v3.26.1
Income Taxes
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

10. Income Taxes

Net income (loss) before income taxes is as follows for the periods indicated:

Year ended December 31, 

  ​ ​ ​

2025

  ​ ​ ​

2024

Foreign

 

$

(5,002,874)

$

(2,769,534)

U.S.

 

(433,258)

 

6,326,427

$

(5,436,132)

$

3,556,893

We file income tax returns in the United States, Canada, and various state and local jurisdictions.

We believe that we have appropriate support for the income tax positions taken and to be taken on the Company's tax returns and that the accruals for tax liabilities are adequate for all open years based on our assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law applied to the facts of each matter. The Company's tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ending December 31, 2021 through December 31, 2025.

The following tables present the Company’s current and deferred tax (benefit) expense for the periods indicated:

Year ended December 31, 

  ​ ​ ​

2025

  ​ ​ ​

2024

Current:

Federal

$

218,565

$

391,009

State

16,235

53,450

Foreign

10,923

Total current income tax expense

245,723

444,459

Deferred:

Federal

(96,957)

1,372,363

State

213,965

(187,729)

Total deferred tax expense

117,008

1,184,634

Income tax expense

$

362,731

$

1,629,093

The following table presents the reconciliation of our income taxes calculated at the statutory federal tax rate to the income tax provision in our financial statements. Our effective tax rate for 2025 differs from the statutory rate primarily due to states taxes, foreign withholding taxes, and the recognition of a valuation allowance on our Canadian and Oklahoma state deferred tax assets.

Year Ended

  ​ ​ ​

  ​ ​ ​

December 31, 

Effective

  ​ ​ ​

2025

  ​ ​ ​

Tax Rate

  ​ ​ ​

US Federal Statutory Tax Rate

$

(1,141,588)

21.00

%  

State and Local Income Taxes, Net of Federal Income Tax Effect*

226,790

(4.17)

%  

Foreign Tax Effects

Canada

Statutory tax rate difference between Canada and United States

(467,456)

8.60

%  

US withholding tax on dividends from United States to Canada

248,783

(4.58)

%  

Changes in valuation allowance

1,144,121

(21.05)

%  

Other

(26,291)

0.48

%  

Alberta

Statutory tax rate difference between Alberta and United States

(195,946)

3.60

%  

Changes in valuation allowance

610,198

(11.22)

%  

Other

(14,022)

0.26

%  

Nontaxable or Nondeductible Items

Other

(21,858)

0.40

%  

Income tax expense

$

362,731

(6.68)

%  

*State taxes in Pennsylvania made up the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the tax effect in this category.

Our effective tax rate for 2024 differs from the statutory rate primarily due to states taxes, foreign withholding taxes, & the recognition of a valuation allowance on our Canadian and Oklahoma state deferred tax assets. Our effective tax rate for 2024, excluding the impact of Canadian loss net valuation allowance, is 25.48%.

Year Ended

  ​ ​ ​

December 31, 

Effective

2024

  ​ ​ ​

Tax Rate

Income tax provision computed at the statutory federal tax rate

$

746,947

 

21.00

%  

Difference in Canadian and U.S. tax rate

 

(55,391)

 

(1.56)

%  

Adjustment of Canadian deferred tax balances

983,975

27.66

%

Valuation allowance on Canadian loss

 

(425,667)

 

(11.97)

%  

Return to provision adjustment

 

(1,245)

 

(0.04)

%  

State taxes

 

(129,233)

 

(3.63)

%  

State valuation allowance

(16,271)

(0.46)

%  

Foreign withholding on dividends

414,250

11.65

%  

Miscellaneous other items

 

111,728

 

3.14

%  

Income tax expense

$

1,629,093

 

45.79

%  

Deferred income taxes primarily represent the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

Net deferred tax liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 2025 and 2024:

As of December 31, 

  ​ ​ ​

2025

  ​ ​ ​

2024

Deferred tax assets:

US Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards

$

2,030,390

$

358,224

Canadian net operating loss carryforwards

 

12,839,073

 

11,084,754

ARO

1,768,208

873,169

Lease Liabilities

87,015

114,196

Other

275,810

159,582

Unrealized derivatives

 

 

116,743

Gross deferred tax assets

 

17,000,496

 

12,706,668

Valuation allowance

 

(13,258,688)

 

(11,213,899)

Total net deferred tax assets

 

3,741,808

 

1,492,769

Deferred tax liabilities:

 

  ​

 

  ​

Oil and gas property

 

(14,184,652)

 

(12,620,466)

Partnership

 

(1,413,943)

 

(1,528,368)

ROU Assets

(60,811)

(82,512)

Unrealized derivatives

(937,987)

Gross deferred tax liabilities

 

(16,597,393)

 

(14,231,346)

Net deferred tax liability

$

(12,855,585)

$

(12,738,577)

As of December 31, 2025, we have $1.4 million of U.S. federal net operating loss carry-forwards, all of which has an indefinite carryforward period but is limited to offset 80% of taxable income in any future year.  We also have approximately $30.8 million of state net operating loss carry-forwards (tax-effected $0.6 million), of which $0.2 million expires in 2037 and the remaining can be carried forward indefinitely. These loss carryforwards may reduce future taxable income, however, the extent of which may be limited in the circumstances that an IRC Section 382 limitation would apply due to an ownership change. A state valuation allowance of $0.4 million is applicable to the net state deferred tax assets attributable to Oklahoma because of objective negative evidence on the cumulative loss incurred in the state over the three-year period ended December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, we have $48.2 million (tax-effected 11.1 million) of Canadian net operating loss carry-forwards.  A separate valuation allowance of $12.8 million attributable to Canadian net operating losses and other tax carryovers is recorded because it is more likely than not to be utilized.

The Company does not have any material uncertain tax positions. The Company recognizes interest expense and penalties related to the uncertain tax position in the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements

of operations and comprehensive loss. Accrued interest and penalties are included in other non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet and were $0 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Total net income tax payments were $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. The following table lists the components of the payments for income taxes:

Year Ended

December 31, 

  ​ ​ ​

2025

US Federal

$

1,417,860

State

Pennsylvania

755,138

Other

3,986

Total net payments

$

2,176,984