NOTE 3. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company's loan portfolio segments were updated to more closely align with regulatory call report classifications. This change resulted in a $295 thousand charge to credit loss expense at the time of the update.

The Company manages its loan portfolio proactively to effectively identify problem credits and assess trends early, implement effective work-out strategies, and take charge-offs as promptly as practical. In addition, the Company continuously reassesses its underwriting standards in response to credit risk posed by changes in economic conditions. The Company monitors and manages credit risk through the following governance structure: The Chief Credit Officer ("CCO") maintains the Credit Risk Rating System, which is comprised of 10 levels of risk, inclusive of 5 Criticized and Classified ratings that align with regulatory definitions of Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful and Loss. The CCO or the Credit Manager reviews all recommended risk rating changes and controls the final assessment of risk rating. The Company maintains a Loan Review Policy which addresses internal and external review requirements and process, which is approved annually by the Board of Director’s Risk Committee and the Board of Directors. The CCO provides quarterly reporting and updates to the Risk Committee, including the presentation of the ACL calculation and balance.

For purposes of determining the ACL on loans, the Company disaggregates its loans into portfolio segments. Each portfolio segment possesses unique risk characteristics that are considered when determining the appropriate level of allowance. As noted above, the Company's loan portfolio segments were updated during the first quarter of 2025. As of December 31, 2025 the Company’s loan portfolio segments, as determined based on the unique risk characteristics of each, included the following:

One to Four Family Residential: Loans in this segment consist of 1-4 family residential real estate loans. The Company generally does not originate loans with a loan-to-value ratio greater than 80 percent and does not generally grant loans that would be classified as subprime upon origination. Loans in this segment are collateralized by owner-occupied residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment, along with impacts from higher interest rates on adjustable rate loans.

Home Equity and Second Mortgages: The Company generally has first or second liens on the property securing the loans in this segment and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower.

Commercial Real Estate (CRE): Loans in this segment are primarily owner-occupied or income-producing properties. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties are adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy, which in turn, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Commercial Real Estate Multifamily (CRE MF): Loans in this segment are primarily income-producing properties. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties are impacted by the economy and vacancy rates, which thus will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Credit quality can also be impacted by the effects of interest rate increases on maturing loans and by changes in occupancy for income-producing properties.

Construction and Land: Loans in this segment include speculative construction loans for residential properties, construction loans for commercial properties and land loans for residential or commercial development for which payment is derived from sale of the property. Credit risk is affected by cost overruns, time to sell at an adequate price, and market conditions.

Condominium Associations: Loans in this segment are secured by the assignment of association fees and dues paid by the individual condominium unit owners. The funds are typically used for major improvements and repairs to the structures, landscape and parking lots or garages, and are repaid over 5 to 30 years. This portfolio has experienced almost no delinquency, with no non-accruals or charge-offs since the Company has entered this niche. Credit quality would be affected if there is a significant population decline locally or regionally.

Other Commercial and Industrial: Loans in this segment are made to businesses and are generally secured by assets of the business such as accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, other liquid collateral, equipment and other business assets. Repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. Loans in this segment also include business manager loans, which are actively followed borrowing base lines of credit, secured by accounts receivable that have been purchased from the bank’s customer with recourse. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Loans: Loans in this segment are unsecured business term loans 100 percent guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (SBA) under the PPP. Repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the business borrower and the SBA honoring its guaranty.

Consumer: Loans in this segment primarily consist of personal loans that are fully amortizing over a fixed term, such as auto loans, education loans, or home improvement loans. This segment also includes personal lines of credit. These loans may be secured or unsecured. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and the credit quality of the individual borrower, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s loan portfolio segments, as determined based on the unique risk characteristics of each, included the following:

Business Manager: Loans in this segment are actively followed borrowing base lines of credit, secured by accounts receivable that have been purchased from the bank’s customer with recourse. The account creditors pay each invoice via a direct credit to our customer’s deposit account at the Company or via the US Post Office to the Company lockbox. The deposit account is not accessible by the Company's customer and is swept nightly to paydown the line of credit. These customers may or may not be eligible for traditional lines of credit (which are not subject to the same controls), as they may be experiencing tighter liquidity and / or equity positions due to life stage of the business. These lines are considered to have somewhat elevated risk over the Commercial and Industrial (C&I) portfolio due to (generally) 90% advance rates on the collateral, and weaker financial wherewithal. Credit quality is affected by general economic conditions for manufacturing and services.

Condominium Associations: Loans in this segment are secured by the assignment of association fees and dues paid by the individual condominium unit owners. The funds are typically used for major improvements and repairs to the structures, landscape and parking lots or garages, and are repaid over 5 to 30 years. This portfolio has experienced almost no delinquency, with no non-accruals or charge-offs since the Company has entered this niche. Credit quality would be affected if there is a significant population decline locally or regionally.

Construction and Land: Loans in this segment include speculative construction loans for residential properties, construction loans for commercial properties and land loans for residential or commercial development for which payment is derived from sale of the property. Credit risk is affected by cost overruns, time to sell at an adequate price, and market conditions.

Commercial Real Estate (CRE): Loans in this segment are primarily owner-occupied or income-producing properties. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties are adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy, which in turn, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Commercial Real Estate Multifamily (CRE MF): Loans in this segment are primarily income-producing properties. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties are impacted by the economy and vacancy rates, which thus will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Dental Commercial & Industrial (Dental C&I): Loans in this segment are made to finance dental practice acquisitions, expansions, equipment purchases or to refinance existing debt. They are secured by all business assets and carry the guarantees of the owners. Credit risk is affected by declining population or a weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending.

Other Business: Loans in this segment are made to businesses and are generally secured by assets of the business. Repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Loans: Loans in this segment are unsecured business term loans 100 percent guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (SBA) under the PPP. Repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the business borrower and the SBA honoring its guaranty.

Solar: Loans in this segment are secured by the solar generation rights and equipment of commercial solar farms and systems. The credit quality is affected by the credit quality of the borrower and environmental conditions.

Vehicle Financing: Loans in this segment are secured by the assignment of vehicles and other modes of personal transportation and carry the guarantees of the individual company owners as well as the associated dealerships. Repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the underlying borrower; the liquidation proceeds of any repossessions and the Bank customer honoring its guaranty.

Home Equity: The Company generally has first or second liens on the property securing the loans in this segment and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower.

Residential: Loans in this segment consist of 1-4 family residential real estate loans. The Company generally does not originate loans with a loan-to-value ratio greater than 80 percent and does not generally grant loans that would be classified as subprime upon origination. Loans in this segment are collateralized by owner-occupied residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the

economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Consumer Overdraft and Unsecured (Cons OD and Unsec): Loans in this segment consist of personal lines of credit or single pay notes. These loans are unsecured and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower.

Consumer Installment: Loans in this segment consist of personal loans that are fully amortizing over a fixed term, such as auto loans, education loans, or home improvement loans. These loans may be secured or unsecured and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower.

Passbook CD Loans: Loans in this segment are personal loans secured by a Bank deposit (DDA or Certificate) account. Credit risk is limited to internal operational risk that results in the accidental release of collateral.

Credit Quality Indicators

To further identify loans with similar risk profiles, the Company categorizes each portfolio segment into classes by credit risk characteristic and applies a credit quality indicator to each portfolio segment. The indicators for commercial and commercial real estate segments are represented by Grades 1 through 10 as outlined below. In general, risk ratings are adjusted periodically throughout the year as updated analysis and review warrants. This process may include, but is not limited to, annual credit and loan reviews, periodic reviews of loan performance metrics, such as delinquency rates, and quarterly reviews of adversely risk rated loans. The Company uses the following definitions when assessing grades for the purpose of evaluating the risk and adequacy of the ACL on loans:

Loans rated 1 – 5: Loans in these categories are considered “pass” rated loans with low to average risk.

Loans rated M: Loans in this category are typically smaller loans that have met the Company’s underwriting criteria and are monitored based on repayment history. Financial statements and other data may or may not be requested from the borrower.

Loans rated P: Loans in this category are considered 100 percent SBA guaranteed loans issued under the SBA's PPP.

Loans rated 6 – 7: Loans in this category are considered “marginally acceptable” and “special mention” respectively. These loans are starting to show signs of potential weakness and are being closely monitored by management.

Loans rated 8: Loans in this category are considered “substandard.” Generally, a loan is considered substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligors and/or the collateral pledged. There is a distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the weakness is not corrected.

Loans rated 9: Loans in this category are considered “doubtful.” Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable. All loans rated 9 are individually evaluated.

Loans rated 10: Loans in this category are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as a loan asset is not warranted.

On an annual basis, or more often if needed, the Company formally reviews the ratings on substantially all commercial real estate, construction, and commercial loans. Annually, the Company engages an independent third-party to review a significant portion of loans within these segments. Management uses the results of these reviews as part of its annual review process. Loans considered transactional in nature, such as residential and consumer are reviewed on an exception basis with emphasis placed on debt repayment performance.

The Company periodically reassesses asset quality indicators to appropriately reflect the risk composition of the Company’s loan portfolio. Home equity and consumer loans are not individually risk rated, but rather analyzed as groups taking into account delinquency rates and other economic conditions that may affect the ability of borrowers to meet debt service requirements, including interest rates and energy costs. Performing loans include loans that are current and loans that are past due less than 90 days. Loans that are past due 90 days or more and nonaccrual loans are considered nonperforming.