The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying consolidated financial statements include but are not limited to the fair value of assets held for sale and determination of fair value of the Company’s building, and stock-based compensation. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Financial Instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held by two financial institutions in the United States (“U.S.”) and one financial institution in the United Kingdom (“UK”), which management believes to be financially sound, and accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to the financial institutions. At times, the Company’s deposits held in the U.S. and UK may exceed the Federal Depository Insurance Corporation and Financial Services Compensation Scheme, respectively, insured limits. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has not experienced any credit losses in such accounts or marketable securities.

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to other development-stage biopharmaceutical companies, including but not limited to, the Company’s ability to acquire or in-license promising product candidates, dependency on the clinical and commercial success of such product candidates, if any, ability to obtain regulatory approval of any product candidates, uncertainty of broad adoption of its approved products, if any, by physicians and patients, manufacturing, the need to obtain adequate additional funding, significant competition, and protection of its intellectual property portfolio.

Operating segments are identified as components of an entity for which separate discrete financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company has determined it operates in a single operating segment and has one operating segment. See Note 3 for further information.

Restricted cash consists of a cash reserve which served as collateral for the Company’s Construction Loans (as defined in Note 8) during the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, restricted cash consists of a cash reserve allocated to future tax payments. There was $0.2 million and $1.8 million restricted cash as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s investments in marketable securities have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. The Company classifies its maturities as either short-term or long-term based on each instrument’s underlying contractual maturity date, which are carried at their fair values based on the quoted market prices of the securities. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are included in net loss in the period earned or incurred. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, marketable securities consisted of U.S. Treasury bills.

The Company periodically reviews whether its securities may be other-than-temporarily impaired, including whether or not (i) the Company has the intent to sell the security or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If one of these factors is met, the Company will record an impairment loss associated with its impaired investment. The impairment loss will be recorded as a write-down of investments in the consolidated balance sheets and a realized loss within other expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no impairment losses for the investments.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. Management evaluated the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the twelve months following the issuance of the consolidated financial statements. As disclosed and defined in Note 8, the 2024 Loan is due in January 2027, for total principal of $85.6 million which is in excess of cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities on hand as of December 31, 2025, which management has concluded is an indicator of substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

If the Company is unable to refinance the 2024 Loan prior to maturity, the Company plans to execute its contractual right to extend the maturity of the 2024 Loan to January 2028. In addition to the Company’s plan to exercise the extension option in the 2024 Loan, the Company may seek to refinance or restructure the 2024 Loan including by extending its maturity date beyond the extended date, sell the building to repay the 2024 Loan, or seek additional financing in the form of equity or debt instruments. There can be no assurance that new financing or other forms of funding will be available on favorable terms or at all. Management concluded that the Company’s contractual right to exercise the extension option to January 2028 is solely within the Company’s control and alleviates the conditions that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company measures fair value based on a three-tier hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 2 —Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) are either directly or indirectly observable for the assets or liabilities. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Property, plant and equipment, with the exception of land, is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Upon sale or retirement of assets, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheets and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The estimated useful lives of the Company’s property, plant and equipment are as follows:

The Company owns land and building and, as described in Note 4, the clinical and commercial manufacturing building has been completed and has been leased. See Note 8 for details. In March 2025, the Company’s board of directors (the “Board of Directors”) approved a plan to sell the Tarzana facility. The Company engaged a broker to facilitate the sale of the Tarzana facility and therefore reclassified the land and building as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025. Refer to Note 4.

The Company classifies long-lived assets or disposal groups to be sold as held for sale in the period in which all of the following criteria are met: management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the asset or disposal group; the asset or disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such assets or disposal group; the sale of the asset or disposal group is probable, and transfer of the asset or disposal group is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, except if events or circumstances beyond the Company’s control extend the period of time required to sell the asset or disposal group beyond one year; and actions required to complete the plan to sell have been initiated.

The Company initially measures a long-lived asset or disposal group that is held for sale at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less any costs to sell. Fair value is estimated by the Company through evaluations of quoted market prices received for other comparable held for sale assets sold by the Company. Any loss resulting from this measurement is recognized in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met. Conversely, gains are not recognized on the sale of a long-lived asset or disposal group until the date of sale. The Company assesses the fair value of a long-lived asset or disposal group less any costs to sell each reporting period it remains classified as held for sale and reports any subsequent changes as an adjustment to the carrying value of the asset or disposal group, as long as the new carrying value does not exceed the carrying value of the asset at the time it was initially classified as held for sale. Upon determining that a long-lived asset or disposal group meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale, the Company ceases depreciation and reports long-lived assets in the line item “assets held for sale” in its consolidated balance sheets.

In March 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a plan to sell the Tarzana facility. The Company engaged a broker to facilitate the sale of the Tarzana facility and therefore reclassified the land and building as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025. The Tarzana facility is currently leased to AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP (“Tenant”) and Tenant has a right of first offer to purchase it. Refer to Note 8. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded a building impairment related to the Tarzana facility of $16.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded non-cash impairment charges for assets held for sale related to impairment of the Company’s Manchester, United Kingdom manufacturing equipment of $4.3 million recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the line item “restructuring and impairment charges.” See Note 4 for more information.

The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than originally estimated. Recoverability of assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset over its remaining useful life. If such assets are impaired, the impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. If the useful life is shorter than originally estimated, the Company depreciates or amortizes the remaining carrying value over the revised shorter useful life. During the year ended December 31, 2025 the Company recognized an impairment of long-lived assets held for sale related to the Tarzana facility of $16.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded non-cash impairment charges for assets held for sale related to impairment of the Company’s Manchester, United Kingdom manufacturing equipment of $4.3 million.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Clinical trial and other development costs incurred by third parties are expensed as the contracted work is performed. The Company accrues for costs incurred as the services are being provided by monitoring the status of the trial or project and the invoices received from its external service providers. The Company adjusts its accrual as actual costs become known. Where contingent milestone payments are due to third parties under research and development arrangements or license agreements, the milestone payment obligations are expensed when the milestone results are achieved.

The Company measures its stock-based awards granted to employees, non-employee directors, consultants and independent advisors based on the estimated grant date fair value of the awards. For stock-based awards with only service conditions, compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period using the straight-line method. For stock-based awards that include performance conditions, compensation expense is not recognized until the performance condition is probable to occur. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of its stock-based awards. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the Company to make assumptions and judgements about the variables used in the calculations, including the fair value of common stock, expected term, expected volatility of the Company’s common stock, risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. The Company accounts for forfeitures of stock-based awards as they occur.

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts or existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period of enactment. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount expected to be realized.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities, based on the merits of the position. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax expense or benefit. To date, there have been no interest or penalties charged in relation to the unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiary located in the United Kingdom is the British pound sterling. Balance sheets prepared in the functional currency are translated to the reporting currency at exchange rates in effect at the end of the accounting period, except for stockholders’ deficit accounts, which are translated at rates in effect when these balances were originally recorded. Revenue and expense accounts are translated using an average exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding for the period, without consideration for potential dilutive shares of common stock. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, convertible preferred stock and common stock

Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, comprehensive loss consists of foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities net of tax.

The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception by assessing whether the arrangement contains an identified asset and whether the lessee has the right to control such asset. Lessees are required to classify leases as either finance or operating leases and to record a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term greater than 12 months regardless of the lease classification. The lease classification will determine whether the lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest rate method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The Company determines the initial classification and measurement of its ROU assets and lease liabilities at the lease commencement date and thereafter if modified. For leases with a term greater than 12 months, the Company records the lease liability at the present value of lease payments over the term. The term of the Company’s leases equals the non-cancellable period of the lease, including any rent-free periods provided by the lessor, and also includes options to extend or terminate the lease that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. The ROU asset equals the carrying amount of the related lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made prior to lease commencement, any deferred rent upon adoption, and lease incentives provided by the lessor.

The Company has elected, for all classes of underlying assets, not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. Lease cost for short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and do not factor into the measurement of the applicable ROU asset or lease liability. Lease payments may be fixed or variable; however, only fixed payments are included in the Company’s lease liability calculation. Lease costs for the Company’s operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis within operating expenses over the lease term. The Company’s lease agreements may contain non-lease components such as common area maintenance, operating expenses or other costs, which are expensed as incurred for all classes of assets. The Company’s leases do not contain any residual value guarantees. See Note 8 for further information below.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topics 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025, and applied the new disclosure requirements prospectively. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and disclosures. For additional information, see Note 12.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU no. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments in this update require disclosure, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, of specific expense categories present within expense captions presented on the face of the income statement within continuing operations of public business entities. The

amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU 2024-03 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-07, Derivatives and Hedging and Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Derivatives Scope Refinements and Scope Clarification for Share-Based Noncash Consideration from a Customer in a Revenue Contract (“ASC 2025-07”) which applies to all entities that enter into non-exchange-traded contracts with underlyings based on operations or activities specific to one of the parties to the contract. The new guidance excludes from derivative accounting non-exchange-traded contracts with underlyings that are based on operations or activities specific to one of the parties to the contract. ASU 2025-07 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of ASU 2025-07 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

A variety of proposed or otherwise potential accounting standards are currently being studied by standard-setting organizations and certain regulatory agencies. Because of the tentative and preliminary nature of such proposed standards, the Company has not yet determined the effect, if any, that the implementation of such proposed standards would have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.