<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019d212d-684c-7b31-8dd1-431ae547d63b,g:dfd9062d-e303-4b7f-858f-bffe8f6232e7-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:kgs="http://www.kodiakgas.com/20260327" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.kodiakgas.com/20260327">
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei-sub/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-sub-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd-sub/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025/ecd-sub-2025.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="kgs-20260327_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="kgs-20260327_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
</xs:schema>