13. INCOME TAXES

Income (loss) before income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the years ended December 31:

The tax expense (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31:

Taxes not based on income are not treated as income tax expense, and excluded from provision for income taxes and the aggregate amounts were not significant for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

We applied ASU 2023-09 on a prospective basis as discussed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Accordingly, the disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories in the table below provide the disclosures require by ASU 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the 2025 effective income tax rate was as follows:

Income tax expense(benefit) for the year ended December 31, 2024 differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income rate of 21% to pre-tax income as a result of the following:

Our accounting policy is to treat any tax on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income or GILTI inclusions as a current period cost included in the tax expense in the year incurred. We estimate the GILTI inclusion provision will result in no material financial statement impact.

The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

Our accounting for deferred taxes requires an assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets in each taxing jurisdiction, based on the weight of available positive and negative evidence. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we considered factors among duration of current and cumulative financial reporting losses, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, taxable income in carryback years if carryback is permitted by the tax law, and feasible tax-planning strategies.

Based on this analysis, we concluded that valuation allowances were required in certain jurisdictions. In particular, the operations in the jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been recorded have experienced a history of losses as of December 31, 2025. Accordingly, we do not believe that these operations have established sustained profitability sufficient to support the realization of their deferred tax assets. As a result, a valuation allowance has been recorded to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more likely than not to be realized.

Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

Our net operating loss carryforwards for federal, state and foreign tax purposes which expire, if not utilized, at various intervals from 2026, are outlined below:

The Company has no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31,2025 and 2024 respectively.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to examination by tax authorities in various jurisdictions. With respect to U.S. federal and state income taxes, tax years beginning on or after December 31, 2024 remain open to examination. For foreign jurisdictions in which the Company operates, tax years beginning on or after December 31, 2023 remain open to examination through the current year, subject to applicable statutes of limitations. As of the December 31, 2025, the Company is not under audit by any taxing authority in the jurisdictions in which it operates.

We applied ASU 2023-09 on a prospective basis as discussed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Accordingly, the income taxes paid/(refund) by jurisdiction (net of refunds received) below provide the disclosures required by ASU 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025:

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed into law the reconciliation bill, commonly referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”). The OBBBA introduces several changes to U.S. federal income tax law, such as suspending the capitalization and amortization of domestic research and development expenditures and reinstating bonus depreciation. It also modifies the deductions available for net controlled foreign corporation tested income (formerly referred to as “global intangible low-taxed income”) from non-U.S. subsidiaries and changes the limitations on deductible interest. The effective dates of the OBBBA provisions range from 2025 through 2027. We do not expect the OBBBA provisions to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.