and to 500,000 shares are designated as Series B Preferred Stock.

As described in Note 1 – Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates, on September 29, 2025, the Company consummated the Subscription Agreement pursuant to which the Company issued 39,943 shares of the newly designated Series B Preferred Stock, for $1,000 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $39.9 million, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. This offering triggered a down-round provision of the Series A-2 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, as described further below, which resulted in a lower conversion price. As a result, the Company recorded a $2.0 million deemed dividend in the amount equal to the change in fair value of the abovementioned series of convertible preferred stock before and after the anti-dilution adjustment.

On July 28, 2025, in a private placement transaction, the Company sold and issued to certain institutional and accredited investors 4,500 shares of Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, (the “Series A-3 Preferred Stock”), at a purchase price of $1,000 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $4.5 million before deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses of $0.2 million, resulting in net proceeds of $4.3 million. This offering triggered a down-round provision of the Series A-2 Convertible Preferred stock, as described further below, which resulted in a lower conversion price. As a result, the Company recorded a $0.6 million deemed dividend in the amount equal to the change in fair value of the aforementioned series of convertible preferred stock before and after the anti-dilution adjustment.

On November 20, 2024 in a private placement transaction, the Company sold and issued to certain institutional and accredited investors 5,102  shares of the newly designated Series A-2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series A-2 Preferred Stock” and together with the Series A-3 Preferred Stock, the “Series A Preferred Stock”), at a purchase price of $1,000 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $5.1 million. The Company also entered into an Exchange Agreement with Yi Hua Chen on November 18, 2024, pursuant to which it issued 1,154 shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock in full settlement of the outstanding balance of the 2024 Chen Debenture of approximately $1.15 million. At December 31, 2024 the Company had 6,256 shares of Series A-2 preferred stock outstanding, which were convertible into 1,718,681 shares of common stock at a Conversion Price of $3.64. During the year ended December 31, 2025, 5,656 shares of Series A-2 Convertible Preferred stock and 4,500 shares of Series A-3 Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into 3,926,263  shares of common stock at a Conversion Price ranging from $3.64 to $2.246. At December 31, 2025, the Company’s outstanding preferred stock consists of the following:

 SCHEDULE OF OUTSTANDING PREFERRED STOCK

The shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, Series A-3 Preferred Stock, and Series B Preferred Stock have the rights, preferences, powers, restrictions and limitations as set forth below.

Conversion Rights – Each share of Preferred Stock is convertible at any time, at the option of the holder, into a number of shares of common stock equal to $1,000 (the “Stated Value”), divided by a conversion price initially equal to $3.64 for each share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, $2.80 for each share of Series A-3 Preferred stock and $2.246 for each share of Series B Preferred Stock (the “Conversion Shares”), subject to adjustment for any stock splits, stock dividends and similar events (the “Conversion Price”).

The Conversion Prices of the Series A Preferred Stock are also subject to down-round adjustments if the Company at any time while the Series A Preferred Stock is outstanding issues common stock or common stock equivalents at a lower effective price per share than the then-effective Conversion Price, in all cases subject to a floor price of $1.82 and $1.40 for the Series A-2 Preferred Stocka and the Series A-3 Preferred Stock, respectively. Conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock will be prohibited if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or 9.99% at the option of the holder) of the total number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding.

Liquidation Preference – Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Corporation, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock shall be entitled to an amount equal to the Stated Value for each share of Series A-2 Preferred Stock before any distribution or payment shall be made to the holders of common stock. Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Corporation, the holders of Series B Preferred Stock shall be entitled to an amount equal to the Stated Value, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon before any distribution or payment shall be made to the holders of common stock.

Voting Rights – The holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, together as a single class with the common stock, on all matters presented to the common stockholders for a vote. Each share of Preferred Stock is entitled to a number of votes equal to the number of shares into which such share of Preferred Stock would be convertible, as of the record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote as to such matter, if the conversion price was equal to the “Minimum Price” (as defined in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d)) as of the original issue date of the Series A Preferred Stock, taking into account for such purposes the beneficial ownership limitation as then in effect. The holders of Series B Preferred stock will vote together with common stock on an as-converted basis.

Dividends – The holders of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends, if and when such dividends are paid to holders of common stock, in the same form and at the same time on an as-converted to common stock basis.

Protective Provisions – At all times while the Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock are outstanding, without the consent of the holders of at least 67% of the Stated Value of each series of the then-outstanding Series A Preferred Stock and holders of at least 75% of the Stated Value of the then-outstanding Series B Preferred Stock, (the “Required Consent”), the Company is prohibited from amending its charter documents in any manner that adversely affects the rights of the Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock, repurchase junior securities of the Company, pay cash dividends or distributions on junior securities of the Company, or enter into a material transactions with an affiliate of the Company (unless it is at arm’s length and expressly approved by a majority of the disinterested directors). Without the Required Consent of the Series B Preferred Stock, the Company is prohibited from entering into, creating, assuming or guaranteeing any new indebtedness or liens of any kind.

In addition, as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company shall not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock directly and/or indirectly (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series B Preferred Stock or alter or amend this Certificate of Designation, (b) authorize or create any class of stock ranking as to redemption or distribution of assets upon a Liquidation (as defined in Section 5) senior to, or otherwise pari passu with, the Series B Preferred Stock or, authorize or create any class of stock ranking as to dividends senior to, or otherwise pari passu with, the Series B Preferred Stock, (c) amend its Articles of Incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, (d) increase the number of authorized shares of Series B Preferred Stock, or (e) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.

Upon any subsequent issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of common stock or common stock equivalents for cash consideration, indebtedness or a combination of units thereof (a “Subsequent Financing”), holders of Series B Preferred Stock may elect, in its sole discretion, to exchange (in lieu of conversion), if applicable, all or some of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock then held for any securities or units issued in a Subsequent Financing on a $1.00 for $1.00 basis. Additionally, if in such Subsequent Financing there are any contractual provisions or side letters that provide terms more favorable to the investors than the terms previously provided to holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, holders of the Series B Preferred Stock shall become a part of the transaction documents, at their option.

Stock Options and Warrants

Stock Options

The Company recognizes all compensatory share-based payments as compensation expense over the service period, which is generally the vesting period.

In April 2020, the Company adopted the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”), which provides for the granting of incentive or non-statutory common stock options and other types of awards to qualified employees, officers, directors, consultants and other service providers. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were 1,570 and 1,870 outstanding stock options, respectively, under the 2020 Plan and on such dates there were 13,544  and 13,244 shares reserved under the 2020 Plan, respectively, for future grant.

The following represents a summary of the options granted to employees and non-employee service providers that were outstanding at December 31, 2025, and changes during the twelve-months then ended:

 SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTION ACTIVITY

The following represents a summary of the options granted to employees and non-employee service providers that were outstanding at December 31, 2024, and changes during the twelve months then ended:

There were $269 and $128,059 of compensation costs related to outstanding options for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. In the year ended December 31, 2025, $269 was classified under general and administrative expense and none was recorded under research and development expense. In the year ended December 31, 2024, $103,378 was classified under general and administrative expense and $24,681 was recorded under research and development expense. As of December 31, 2025, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements.

The exercise price for an option issued under the 2020 Plan is determined by the Board of Directors, but will be (i) in the case of an incentive stock option (A) granted to an employee who, at the time of grant of such option, is a 10% stockholder, no less than 110% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; or (B) granted to any other employee, no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant; and (ii) in the case of a non-statutory stock option, no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant. The options awarded under the 2020 Plan will vest as determined by the Board of Directors but will not exceed a ten-year period. A forfeiture is recognized as incurred if the option holder does not exercise after 90 days following termination of service.

No stock options were granted or exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Fair Value of Equity Awards

The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value awards under its equity plans. Key valuation assumptions include:

Equity Classified Compensatory Warrants

As part of the May 2020 reverse recapitalization transaction, the Company issued equity classified compensatory common stock warrants to an advisor and its designees. In addition, various service providers hold equity classified compensatory common stock warrants issued in 2017 and earlier (originally exercisable to purchase Series C convertible preferred stock, and now instead exercisable to purchase common stock). These are to be differentiated from the Series C Warrants described in Note 9- Warrant Liabilities. As of December 31, 2025, warrants to purchase 160  shares of the Company’s common stock remain outstanding.

On February 27, 2024, as a result of a down-round provision triggered by a Securities Purchase Agreement with Alpha for the purchase of the February 2024 Debenture, 1,353 warrants were repriced from $36.50 per share exercise price to $13.50 per share exercise price. The increase in fair value of $9,737 for the modification of these warrants was charged to general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. On September 6, 2024 as a result of a down-round provision triggered by shares sold in the public offering, these 1,353 warrants were repriced again from $13.50 per share exercise price to $6.50 per share exercise price. These warrants were reclassified to warrant liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2024 and expired during the year ended December 31, 2025 (See Note 9 – Warrant Liabilities)

No new compensatory warrants were issued during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.

The following table summarizes the equity classified compensatory warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2025:

 SCHEDULE OF COMPENSATORY WARRANT ACTIVITY

The following table summarizes the equity classified compensatory warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2024:

There were noncompensation costs related to outstanding warrants for the year ended December 31, 2025 and approximately $12,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested warrants.

Noncompensatory Equity Classified Warrants

On December 22, 2022, in conjunction with the issuance of a debenture to Alpha (see Note 10 – Convertible Debt), the Company issued to Alpha a warrant to purchase 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The exercise price of this warrant was initially $82.50, and may be exercised in whole or in part, on or after June 22, 2023 and at any time before June 22, 2028. On December 5, 2023, the Company entered into an Amendment No. 1 with regard to the related Securities Purchase Agreement, with Alpha. This Amendment reduced the Exercise Price of the December 22, 2022 warrant from $82.50 per share to $36.50 per share. The Amendment also revised certain provisions of the warrant which resulted in reclassification of the warrant from liabilities to equity during the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024 this warrant was partially exercised for 31,998 shares, and as of December 31, 2025 warrants to purchase 18,002 shares of the Company’s common stock remain outstanding.

On February 27, 2024 the Company entered into a new Securities Purchase Agreement with Alpha for the purchase of the February 2024 Debenture (see Note 10 – Convertible Debt). This Securities Purchase Agreement resulted in the reduction of the exercise price of the December 22, 2022 warrant and the May 2020 warrant from $36.50 per share to $13.00 per share. The company recognized a deemed dividend of $60,017, which represents the incremental fair value of the outstanding warrants as a result of the down-round provision. As the Company has an accumulated deficit, the deemed dividend was recorded as a reduction in additional paid-in capital, resulting in a net impact of zero to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity. In addition, on February 27, 2024, the Company issued to Alpha a warrant to purchase 18,001 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $13.00 per share, which may be exercised in whole or in part, at any time before February 27, 2029.

On September 6, 2024 as a result of the down-round provision triggered by shares sold in a public offering, the above warrants were repriced from $13.00 per share exercise price to $6.50 per share exercise price. The company recognized an additional deemed dividend of $27,587, which represents the incremental fair value of the outstanding warrants as a result of the down-round provision. As the Company has an accumulated deficit, the deemed dividend was recorded as a reduction in additional paid-in capital, resulting in a net impact of zero to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity.

On April 12, 2024, in connection with the issuance of a convertible debenture to Chen (see Note 10 – Convertible Debt), the Company issued a liability classified warrant to Chen to purchase 36,001 shares of common stock, exercisable until February 27, 2029. On September 6, 2024, as a result of a down-round provision triggered by shares sold in a public offering, the warrant was repriced from an exercise price of $13.00 per share to an exercise price of $6.50 per share. The warrant was initially liability classified due to an insufficient number of authorized shares to settle the warrant prior to the receipt of shareholder approval, which was subsequently obtained on October 25, 2024. As of that date, the Company determined that shareholder approval resulted in equity classification for the warrant and accordingly, the Company remeasured the warrant liability to fair value, and reclassified to noncompensatory equity classified warrants.

On September 6, 2024 as a result of the down-round provision triggered by shares sold in a public offering, the above warrants were repriced from $13.00 per share exercise price to $6.50 per share exercise price. The company recognized an additional deemed dividend of $27,587, which represents the incremental fair value of the outstanding warrants as a result of the down-round provision. As the Company has an accumulated deficit, the deemed dividend was recorded as a reduction in additional paid-in capital, resulting in a net impact of zero to additional paid-in capital.

As a result of a partial voluntary conversion of the 2024 Alpha Debenture on September 9, 2024, the Company no longer had sufficient shares to settle the 2024 Alpha Warrant in full until shareholder approval was obtained, and a portion (2,314 warrant shares with a fair value of $14,997) was reclassified to liabilities (see Note 9 – Warrant Liabilities). Shareholder approval was subsequently obtained on October 25, 2024, and as of that date, the Company determined that shareholder approval resulted in equity classification for the warrant again and, accordingly, the Company remeasured the warrant liability to fair value, and reclassified to noncompensatory equity classified warrants. 

On September 6, 2024, upon the closing of a public offering, the Company issued pre-funded warrants to purchase 239,456 common shares at a price of $6.45 per share with an exercise price of $0.05 per share (the “pre-funded warrants”). The pre-funded warrants are exercisable upon issuance and will remain exercisable until all the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. Pre-funded warrants for 188,257 common shares were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025 pre-funded warrants for 51,199 common shares remained outstanding.

On September 6, 2024, upon the closing of a public offering, 16,019 warrants were issued to the placement agent. These warrants were not exercisable until March 5, 2025 and expire on September 6, 2029.

On November 20, 2024, the Company closed its private placement transaction resulting in the issuance of newly designated Series A-2 Preferred Stock. As a result of the issuance of a new class of voting securities, the Company evaluated its equity classified compensatory warrants’ respective terms, and concluded that compensatory warrants to purchase 1,353 common shares with a weighted average exercise price of $6.50 and a fair value of $904 were required to be reclassified to liabilities as of November 20, 2024.

On April 28, 2025 as a result of the down-round provision triggered by the issuance of the 2025 Convertible Note (see Note 10 - Convertible Debt), warrants for 54,002 common shares were repriced from $6.50 per share exercise price to $5.82 per share exercise price. The company recognized a deemed dividend of $1,586, which represents the incremental fair value of the outstanding warrants as a result of the down-round provision. As the Company has an accumulated deficit, the deemed dividend was recorded as a reduction in additional paid-in capital, resulting in a net impact of zero to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity.

As discussed above, on September 29, 2025, 1,087,266 Placement Agent Warrants were issued. The Placement Agent Warrants were immediately exercisable and have an initial exercise price of $2.47 per share. At December 31, 2025, 1,087,266 Placement Agent Warrants remain outstanding.

The following table summarizes the noncompensatory equity classified warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2025:

 SCHEDULE OF NON COMPENSATORY WARRANT ACTIVITY

The following table summarizes the noncompensatory equity classified warrant activity for the year ended December 31, 2024: