<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII"?>
<!-- DFIN New ActiveDisclosure (SM) XBRL Schema Document - http://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- Creation Date :2026-03-26T20:56:43.3122+00:00 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
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  <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd" namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025"/>
  <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31"/>
  <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025/ecd-sub-2025.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd-sub/2025"/>
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  <xsd:annotation>
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        <link:definition>75000 - Document - Cover</link:definition>
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        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
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        <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#domain-member" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/hypercube-dimension" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd#hypercube-dimension" xlink:type="simple"/>
        <link:arcroleRef arcroleURI="http://www.esma.europa.eu/xbrl/esef/arcrole/wider-narrower" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/arcrole/esma-arcrole-2018-11-21.xsd#wider-narrower" xlink:type="simple"/>
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        <link:roleRef roleURI="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/PvpDisclosure" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025/ecd-2025.xsd#PvpDisclosure" xlink:type="simple"/>
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          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_AlanHShawMember" xlink:label="nsc_AlanHShawMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_MarkRGeorgeMember" xlink:label="nsc_MarkRGeorgeMember"/>
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          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_JamesSquiresMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">James Squires [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_JamesSquiresMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">James Squires.</link:label>
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          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Amendment Flag</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Type</link:label>
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          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_JohnFOrrMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">John F. Orr.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
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          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_ClaudeEElkinsMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Claude E. Elkins.</link:label>
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          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_NumberOfSecuritiesUnderlyingTheAward_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Number of securities underlying the award.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_ExercisePriceOfTheAward_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Exercise Price of the Award</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_ExercisePriceOfTheAward_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Exercise price of the award.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_AlanHShawMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Alan H. Shaw [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_AlanHShawMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Alan H. Shaw.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_MarkRGeorgeMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Mark R. George [Member]</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_MarkRGeorgeMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation">Mark R. George.</link:label>
          <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="nsc_JasonAZampiMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Jason A. Zampi [Member]</link:label>
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          <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="nsc_NumberOfSecuritiesUnderlyingTheAward" order="14.0" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label"/>
          <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="nsc_ExercisePriceOfTheAward" order="15.0" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label"/>
          <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="ecd_AwardTmgDiscLineItems" xlink:to="nsc_GrantDateFairValueOfTheAward" order="16.0" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label"/>
        </link:presentationLink>
        <link:definitionLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/role/IndividualsOnly">
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2025/ecd-2025.xsd#ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:label="ecd_AllIndividualsMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_MarkRGeorgeMember" xlink:label="nsc_MarkRGeorgeMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_AlanHShawMember" xlink:label="nsc_AlanHShawMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_JamesSquiresMember" xlink:label="nsc_JamesSquiresMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_JasonAZampiMember" xlink:label="nsc_JasonAZampiMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_JohnFOrrMember" xlink:label="nsc_JohnFOrrMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_ClaudeEElkinsMember" xlink:label="nsc_ClaudeEElkinsMember"/>
          <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="nsc-20260327.xsd#nsc_AnilBhattMember" xlink:label="nsc_AnilBhattMember"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="0" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="nsc_MarkRGeorgeMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="1" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="nsc_AlanHShawMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="2" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="nsc_JamesSquiresMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="1" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="nsc_JasonAZampiMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="2" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="nsc_JohnFOrrMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="3" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="nsc_ClaudeEElkinsMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
          <link:definitionArc xlink:type="arc" order="4" xbrldt:closed="false" xlink:arcrole="http://xbrl.org/int/dim/arcrole/domain-member" xlink:from="ecd_AllIndividualsMember" xlink:to="nsc_AnilBhattMember" priority="2" use="optional"/>
        </link:definitionLink>
      </link:linkbase>
    </xsd:appinfo>
  </xsd:annotation>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_ClaudeEElkinsMember" name="ClaudeEElkinsMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_GrantDateFairValueOfTheAward" name="GrantDateFairValueOfTheAward" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_AlanHShawMember" name="AlanHShawMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_MarkRGeorgeMember" name="MarkRGeorgeMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_JasonAZampiMember" name="JasonAZampiMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_ExercisePriceOfTheAward" name="ExercisePriceOfTheAward" type="dtr-types:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_AnilBhattMember" name="AnilBhattMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_JohnFOrrMember" name="JohnFOrrMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_NumberOfSecuritiesUnderlyingTheAward" name="NumberOfSecuritiesUnderlyingTheAward" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false"/>
  <xsd:element id="nsc_JamesSquiresMember" name="JamesSquiresMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true"/>
</xsd:schema>
