N-2 - $ / shares |
12 Months Ended | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dec. 31, 2025 |
Dec. 31, 2024 |
[1] | Dec. 31, 2023 |
Dec. 31, 2022 |
Jul. 20, 2022 |
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| Cover [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Entity Central Index Key | 0001916608 | ||||||||||
| Amendment Flag | false | ||||||||||
| Securities Act File Number | 814-01566 | ||||||||||
| Document Type | 10-K | ||||||||||
| Entity Registrant Name | TCW Star Direct Lending LLC | ||||||||||
| Entity Address, Address Line One | 200 Clarendon Street | ||||||||||
| Entity Address, City or Town | Boston | ||||||||||
| Entity Address, State or Province | MA | ||||||||||
| Entity Address, Postal Zip Code | 02116 | ||||||||||
| City Area Code | 617 | ||||||||||
| Local Phone Number | 936-2275 | ||||||||||
| Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer | No | ||||||||||
| Entity Emerging Growth Company | true | ||||||||||
| Entity Ex Transition Period | false | ||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk Factors [Table Text Block] | Item 1A. Risk Factors. An investment in our securities involves certain risks relating to our structure and investment objective. The risks set forth below are not the only risks we face, and we face other risks which we have not yet identified, which we do not currently deem material or which are not yet predictable. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In such case, our net asset value could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Summary of Risk Factors
• Our portfolio may be concentrated in a limited number of portfolio companies and industries, which will subject us to a risk of significant loss if any of these companies defaults on its obligations under any of its debt instruments or if there is a downturn in a particular industry. • There can be no assurance that the Adviser will replicate the historical performance of other investment funds with which it has been affiliated. As a result, our investment returns could be substantially lower than the returns achieved by such other investment funds. • The collateral securing a senior loan may be insufficient to protect us against losses or a decline in income in the event of a borrower’s non-payment of interest or principal. • We may make investments in highly levered companies. Price declines in the corporate leveraged loan market may adversely affect the fair value of our portfolio, reducing our net asset value through increased net unrealized depreciation and the incurrence of realized losses. • Our management and incentive fee structure may create incentives for the Adviser that are not fully aligned with the interests of our Unitholders and may induce the Adviser to make speculative investments. • The Adviser and its affiliates, including our officers and some of our directors, may face conflicts of interest caused by compensation arrangements with us and our affiliates, which could result in increased risk-taking by us. • We are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Units less attractive to investors. • Regulations governing our operation as a BDC affect our ability to, and the way in which we, raise additional capital. As a BDC, the necessity of raising additional capital exposes us to risks, including the typical risks associated with leverage. • There is no public market for our Units, nor can we give any assurance that one will develop in the future. As a result, an investment in the Units may not be suitable for investors who may need the money they invest in a specified time frame. • You should not expect to be able to sell Units regardless of how we perform. As a result, if you are unable to sell your Units, you will be unable to reduce your exposure on any market downturn that affects our portfolio. • We generally will not control the business operations of our portfolio companies and, due to the illiquid nature of our holdings in our portfolio companies, we may not be able to dispose of our interests in our portfolio companies. • An investment strategy focused primarily on privately held companies presents certain challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies. • There is no public market or active secondary market for many of the investments that we intend to make and hold and as a result, these investments may be deemed illiquid. • If we make additional offerings of Units in the future, a Unitholder may be required to make additional purchases of our Units on one or more dates to be determined by us. • We will invest in securities that are rated below investment grade by rating agencies or that would be rated below investment grade if they were rated. Below investment grade securities, which are often referred to as “junk,” have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal. They will also be difficult to value and are illiquid. • The amount of any distributions we may make on our Units is uncertain. We may not be able to pay you distributions, or be able to sustain distributions at any particular level, and our distributions per unit, if any, may not grow over time, and our distributions per share may be reduced. • To the extent original issue discount (“OID”), and payment-in-kind (“PIK”), interest income constitute a portion of our income, we will be exposed to risks associated with the deferred receipt of the cash representing such income. • Our business model depends to a significant extent upon strong referral relationships with private equity sponsors, financial intermediaries, direct lending institutions and other counterparties that are active in our markets. Any inability of the Adviser to maintain or develop these relationships, or the failure of these relationships to generate investment opportunities, could adversely affect our business. • The Adviser may frequently be required to make investment analyses and decisions on an expedited basis in order to take advantage of investment opportunities, and our Adviser may not have knowledge of all circumstances that could impact an investment by us. • If we do not invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets, we could fail to qualify as a BDC or be precluded from investing according to our current business strategy. • Efforts to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) will involve significant expenditures, and non-compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act would adversely affect us and the value of our Units. • We are highly dependent on information systems, and systems failures could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect the value of our Units and our ability to pay distributions.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS
Market and geopolitical events could materially and adversely affect certain of our portfolio companies, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Our business and operations, as well as the business and operations of our portfolio companies, may be materially adversely affected by inflation (or expectations for inflation), trade tensions, tariffs, interest rates, global demand for particular products or resources, natural disasters, climate change and climate-related events, pandemics, epidemics, terrorism, regulatory events and governmental or quasi-governmental actions. The occurrence of global events similar to those in recent years, such as terrorist attacks around the world, natural disasters, social and political discord or debt crises and downgrades, among others, may result in market volatility and may have long term effects on both the U.S. and global financial markets. It is difficult to predict when similar events affecting the U.S. or global financial markets may occur, the effects that such events may have and the duration of those effects. Any such event(s) could have a significant adverse impact on our business and operations, and on the business and operations of our portfolio companies. Disruption and Instability in Capital Markets. The U.S. and global capital markets experienced extreme volatility and disruption in the past, leading to recessionary conditions and depressed levels of consumer and commercial spending. For instance, failures in the banking sector have caused significant disruption and volatility in U.S. and global markets. Disruptions in the capital markets increased the spread between the yields realized on risk-free and higher risk securities, resulting in illiquidity in parts of the capital markets. We cannot assure you that these conditions will not reoccur which could lead to a period of market illiquidity which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events could limit our investment originations, limit our ability to grow and negatively impact our operating results. In addition, to the extent that recessionary conditions return, the financial results of small to mid-sized companies, like those in which we invest, will likely experience deterioration, which could ultimately lead to difficulty in meeting debt service requirements and an increase in defaults. Additionally, the end markets for certain of our portfolio companies’ products and services have experienced, and continue to experience, negative economic trends. The performances of certain of our portfolio companies have been, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by these economic or other conditions, which may ultimately result in: • our receipt of a reduced level of interest income from our portfolio companies; • decreases in the value of collateral securing some of our loans and the value of our equity investments; and • ultimately, losses or change-offs related to our investments. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the resulting responses by the U.S. and other countries, and the potential for wider conflict, have increased and may continue to increase volatility and uncertainty in financial markets worldwide. The U.S. and other countries have imposed broad-ranging economic sanctions on Russia and Russian entities and individuals, and may impose additional sanctions, including on other countries that provide military or economic support to Russia. In addition, recent and ongoing conflicts in the Middle East could potentially cause significant disruptions to all or part of the global financial system, international trade, and the transportation and energy sectors, among other disruptions. Developing and further governmental actions (sanctions-related, military or otherwise) with respect to either or both the Russia-Ukraine conflict or the conflicts in the Middle East may cause additional disruption and constrain or alter existing financial, legal and regulatory frameworks in ways that are adverse to our investment strategy, all of which could adversely affect our ability to fulfill our investment objectives. Furthermore, the political reunification of China and Taiwan, over which China continues to claim sovereignty, is a highly complex issue that has included threats of invasion by China. Political or economic disturbances (including an attempted unification of Taiwan by force), any economic sanctions implemented in response, and any escalation of hostility between China and Taiwan would likely have a significant adverse impact on economies, markets and individual securities globally. In addition, the occurrence of events such as the recent escalations between the U.S. and Venezuela and the resulting measures that have been taken, and could be taken in the future, may result in market volatility, may have long term effects on the U.S. and worldwide financial markets and may cause further economic uncertainties in the U.S. and worldwide. Historical Performance. The investment philosophy and techniques used by the Adviser to manage a BDC may differ from the investment philosophy and techniques it previously employed in identifying and managing past investments. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Adviser will replicate the historical performance of other investment funds with which it has been affiliated. As a result, our investment returns could be substantially lower than the returns achieved by such other investment funds. Lack of Operating History. We did not commence investment operations until the Initial Closing Date and have limited performance history. Past performance, including the past performance of the prior Direct Lending Funds or other investment entities and accounts managed by the Adviser, is not necessarily indicative of our future results. Dependence on Key Personnel and Other Management. Unitholders have no right or power to participate in the management of the Company and may not receive detailed financial information regarding investments that is available to the Adviser. An investor in the Company must rely upon the ability of the Adviser (including the Private Credit Group and other investment professionals of the Adviser) to identify, structure and implement investments consistent with our investment objectives and policies. Accordingly, our success is dependent on the Adviser’s ability to retain and motivate highly qualified professionals. The loss of services of Mr. Richard Miller, Ms. Suzanne Grosso, Mr. Mark Gertzof and Mr. David Wang during the Commitment Period could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our future success also depends on the Adviser’s ability to identify, hire, train and retain other highly qualified and experienced investment and management professionals. Competition for such professionals is significant, and there can be no assurance that the Adviser will be able to attract or retain other highly qualified professionals in the future. The inability of the Adviser to attract and retain such professionals could have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition or results of operations. The Advisory Agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances. The termination of the Advisory Agreement may adversely affect the quality of our investment opportunities. Furthermore, if the Advisory Agreement is terminated, it may be challenging for the Adviser to be replaced. Economic Interest of the Adviser. Because the Adviser will be compensated in part on a basis tied to our performance, the Adviser may have an incentive to make investments that are risky or speculative. No Assurance of Profits. There is no assurance that we will be able to generate returns for our investors or that the returns will be commensurate with the risks of investing in the types of companies and transactions described herein. The marketability and value of any of our investments will depend upon many factors beyond our control. We will incur organizational expenses, Management Fees and other operating expenses which may exceed our income, and a Unitholder could lose the entire amount of its contributed capital. Therefore, a prospective investor should only invest in the Company if such investor can withstand a total loss of his or her investment. The past investment performance of the entities and accounts with which the Adviser and its investment professionals have been associated cannot be taken to guarantee future results of any investment in the Company. No Guarantee of Interests. Any losses in the Company will be borne solely by Unitholders and not by TCW; therefore, TCW’s losses in the Company will be limited to such losses as are attributable to any interests in the Company held by it in its capacity as a Unitholder of the Company. Interests in the Company are not insured by or guaranteed by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and are not deposits in, obligations of, or endorsed or guaranteed in any way by any banking entity. Investments in the Company are subject to substantial investment risks, including, among others, those described herein, including the possibility of partial or total loss of an investor’s investment. Effect of Fees and Expenses on Returns. We will pay Management Fees and Incentive Fees to the Adviser and generally will bear our other Company Expenses. Generally, other than the Incentive Fee, fees and expenses will be paid regardless of whether we produce positive investment returns. The fees and expenses will reduce the actual returns to Unitholders, the distributions we make to Unitholders, and the overall value of the Unitholders’ investment. In addition, because the Management Fees payable by us to the Adviser will be calculated based on average gross assets of the Company on a consolidated basis, including the amortized cost of portfolio investments purchased with borrowed funds and other forms of leverage, the Adviser may be incentivized to use leverage, but will not utilize more than is permitted by applicable law or regulation. Under certain circumstances, the use of leverage may increase the likelihood of default, which would impair the value of the Units. Furthermore, the Adviser may receive incentive fee payments on unrealized gains that may not be subsequently realized. Regulations Governing our Operation as a BDC. We may issue debt securities or Preferred Units and/or borrow money from banks or other financial institutions, which are collectively referred to herein as “senior securities,” up to the maximum amount permitted by the 1940 Act. Under the provisions of the 1940 Act currently in force, we will be permitted, as a BDC, to issue senior securities in amounts such that our asset coverage ratio, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% (or 150% as described below under “—Additional Leverage”) of gross assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, after each issuance of senior securities. Also, any amounts that we use to service our indebtedness would not be available for distributions to our Unitholders. Furthermore, as a result of issuing senior securities, we would also be exposed to typical risks associated with leverage, including an increased risk of loss. If we issue Preferred Units, the Preferred Units would rank “senior” to the Units in our capital structure, the Preferred Unitholders would have separate voting rights on certain matters and might have other rights, preferences, or privileges more favorable than those of the Unitholders. In addition, as a regulated BDC under the 1940 Act we may, among other things, be prohibited from knowingly participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of the members of our board of directors who are not interested persons and, in some cases, prior approval by the SEC through an exemptive order (other than in certain limited situations pursuant to current regulatory guidance). The Adviser has obtained exemptive relief from the SEC that, subject to certain conditions and limitations, permits us and other funds advised by the Adviser or certain affiliates of the Adviser (referred to herein as “potential co-investment funds”) to engage in certain co-investment transactions. Under the exemptive relief, in the case where the interest in a particular investment opportunity exceeds the size of the opportunity, then the investment opportunity will be allocated among us and any other potential co-investment funds based on available capital, which generally is determined based on the amount of cash on hand, existing commitments and reserves, if any, the targeted leverage level, targeted asset mix and other investment policies and restrictions set from time to time by the board or other governing body of the relevant fund or imposed by applicable laws, rules, regulations or interpretations. We incur significant costs as a result of being registered under the Exchange Act. We incur legal, accounting and other expenses, including costs associated with the periodic reporting requirements, as well as additional corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley. These requirements may place a strain on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, which requires significant resources and management oversight. We have implemented and may continue to implement procedures, processes, policies and practices for the purpose of addressing the standards and requirements applicable to public companies. These activities may divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We have incurred and expect to incur significant annual expenses related to these steps and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, reporting requirements of the SEC, transfer agent fees, additional administrative expenses payable to the Administrator to compensate it for hiring additional accounting, legal and administrative personnel, increased auditing and legal fees and similar expenses associated with being a public company. The systems and resources necessary to comply with public company reporting requirements will increase further once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As long as we remain an emerging growth company we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Borrowing Money. The use of leverage magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increases the risks associated with investing in the Company. Subject to the borrowing limitation imposed on us by the 1940 Act, the Company and any wholly owned subsidiary of the Company may borrow from or issue senior debt securities to banks, insurance companies and other lenders in the future. Any wholly owned subsidiary may include subsidiary entities that engage in investment activities in securities or other assets that are primarily controlled by the Company. “Primarily controlled” mean (1) the Company controls the unregistered entity within the meaning of section 2(a)(9) of the 1940 Act, and (2) the Company’s control of the unregistered entity is greater than that of any other person. Our lenders will have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are superior to the claims of the Unitholders, and we would expect such lenders to seek recovery against our assets in the event of a default. If the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. Our ability to service any debt that we incur will depend largely on our financial performance and will be subject to prevailing economic conditions and competitive pressures. As a BDC, we generally are required to meet a coverage ratio of total assets to total borrowings and other senior securities, which will include all of our borrowings and any Preferred Units that we may issue in the future, of at least 200% (or 150% as described below under “—Additional Leverage”). If this ratio declines below 200%, we may not be able to incur additional debt, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. The amount of leverage that we employ will depend on the Adviser’s assessment of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain credit at all or on terms acceptable to us. In addition, any debt facility into which we may enter would likely impose financial and operating covenants that restrict our business activities, including limitations that could hinder our ability to finance additional loans and investments or to make the distributions required to maintain our status as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. In particular, it is anticipated that the credit facility would contain certain financial covenants, which may include requiring us to maintain a minimum amount of equity supporting the credit facility or comply with certain collateral quality and coverage tests. Additional Leverage. As a BDC, under the Investment Company Act we generally are not permitted to incur borrowings, issue debt securities or issue preferred stock unless immediately after the borrowing or issuance the ratio of total assets (less total liabilities other than indebtedness) to total indebtedness plus preferred stock, is at least 200% or, if certain requirements, which are described below, are met, 150%. Pursuant to Section 61(a) of the 1940 Act, BDCs may reduce the minimum asset coverage ratio from 200% to 150%, subject to certain approval requirements (including either stockholder approval or approval of the “required majority,” as such term is defined in Section 57(o) of the Investment Company Act), certain disclosure requirements and, in the case of a BDC that is not an issuer of common equity securities that are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the Company, the requirement that the BDC must extend to each person that is a stockholder as of the date of an approval described above the opportunity (which may include a tender offer) to sell the securities held by that stockholder as of that applicable approval date, with 25% of those securities to be repurchased in each of the four calendar quarters following the calendar quarter in which that applicable approval date takes place. As a result, BDCs may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future, and the risks associated with an investment in BDCs may increase. Failure to Qualify as a RIC. We will be subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code, we must meet certain source-of-income, asset diversification and distribution requirements. The distribution requirement for a RIC is satisfied if we distribute the sum of at least 90% of our net ordinary income, net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, if any, and 90% of its net tax-exempt interest (if any) to the Unitholders on an annual basis. Because we intend to incur debt, we will be subject to certain asset coverage ratio requirements under the 1940 Act and financial covenants under loan and credit agreements that could, under certain circumstances, restrict us from making distributions necessary to qualify as a RIC. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify as a RIC and, thus, may be subject to corporate-level income tax. To qualify as a RIC, we must also meet certain asset diversification requirements at the end of each calendar quarter. Failure to meet these tests may result in the Company having to dispose of certain investments quickly in order to qualify as a RIC, or to prevent the loss of such qualification after becoming a RIC. Because most of our investments will be in private or thinly traded public companies, any such dispositions may be made at disadvantageous prices and may result in substantial losses. In addition, we may have difficulty satisfying the diversification requirements after the Commitment Period as we liquidate our portfolio since we will not be making additional investments. While we generally will not lose our status as a RIC as long as we do not acquire any non-qualifying securities or other property, under certain circumstances we may be deemed to have made an acquisition of non-qualifying securities or other property. If we fail to qualify as a RIC for any reason and become subject to corporate income tax, the resulting corporate income taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distributions to the Unitholders and the amount of funds available for new investments. Such a failure would have a material adverse effect on us and the Unitholders. See “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company.” Recourse to Our Assets. Our assets, including any investments made by us and any capital held by us, are available to satisfy all our liabilities and other obligations. If we become subject to a liability, parties seeking to have the liability satisfied may have recourse to our assets generally and not be limited to any particular asset, even in the circumstance where a specific investment gave rise to the liability. Litigation Risks. We will be subject to a variety of litigation risks, particularly if one or more of our portfolio companies face financial or other difficulties. Legal disputes, involving any or all of the Company, the Adviser, or their affiliates, may arise from our activities and investments and could have a significant adverse effect on us. Limited Liability of the Adviser. To the extent permissible by law, the Adviser will not be liable, responsible or accountable in damages or otherwise to us or to any Unitholder for any breach of duty to us or the Unitholders or for any act or failure to act pursuant to the Advisory Agreement or otherwise, except in certain limited circumstances provided by the 1940 Act and as set forth in the Advisory Agreement. In general, we will be required to indemnify the Adviser (and other related and/or affiliated parties) for certain losses arising out of its activities on behalf of us. Such obligations could reduce significantly the returns to the Unitholders. Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts of interest may exist from time to time between the Adviser and certain of its affiliates involved with us. Service Providers and Counterparties. Certain advisors and other service providers, or their affiliates (including accountants, administrators, lenders, bankers, brokers, attorneys, consultants, and investment or commercial banking firms) to the Company, the Adviser, TCW, and/or portfolio companies also provide goods or services to, or have business, personal, financial or other relationships with, the Adviser, TCW, or the portfolio companies. Such advisors and service providers (or their affiliates) may be investors in the Company, affiliates of the Adviser, sources of investment opportunities, co-investors, commercial counterparties and/or portfolio companies in which TCW and/or the Company has a portfolio investment. Accordingly, payments by the Company and/or such entities may indirectly benefit us and/or our affiliates. Because TCW has many different businesses, including the registered broker dealers TCW Funds Distributors LLC, TCW is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight and more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which it would be subject if it had just one line of business. For instance, employees of TCW are registered representatives and principals and may receive compensation from the Adviser for selling interests in open- and closed-end commingled investment vehicles that are managed by the Adviser (including us). Such individuals will not receive sales commissions from those investment vehicles, unless specifically disclosed. Advisors and service providers, or their affiliates, often charge different rates or have different arrangements for different types of services. With respect to service providers, for example, the fee for a given type of work may vary depending on the complexity of the matter as well as the expertise required and demands placed on the service provider. Therefore, to the extent the types of services used by the Company and/or portfolio companies are different from those used by TCW (including their respective personnel) (as the case may be), TCW may pay different amounts or rates than those paid by the Company and/or portfolio companies. In addition, TCW, the Company, Other Clients (as defined below) and/or their respective portfolio companies, may enter into agreements or other arrangements with vendors and other similar counterparties (whether such counterparties are affiliated or unaffiliated with TCW) from time to time whereby such counterparty may charge lower rates and/or provide discounts or rebates for such counterparty’s products and/or services depending on certain factors, including without limitation, volume of transactions entered into with such counterparty by TCW, the Company, Other Clients (as defined below) and their portfolio companies in the aggregate. Allocation of Personnel. The Adviser and its members, partners, officers and employees will devote as much of their time to our activities as they deem necessary and appropriate. Subject to the terms of the LLC Agreement, the Adviser, TCW and their respective affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment funds, from entering into other investment advisory relationships or from engaging in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with us and/or may involve substantial time and resources of the Adviser. These activities could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time and effort of the members of the Adviser and its officers and employees will not be devoted exclusively to our business, but will be allocated between our business and the management of the monies of such other advisees of the Adviser. Portfolio Investment Data. TCW receives various kinds of portfolio company/entity data and information (including from portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company), such as data and information relating to business operations, trends, budgets, customers and other metrics. (This data is sometimes referred to as “big data.”) In furtherance of the foregoing, TCW may seek to enter into information-sharing and use arrangements with portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company. TCW believes that access to this information furthers our interests by providing opportunities for operational improvements across portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company and in connection with our investment management activities. Subject to appropriate contractual arrangements, TCW may also utilize such information outside of our activities in a manner that provides a material benefit to TCW, but not us. RISKS RELATED TO OUR INVESTMENTS Possible Future Activities. TCW may expand the range of services that it provides over time. Except as provided herein, TCW will not be restricted in the scope of its business or in the performance of any such services (whether now offered or undertaken in the future) even if such activities could give rise to conflicts of interest, and whether or not such conflicts are described herein. TCW has, and will continue to develop, relationships with a significant number of companies, financial sponsors and their senior managers, including relationships with clients who may hold or may have held investments similar to those intended to be made by us. These clients may themselves represent appropriate investment opportunities for us or may compete with us for investment opportunities. Restrictions on Transfer or Withdrawal. Unitholders will generally not be permitted to transfer their Units unless (i) we and, if required by our lending arrangements under any permitted credit facility, our lenders give consent and (ii) the transfer is made in accordance with applicable securities laws. Furthermore, the transferability of the Units may be subject to certain restrictions contained in the Subscription Agreement and LLC Agreement and may be affected by restrictions on resale imposed under U.S. federal, U.S. state or another jurisdiction’s securities laws. A public market does not currently exist for the Units and one is not expected to develop. Illiquid and Long-Term Investments. It is anticipated that there will be a significant period of time before we will have completed our portfolio investments. Many of such portfolio investments are currently expected by the Adviser to take on average at least three to five years (or potentially longer) from the date of initial investment to reach a state of maturity when realization of the portfolio investment can be achieved. Although our portfolio investments will typically generate some current income and/or cash flow in the form of amortization, interest or fee payments, private investment transaction structures often will not provide for liquidity of our portfolio investment prior to repayment upon a refinancing event, and the return of capital and the realization of gains, if any, from a portfolio investment generally will occur only upon the partial or complete disposition of such portfolio investment. In light of the foregoing, it is likely that no significant return from the disposition of our portfolio investments will occur for a substantial period of time from our date of closing. While a portfolio investment may be sold at any time, it is not generally expected that this will occur for a number of years after such portfolio investment are made. It is unlikely that there will be a public market for the illiquid and/or long-term securities held by us at the time of their acquisition. Therefore, no assurance can be given that, if we are determined to dispose of a particular portfolio investment, we could dispose of such portfolio investment at a prevailing market price, and there is a risk that disposition of such portfolio investment may require a lengthy time period or may result in distributions in-kind to investors. Although the Adviser expects that portfolio investments will either be disposed of prior to the Company being put into liquidation or be suitable for in-kind distribution at liquidation, we may have to sell, distribute or otherwise dispose of portfolio investments at a disadvantageous time as a result of liquidation. We generally will not be able to sell our portfolio investments through the public markets unless their sale is registered under applicable securities laws, or unless an exemption from such registration requirements is available. Additionally, there can be no assurances that the portfolio investments can be sold on a private basis. In addition, we may be prohibited from selling certain securities for a period of time because of contractual, legal, regulatory or other similar reasons and, as a result, may not be permitted to sell a portfolio investment at a time we might otherwise desire to do so. Economic Recessions or Downturns. Many of the portfolio companies in which we make investments may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions and may be unable to repay the loans we made to them during these periods. Therefore, our non-performing assets may increase and the value of our portfolio may decrease during these periods as we are required to record our investments at their current fair value. Adverse economic conditions also may decrease the value of collateral securing some of our loans and the value of our equity investments. Economic slowdowns or recessions could lead to financial losses in our portfolio and a decrease in revenues, net investment income and assets. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our and our portfolio companies’ funding costs, limit our and our portfolio companies’ access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us or our portfolio companies. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and harm our operating results. A portfolio company’s failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, acceleration of the time when the loans are due and foreclosure on its secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize the portfolio company’s ability to meet its obligations under the debt that we hold. We may incur additional expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms with a defaulting portfolio company. In addition, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we will actually provide significant managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. Unspecified Use of Proceeds. Investors will not have an opportunity prior to investing to evaluate any of the portfolio investments to be made by us or the relevant economic, financial and other information regarding such portfolio investments and, accordingly, will be entirely dependent upon the judgment and ability of the Adviser in investing and managing our capital. Suitability of Investments. An investment in us is not suitable for all investors. An investment is suitable only for sophisticated investors, and an investor must have the financial ability to understand and willingness to accept the extent of its exposure to the risks and lack of liquidity inherent in an investment in the Company. Investors with any doubts as to the suitability of an investment in us should consult their professional advisors to assist them in making their own legal, tax, accounting and financial evaluation of the merits and risks of investment in us in light of their own circumstances and financial condition. Drawdowns of Capital Commitment.Unitholders will be obligated to fund drawdowns to purchase Units based on their capital commitment. Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, the Adviser may draw down on the Unitholders’ remaining capital commitments upon at least 10 business days’ prior notice (or shorter periods if the Adviser determines in good faith that it is necessary or appropriate to facilitate the consummation of a portfolio investment). To satisfy such obligations, Unitholders may need to maintain a substantial portion of their capital commitments in assets that can be readily converted to cash. Failure by a Unitholder to timely fund its capital commitment may result in some of its Units being forfeited or subject the Unitholder to other remedies available to us. Failure of a Unitholder to contribute its capital commitments could also cause us to be unable to realize our investment objectives. A default by a substantial number of Unitholders or by one or more Unitholders who have made substantial capital commitments would limit our opportunities for investment or diversification and would likely reduce our returns. Reliance on Portfolio Company Management. The day-to-day operations of each portfolio company in which we invest will be the responsibility of such entity’s management team. In addition, we may make investments in portfolio companies where we have limited influence and the other investors in such portfolio company have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests and goals. Although the Adviser will be responsible for monitoring the performance of each of our investments and we are required, pursuant to a specific 1940 Act provision applicable to BDCs, to offer to provide each of our portfolio companies managerial assistance, there can be no assurance that the existing management team of a portfolio company or any successor will be able to operate any such entity in accordance with our expectations. In this situation, we may not be in a position to limit or otherwise protect the value of our investment. Competition for Investment Opportunities. There can be no assurance that there will be a sufficient number of suitable investment opportunities to enable us to invest all of the Commitments of the Unitholders in opportunities that satisfy our investment strategy, or that such investment opportunities will lead to completed investments by us. The activity of identifying, structuring, completing, implementing and realizing attractive investment opportunities is highly competitive. We will compete for investment opportunities with many other industry participants, including other BDCs, public and private funds, individual and institutional investors, and financial institutions. Many such entities have substantially greater economic and personnel resources than the Company and/or better relationships with borrowers and others and/or the ability to accept more risk than we believe can be prudently managed. Accordingly, competition for investments may have the effect of reducing the number of suitable prospective investments available to us and increasing the bargaining power of borrowers, thereby reducing our investment returns. Furthermore, the availability of investment opportunities generally will be subject to market conditions. It is possible that our capital will not be fully utilized if sufficient attractive investments are not identified and consummated by the Adviser. No Secondary Market for Securities. Our investments are generally heavily negotiated and, accordingly, do not have the liquidity of conventional securities and will not have readily available market prices. We value such investments at fair value as determined in good faith by the Adviser in its capacity as our “valuation designee” in accordance with our valuation policy. Because there is no single standard for determining fair value, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each investment. In addition, due to their illiquid nature, we may not be able to dispose of our investments in a timely manner, at a fair price and/or in the manner that was thought to be viable when the investment was initiated (due to economic, legal, political or other factors). There is no assurance that we will be able to dispose of an investment in a particular security. The inability to dispose of a security could result in losses incurred by us, including the loss of our entire investment in such security. The debt of highly leveraged companies or companies in default also may be less liquid than other debt. If we voluntarily or involuntarily sold those types of debt securities, we might not receive the full value we expect. Status as Non-Diversified Investment Company. We are a non-diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act, and therefore we are not limited with respect to the proportion of our assets that may be invested in securities of a single issuer. To the extent that we assume large positions in the securities of a small number of issuers, our NAV may fluctuate to a greater extent than that of a diversified investment company as a result of changes in the financial condition or the market’s assessment of the issuer. We may also be more susceptible to any single economic or regulatory occurrence than a diversified investment company. Beyond our asset diversification requirements as a RIC under the Code, we do not have fixed guidelines for diversification, and our investments could be concentrated in relatively few portfolio companies. Illiquidity of Collateral. Collateral may consist of assets that may not be readily liquidated, and there is no assurance that the liquidation of those assets will satisfy a company’s obligations. If a company defaults on a secured investment, the Company may receive assets other than cash or securities in full or partial satisfaction of such company’s obligations. The Company might not be able to realize the benefit of the assets for legal, practical or other reasons. The Company might hold those assets until it is determined to be appropriate to dispose of them. Portfolio Concentration. Although the regulatory restrictions applicable to RICs limit the amount that we may generally invest in any single portfolio company, our investments may not be diversified. See “Part I Item 1. Business—Regulation as a Business Development Company—Qualifying Assets” and “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company.” Aside from the diversification requirements that we will have to comply with as a RIC and other contractual investment limitations to which we are subject pursuant to the LLC Agreement, we do not have any specific portfolio diversification or concentration limits. As a result, our portfolio may include a relatively limited number of large positions. If our investments are concentrated in a few issuers or industries, any adverse change in one or more of such issuers or industries could have a material adverse effect on our investments. To the extent the aggregate Commitments of the Unitholders turn out to be substantially less than the amounts targeted, our portfolio may be even more concentrated than it would otherwise be. Sector Concentration Risk. To the extent that the Company focuses its investments in a particular sector, it will be more sensitive to conditions that affect the sector than a portfolio that is not focused on a particular sector. Such a focus may cause a negative effect on Company’s investments.
Valuation Risk. Many portfolio securities may not have a readily available market price and the Adviser, as the “valuation designee” will value these securities at fair value as determined in good faith under procedures approved by the board of directors (the “Board”), which valuation is inherently subjective and may not reflect what the Company may actually realize for the sale of the investment. The majority of the Company’s investments are expected to be in instruments that do not have readily ascertainable market prices. Investments which the Company holds for which market quotes are not readily available or are not considered reliable are valued at fair value according to procedures approved by the Board based on similar instruments, internal assumptions and the weighting of the available pricing inputs. Pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, the Board has designated the Adviser as the “valuation designee” with respect to the fair valuation of the Company’s portfolio securities, subject to oversight by and periodic reporting to the Board. Reliance upon Consultants. The Adviser may rely upon independent consultants in connection with its evaluation of proposed investments; however, no assurance can be given that these consultants will accurately evaluate such investments and we may incur liability as a result of such consultants’ actions. Credit Risks. Debt investments are subject to credit risk. Credit risk relates to the ability of the borrower to make interest and principal payments on the loan or security as they become due. If the borrower fails to pay interest, our income might be reduced. If the borrower fails to repay principal, the value of that security and the value of the Company might be reduced. Our investments in debt securities are subject to risks of default. We may invest in debt securities made in connection with leveraged buy-out transactions, recapitalizations (i.e., a type of a corporate restructuring that aims to change a company’s capital structure) and other highly leveraged transactions. While our investments in senior loans typically will be secured by collateral, we may have difficulty liquidating the collateral or enforcing our rights under the terms of the senior loans in the event of the borrower’s default. There is no guarantee that the collateral securing a senior loan will be sufficient to protect us against losses or a decline in income in the event of a borrower’s non-payment of interest or principal. In the event that a borrower declares bankruptcy, a court could invalidate our security interest in the loan collateral or subordinate our rights under the senior loan to other creditors of the borrower. Also, we may invest part of our assets in loans and other debt obligations that are not fully secured. Interest Rate Risk. In general, the value of a debt security changes as prevailing interest rates change. For fixed-rate debt securities, when prevailing interest rates fall, the values of outstanding debt securities generally rise. When interest rates rise, the values of outstanding debt securities generally fall, and they may sell at a discount from their face amount. Our debt investments generally have adjustable interest rates. For that reason, the Adviser expects that when interest rates change, the amount of interest we receive in respect of such debt investments will change in a corresponding manner. However, the interest rates of some debt investments adjust only periodically. Between the times that interest rates on debt investments adjust, the interest rates on those investments may not correlate to prevailing interest rates. In recent years the U.S. Federal Reserve Board (the “Fed”) increased interest rates from historically low levels in an effort to cause inflation levels to align with the Fed’s long-term inflation target, but the Fed has been lowering those rates and may continue to do so in the future. A wide variety of factors can cause interest rates to rise (e.g., central bank monetary policies, inflation rates, or general economic conditions). Reliance Upon Unaffiliated Co-Lender. In certain circumstances we may co-invest with an unaffiliated lender, who will sometimes be responsible for performing some of the legal due diligence on the borrower and for negotiating some of the terms of the loan agreement that establishes the terms and conditions of the debt investment and the rights of the borrower and the lenders. In such circumstances, although we will perform our own due diligence, we may rely in part on the quality of the due diligence performed by the co-lender and will be bound by the negotiated terms of the loan documentation. There can be no assurance that the unaffiliated co-lender will perform the same level of due diligence as we would perform or that the co-lender will negotiate terms that are consistent with the terms generally negotiated and obtained by us. If the unaffiliated co-lender is acting as collateral agent under the loan documentation and becomes insolvent, the assets securing the debt investment may be determined by a court or regulatory authority to be subject to the claims of the co-lender’s creditors. If that were to occur, we might incur delays and costs in realizing payment on the loan, or we might suffer a loss of principal and/or interest. Use of Investment Vehicles. In general, the risks associated with indirect investments in portfolio companies through a joint venture, partnership or other special purpose vehicle (each, an “Investment Vehicle”) are similar to those associated with a direct investment in a portfolio company. While we will analyze the credit and business of a potential portfolio company in determining whether or not to make an investment in an Investment Vehicle, we will nonetheless be exposed to the creditworthiness of the Investment Vehicle. In the event of a bankruptcy proceeding against the Investment Vehicle, the risks outlined below under “—Insolvency Considerations with Respect to Portfolio Companies” will be applicable with equal effect. Additionally, in the case of a bankruptcy proceeding against the portfolio company, the assets of the portfolio company may be used to satisfy its obligations prior to the satisfaction of our investment in the Investment Vehicle (i.e., our investment in the Investment Vehicle would be structurally subordinated to the other obligations of the portfolio company). Insolvency Considerations with Respect to Portfolio Companies. Various laws enacted for the protection of creditors may apply to our debt investments. A bankruptcy proceeding against a borrower could delay or limit our ability to collect the principal and interest payments on that borrower’s debt obligations. In a lawsuit brought by creditors of a borrower, a court or a trustee in bankruptcy could take certain actions that would be adverse to us. For example: • Other creditors might convince the court to set aside or subordinate a loan or the security interest in a loan as a “fraudulent conveyance,” a “preferential transfer” or for other equitable considerations. In that event, the court could recover from us the interest and principal payments that the borrower made before becoming insolvent. There can be no assurance that we would be able to prevent such recapture. • A bankruptcy court may restructure the payment obligations under debt securities so as to reduce the amount to which we would be entitled. • The court might discharge the amount of a loan we make that exceeds the value of the collateral securing the loan. The court could subordinate our rights to the rights of other creditors of the borrower under applicable law. • Although our senior secured position under a senior loan provides some assurance that we would be able to recover some of our investment in the event of a borrower’s default, the collateral might be insufficient to cover the borrower’s debts. A bankruptcy court might find that the collateral securing the senior loan is invalid or require the borrower to use the collateral to pay other outstanding obligations. If the collateral consists of stock of the borrower or its subsidiaries, the stock may lose all of its value in the event of a bankruptcy, which would leave us exposed to greater potential loss. • If a borrower defaults on a scheduled interest or principal payment on a debt obligation, we may experience a reduction of our income. In addition, the value of the debt investment would decline, which may, in turn, cause our value to decline. Lender Liability. In recent years, a number of judicial decisions in the United States have upheld the right of borrowers to sue lending institutions on the basis of various evolving legal theories (collectively termed “Lender Liability”). Generally, Lender Liability is founded upon the premise that an institutional lender has violated a duty (whether implied or contractual) of good faith and fair dealing owed to the borrower or has assumed a degree of control over the borrower resulting in the creation of a fiduciary duty owed to the borrower or its other creditors or shareholders. Lender Liability claims generally arise in bankruptcy, but can also arise under state law claims. Lender Liability often involves claims of misconduct where a lender (a) intentionally takes an action that exacerbates the insolvency of a borrower or issuer or that results in the undercapitalization of a borrower or issuer to the detriment of other creditors of such borrower or issuer, (b) engages in other inequitable conduct to the detriment of such other creditors, (c) engages in fraud with respect to, or makes misrepresentations to, such other creditors or (d) uses its influence as a shareholder to dominate or control a borrower or issuer to the detriment of other creditors of such borrower or issuer. We could be subject to allegations of Lender Liability because of the nature of certain of our investments. There is also a risk that where Lender Liability is alleged, a court may elect to subordinate the claim of the offending lender or bondholder to the claims of the disadvantaged creditor or creditors (a remedy called “Equitable Subordination”). We do not intend to engage in conduct that would give rise to a claim of Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination. However, as a BDC, we are obligated to offer managerial assistance to each of our portfolio companies. To the extent any of our portfolio companies elect to accept such offer to provide managerial assistance, that level of involvement with a portfolio company could strengthen a Lender Liability claim against us. Therefore, claims for Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination affecting our investments could arise as a result of any managerial assistance that we provide in order to fulfill our obligations as a BDC. Moreover, because of the nature of our investments, we may not always be the lead creditor, and security or other agents may act on behalf of the investors in a security owned by us. Therefore, claims for Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination affecting our investments could also arise without our direct managerial or other involvement. Special Risks of Highly Leveraged or other Risky Portfolio Companies. We can invest up to 100% of our total assets in debt and equity securities of portfolio companies that are highly leveraged and whose debt securities would be considered well below investment grade. We may also invest in obligations of portfolio companies in connection with a restructuring under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (i.e., a debtor in possession financing) if the obligations meet the credit standards of the Adviser. Debtor in possession financings are arranged when an entity seeks the protections of the bankruptcy court under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. These financings allow an entity to continue its business operations while reorganizing under Chapter 11. Such financings are senior liens on unencumbered security (i.e., security not subject to other creditor claims). These debt obligations tend to offer higher yields than investment grade securities to compensate investors for the higher risk, and are commonly referred to as “high risk securities” or, in the case of bonds, “junk bonds.” Similarly, we may also invest in obligations of portfolio companies in connection with rescue situation and Chapter 11 exit financings. Rescue situation financings may avoid a company’s need to resort to bankruptcy and provide the company with working capital it needs to continue uninterrupted operations. Chapter 11 exit financings allow a company to deleverage its balance sheet and to emerge from a Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Lending to highly leveraged or other risky borrowers is highly speculative. These investments may expose us to financial market risks, interest rate risks and credit risks that are significantly greater than the risks associated with other securities in which we may invest. An economic downturn or a period of rising interest rates, for example, could cause a decline in the prices of such securities. The prices of securities structured as zero-coupon or pay-in-kind securities may be more volatile than securities that pay interest periodically and in cash. In the event of a default by a portfolio company, we would experience a reduction of our income and could expect a decline in the fair value of the defaulted securities and may incur significant additional expenses to seek recovery. Risk of Bridge Financing. If we make or invest in a bridge loan or interim financing for a portfolio company that intends to refinance all or a portion of that loan, there is a risk that the borrower will be unable to complete such refinancing successfully. Such failure could lead to the portfolio company having to pay interest at increasing rates along with additional fees and expenses, the result of which may reduce the value of the portfolio company. Risk of Subordinated or Mezzanine Financing. Our investments in subordinated or mezzanine financing will generally be unsecured or, if secured, will be subordinated to the interests of the senior lender in the borrower’s capital structure. In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency involving the borrower where there are insufficient assets to satisfy the obligations of the borrower to its senior lender, there may be no assets available to meet its obligations to the holders of its subordinated or mezzanine debt, including the Company. Risks of Investing in Unitranche Loans. Unitranche loans provide leverage levels comparable to a combination of first lien and second lien or subordinated loans, and may rank junior to other debt instruments issued by the portfolio company.Unitranche loans generally allow the borrower to make a large lump sum payment of principal at the end of the loan term, and there is a heightened risk of loss if the borrower is unable to pay the lump sum or refinance the amount owed at maturity. From the perspective of a lender, in addition to making a single loan, a unitranche loan may allow the lender to choose to participate in the “first out” tranche, which will generally receive priority with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due, or to choose to participate only in the “last out” tranche, which is generally paid only after the first out tranche is paid. We may participate in “first out” and “last out” tranches of unitranche loans and make single unitranche loans. Non-U.S. Investment Risk. We may invest up to 30% of our gross assets in portfolio companies domiciled outside of the United States (assuming that the remaining 70% of our gross assets constitute “qualifying assets” (as defined in the 1940 Act and as described under “Part I Item 1. Business—Regulation as a Business Development Company—Qualifying Assets”)). Non-U.S. obligations have risks not typically involved in domestic investments. For example, non-U.S. obligations not denominated in U.S. dollars will cause our investment performance to vary based on changes in the applicable currency exchange rate. Moreover, even if we attempt to hedge the currency exchange risk, these hedges may be expensive and may not completely protect us in all circumstances. Non-U.S. investing can also result in higher transaction and operating costs for the Company. Non-U.S. issuers may not be subject to the same accounting and disclosure requirements that U.S. issuers are subject to. The value of non-U.S. investments may be affected by exchange control regulations, expropriation or nationalization of a company’s assets, non-U.S. taxes, delays in settlement of transactions, changes in governmental economic or monetary policies in the United States or abroad, or other political and economic factors. We may have greater difficulty taking appropriate legal actions in non-U.S. courts. Non-U.S. countries may impose withholding taxes on income paid on the debt securities of issuers in those countries. Risks of Using Derivative Instruments. We may use derivative financial instruments for hedging or managing the risks associated with the assets we hold. The risks posed by such instruments can be extremely complex and difficult to evaluate, including (i) risks relating to our counterparties in such a transaction; (ii) imperfect correlation between movements in the currency, interest rate or other reference on which the derivative is based and movements in the assets of the underlying portfolio; and (iii) reduced ability to meet short-term obligations because of the percentage of our assets segregated to cover derivative obligations. In addition, by hedging a particular position, any potential gain from an increase in value of such position may be limited. Under an applicable SEC rule, BDCs that use over a certain level of derivatives will be subject to a value-at-risk (“VaR”) leverage limit, a derivatives risk management program and testing requirements and requirements related to board reporting. These requirements will apply, unless a BDC qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined under the rule. Under the rule, a BDC may enter into an unfunded commitment agreement that is not a derivatives transaction, such as an agreement to provide financing to a portfolio company, if the BDC has, among other things, a reasonable belief, at the time it enters into such an agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to all of its unfunded commitment agreements, in each case as it becomes due. Collectively, these requirements may limit our ability to use derivatives and/or enter into certain other financial contracts. Need for Follow-On Investments. We may be called upon to provide follow-on funding or additional loans for, or have the opportunity to increase our investment in, our portfolio companies. There can be no assurance that we will be able to make or arrange for follow-on investments or loans or that we will have sufficient funds to do so. Any decision not to make follow-on investments or loans or the inability to make them may have a substantial negative impact on a portfolio company in need of funds or may diminish our proportionate ownership in such entity and thus our ability to influence the entity’s future conduct. The inability to make follow-on investments or loans may also impede, diminish or reduce the number of attractive investments made available to us. Inability to Take Advantage of Investment Opportunities with Affiliated Funds or Investors. The 1940 Act limits our ability to engage in transactions with affiliated funds and investors. For example, we are prohibited under the 1940 Act from participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of our Independent Directors and, in some cases, of the SEC. Any person that owns, directly or indirectly, five percent or more of our outstanding voting securities will be our affiliate for purposes of the 1940 Act, and we are generally prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to such affiliate, absent the prior approval of the Independent Directors. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain of our affiliates, which could include co-investments in the same portfolio company, without prior approval of the Independent Directors and, in some cases, of the SEC. Although the Company benefits from exemptive relief obtained from the SEC by the Adviser and other funds advised by the Adviser to engage in certain “joint” transactions, the relief is limited and subject to certain conditions. We are prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to any person who owns more than 25% of our voting securities or controls us (such as the Adviser) or certain of that person’s affiliates (such as other investment funds managed by the Adviser), or entering into prohibited joint transactions with such persons, absent the prior approval of the SEC. As a result of these restrictions, we may be prohibited from buying or selling any security (other than any security of which we are the issuer) from or to any portfolio company of a private equity fund managed by the Adviser or its affiliates without the prior approval of the SEC, which may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. In situations where we cannot co-invest with other investment funds managed by the Adviser due to the restrictions contained in the 1940 Act, the investment policies and procedures of the Adviser generally require that such opportunities be offered to us and such other investment funds on an alternating basis. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to participate in all investment opportunities identified by the Adviser that are suitable for us. Effect of BDC and RIC Rules on Investment Strategy. Our having to comply with the various rules necessary to remain qualified as a BDC and a RIC could adversely impact the implementation of our investment strategy and thus reduce returns to investors. For example, the diversification requirements imposed by the RIC rules could, in certain situations, preclude us from making certain investments. Prepayment Risk. The value of our assets may be affected by prepayment rates on loans. Prepayment rates are influenced by changes in interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic and other factors beyond our control. Therefore, the frequency at which prepayments (including voluntary prepayments by borrowers and liquidations due to defaults and insolvency) occur in respect of our portfolio investments can adversely impact us and prepayment rates cannot be predicted with certainty, making it impossible to insulate ourselves from prepayment or other such risks. Early prepayments give rise to increased reinvestment risk, including, for example, when the prevailing level of interest rates falls, we may be unable to reinvest cash in a new portfolio investment with an expected rate of return at least equal to that of the portfolio investment prepaid. Allocation of Expenses. To the extent that any fees and expenses were incurred on our behalf and any Other Clients (as defined below), the Company and such Other Clients will generally bear an allocable portion of any such fees and expenses on a pro rata basis (as determined by the Adviser) in proportion to the Company’s and such Other Clients’ respective percentage interests in the portfolio investment to which such fees and expenses relate (subject to our and such Other Clients’ offering and/or governing documents), or in such other manner as the Adviser considers fair and equitable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser may in its sole discretion structure a co-investment opportunity, provided co-investment relief is granted, such that the proposed participants in such co-investment opportunity do not bear any Broken Deal Expenses (as defined below), with the result that we will bear all such Broken Deal Expenses; provided, if so structured, that such participants will not be entitled to receive any break-up or similar fee income, if any, that may be earned with respect to such transaction. In most cases, we expect that proposed participants in co-investments will not bear Broken Deal Expenses (such as legal fees, reverse termination fees, extraordinary expenses such as litigation costs and judgments and other expenses), with the result that only we will bear all such Broken Deal Expenses. To the extent the context permits or otherwise requires, Other Clients refers to clients, investment funds, client accounts and proprietary accounts advised or managed by the Adviser or their respective affiliates, and in which we will not have an interest (“Other Clients”). Broken Deal Expenses refer to fees and expenses for investment and/or divestment transactions not completed by us, including amounts payable to or by third parties, and all fees and expenses of any legal, financial, accounting, advisory, consulting or other advisors or lenders, investment banks and other financing sources in connection with arranging financing for transactions that are not consummated and any deposits or down payments that are forfeited in connection with, or amounts paid as a penalty for, unconsummated transactions (“Broken Deal Expenses”). Reliance on the Adviser and their Professionals. The Adviser will have discretion over approving an investment of our assets. Our success will depend in large part upon the skill and expertise of the Adviser and their respective professionals. There is ever increasing competition among alternative asset firms, financial institutions, private equity firms, investment managers and other industry participants for hiring and retaining qualified investment professionals, and there can be no assurance that such professionals will continue to be associated with the Adviser or their respective affiliates. The loss of the services of one or more of such persons could have a material adverse impact on our ability to realize our investment objectives. Moreover, although we expect to have access to all of the appropriate resources, relationships and expertise of the Adviser, there can be no assurance that such resources, relationships and expertise will be available for every transaction. In addition, investment professionals and committee members may be replaced or added at any time. In addition, members of the investment team will work on other projects for the TCW Group, as applicable. The professionals involved with us are not dedicated exclusively to us and will have other responsibilities for the TCW Group, as applicable. Conflicts of interest may arise in allocating management time, services or functions, and the ability of us and our investment team to access other professionals. Equity Securities Risks. Equity securities may include common stock, preferred stock or other securities representing an ownership interest or the right to acquire an ownership interest in an issuer. Equity risk is the risk that stocks and other equity securities generally fluctuate in value more than debt securities and may decline in value over short or extended periods. The value of stocks and other equity securities may be affected by changes in an issuer’s financial condition, factors that affect a particular industry or industries, such as labor shortages or an increase in production costs and competitive conditions within an industry, or .as a result of changes in overall market, economic and political conditions that are not specifically related to a company or industry, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or generally adverse investor sentiment.
Other Affiliate Transactions and Investments in Different Levels of Capital Structure. From time to time, the Company and Other Clients may make investments at different levels of an issuer’s capital structure or otherwise in different classes of an issuer’s securities, subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act. Such investments may inherently give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of securities that may be held by such entities. To the extent we hold securities that are different (including with respect to their relative seniority) than those held by an Other Client, the Adviser and its affiliates may be presented with decisions when our interests are in conflict, particularly if the Company and Other Clients hold significant or controlling interests in competing or different tranches of a portfolio company’s capital structure. For example, conflicts could arise where we lend funds to a portfolio company while an Other Client invests in equity securities of such portfolio company. In this circumstance, for example, if such portfolio company goes into bankruptcy, becomes insolvent or is otherwise unable to meet its payment obligations or comply with its debt covenants, conflicts of interest could arise between the holders of different types of securities as to what actions the portfolio company should take. In addition, purchases or sales of securities for our account (particularly marketable securities) will be bunched or aggregated with orders for Other Clients, including other funds. It is frequently not possible to receive the same price or execution on the entire volume of securities sold, and the various prices may be averaged, which may be disadvantageous to us. Further conflicts could arise after the Company and Other Clients have made their respective initial investments. For example, if additional financing is necessary as a result of financial or other difficulties, it may not be in our best interests to provide such additional financing. If the other affiliates were to lose their respective investments as a result of such difficulties, the ability of the Adviser to recommend actions in our best interests might be impaired. TCW may in its discretion take steps to reduce the potential for adversity between us and the Other Clients, including causing us and/or such Other Clients to take certain actions that, in the absence of such conflict, we would not take. In addition, there may be circumstances where TCW agrees to implement certain procedures to ameliorate conflicts of interest that may involve a forbearance of rights relating to us or Other Clients, such as where TCW may cause Other Clients to decline to exercise certain control- and/or foreclosure-related rights with respect to a portfolio investment. There can be no assurance that the return on our investment will be equivalent to or better than the returns obtained by Other Clients participating in the transaction. In addition, it is possible that in a bankruptcy proceeding, our interests will be subordinated or otherwise adversely affected by virtue of an Other Client’s or other vehicle’s involvement and actions relating to its investment. For example, in circumstances where we hold a junior mezzanine interest in a portfolio company, holders of more senior classes of debt issued by such portfolio company (which can include Other Clients) could take actions for their benefit (particularly in circumstances where such portfolio company faces financial difficulties or distress) that further subordinate or adversely impact the value of our investment in such portfolio company.
Further, parties with material relationships with us (including, but not limited to, (i) Other Clients (including portfolio companies thereof and lenders thereto), (ii) co-investors, (iii) TCW (including equity holders thereof and lenders thereto), and (iv) our investors could provide additional financing to our portfolio companies, subject to the restrictions of the 1940 Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. TCW could have incentives to cause us and / or our portfolio companies to accept less favorable financing terms from such parties as compared to third party providers. If the Company occupies a different, and in particular, more senior position in the capital structure than such parties, TCW could influence us or the portfolio company to offer financing terms that are more favorable to such parties. In the case of a related party financing between us or our portfolio companies, on the one hand, and TCW or Other Clients’ portfolio companies, on the other hand, subject to our governing documents, the Adviser could, but are not obligated to, rely on a third party agent to confirm the terms offered by the counterparty are consistent with market terms, or the Adviser could instead rely on their own internal analysis, which the Adviser believe is often superior to third party analysis given TCW’s scale in the market.
If, however, any of TCW, the Company, an Other Client or any of their portfolio companies delegates to a third party, such as another member of a financing syndicate or a joint venture partner, the negotiation of the terms of the financing, the transaction will be assumed to be conducted on an arms-length basis, even though the participation of the TCW-related vehicle impacts the market terms. For example, in the case of a loan extended to us or a portfolio company by a financing syndicate in which an Other Client has agreed to participate on terms negotiated by a third-party participant in the syndicate, it might have been necessary to offer better terms to the financing provider to fully subscribe the syndicate if the Other Client had not participated. It is also possible that the frequent participation of Other Clients in such syndicates could dampen interest among other potential financing providers, thereby lowering demand to participate in the syndicate and increasing the financing costs to us. The Adviser does not believe either of these effects is significant, but no assurance can be given to investors that these effects will not be significant in any circumstance.
Limitations on Co-Investments with Affiliates. The 1940 Act may limit our ability to engage in certain transactions with affiliates. As a result, we may be prohibited from co-investing with such affiliates in investments where terms of such investments other than price and amount of securities (such as financial and negative covenants, guarantees, or indemnification provisions) are negotiated, unless in reliance on the SEC co-investment exemptive relief that the Adviser has obtained. These restrictions may limit our access to certain investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. Debt Financings in Connection with Acquisitions and Dispositions. We may from time to time provide financing (i) as part of a third-party purchaser’s bid for, or acquisition of, a portfolio entity or the underlying assets thereof owned by one or more Other Clients and/or (ii) in connection with a proposed acquisition or investment by one or more Other Clients or affiliates of a portfolio investment and/or its underlying assets. This generally would include the circumstance where we are making commitments to provide financing at or prior to the time such third-party purchaser commits to purchase such investments or assets from one or more Other Clients. We may also make portfolio investments and provide debt financing with respect to portfolio investments in which Other Clients and/or affiliates hold or propose to acquire an interest. While the terms and conditions of any such arrangements will generally be at arm’s-length terms negotiated on a case-by-case basis, the involvement of the Company and/or such Other Clients or affiliates may affect the terms of such transactions or arrangements and/or may otherwise influence the Adviser’s decisions with respect to the management of the Company and/or such Other Clients or the relevant portfolio investment, which may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest and which could adversely impact us. Subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act and our governing documents, we may invest in loans or other securities, the proceeds of which may refinance or otherwise repay debt or securities of companies whose debt is owned by TCW or other TCW funds. We may from time to time dispose of all or a portion of a portfolio investment where the Adviser or one or more Other Clients is providing financing to repay debt issued to us. Such involvement may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest. Co-Investment Syndication. The Company may initially consummate a portfolio investment intended as a co-investment as described herein and, later, syndicate such co-investment to certain persons. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in syndicating any such co-investment, in whole or in part, that the closing of such co-investment will be consummated in a timely manner, that any syndication will take place on terms and conditions that will be preferable for the Company or that expenses incurred by the Company with respect to any such syndication will not be substantial. In the event that the Company is not successful in syndicating any such co-investment, in whole or in part, it may consequently hold a greater concentration and have more exposure in the related investment than initially was intended, which could make the Company more susceptible to fluctuations in value resulting from adverse economic and/or business conditions with respect thereto. Moreover, an investment by the Company that is not syndicated to co-investors as originally anticipated could reduce the Company’s overall investment returns. Risks Associated with Delayed-Draw Facilities. We may make investments that require multiple fundings over time or are structured as “revolvers” or “delayed-draws.” These types of investments generally have funding obligations that extend over a period of time and that may extend beyond the investment period. In such circumstances, we may be required to reserve remaining capital commitments for future funding obligations and may be required to fund such obligations after the termination of the investment period. However, there can be no assurance that the reserved funds will ultimately be utilized for portfolio investments, which may result in us not fully deploying our committed capital. Moreover, borrowers with deteriorating creditworthiness may continue to satisfy their contractual conditions and therefore be eligible to draw unfunded amounts at times when we might prefer not to advance such amounts. In addition, the Adviser may have assumptions as to when a company with which we transact may draw on unfunded amounts when we enter into the commitment. If the borrower does not draw as expected, the commitment may not prove as attractive an investment as originally anticipated. Furthermore, any failure to advance requested funds to a borrower with which we transact could result in possible assertions of offsets against amounts previously funded. Risks of Middle Market Loans. Borrowers under loans originated by us or in which we may invest may include privately owned small and mid-sized companies, which present a greater risk of loss than loans to larger companies. Compared to larger, publicly owned firms, these companies generally have more limited access to capital and higher funding costs, may be in a weaker financial position, and may need more capital to expand or compete. These financial challenges may make it difficult for our borrowers to make scheduled payments of interest or principal on our loans. Accordingly, advances made to these types of borrowers entail higher risks than advances made to companies that are able to access traditional credit sources. Risks of PIK and OID Instruments. A portfolio investment may have a contractual return that is not paid entirely in cash, but rather features a PIK element paid partially or wholly in-kind or as an accreting liquidation preference, in which case we will be forgoing a cash margin for an accrued interest amount rolled throughout the life of the loan. This may have the effect of lengthening the time before cash is received and increasing our risk exposure. While the Adviser seeks to achieve our targeted returns for any given portfolio investment, other factors, such as overall economic conditions, the competitive environment and the availability of potential purchasers of the securities, may shorten or lengthen our holding period, and some portfolio investments may take several additional years from the initial investment date to achieve a realization. In some cases, we may be prohibited by contract from selling certain securities for a period of time. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio positions quickly, then we may realize significantly less than the value at which we previously recorded those portfolio investments. The interest payments deferred on a PIK loan are subject to the risk that the borrower may default when the deferred payments are due in cash at the maturity of the loan. The interest rates on PIK loans are higher to reflect the time-value of money on deferred interest payments and the higher credit risk of borrowers who may need to defer interest payments. Market prices of Original Issue Discount “OID” instruments are more volatile because they are affected to a greater extent by interest rate changes than instruments that pay interest periodically in cash. PIK instruments may have unreliable valuations because the accruals require judgments about ultimate collectability of the deferred payments and the value of the associated collateral. Use of PIK and OID securities may provide certain benefits to the Adviser, including increasing management fees and incentive compensation. The historical investment philosophy, strategy and approach of the Private Credit Group has not involved the use of PIK interest, which represents contractual interest accrued and added to the loan balance that generally becomes due at maturity, or similar arrangements. Although we do not currently expect the Private Credit Group to originate investments for us with PIK interest features, from time to time we may make investments that contain such features or that subsequently incorporate such features after origination. To the extent original issue discount and PIK interest income constitute a portion of our income, we will be exposed to risks associated with the deferred receipt of the cash representing such income. Risks Related to Warehousing Transactions. We may enter into one or more warehousing transactions. We may not be able to consummate or realize the anticipated benefits from any such warehousing transaction. Under certain warehousing transactions, we may agree to purchase assets from a warehouse provider at prices based on cost plus adjustments designed to give such warehousing provider the economic benefits of accrued but unpaid interest and structuring fees and original issue discount, while such warehouse provider holds the assets. As a result, we generally will not receive any benefit of holding the investments in a warehouse until we have acquired such assets from such warehouse provider, and certain benefits of the acquisition of the assets (such as discounted purchase prices resulting from structuring fees or original issue discount), may have deteriorated by the time we acquire the assets. Purchases of assets from a warehouse provider will be at prices determined under the warehousing transaction which may differ from the assets’ market prices at the time of such purchase. As a result, we may pay more or less than the current market value of such assets when we acquire them. Certain warehousing agreements may also provide us with options to purchase certain assets at fair market value at the time of purchase, although a warehouse provider could retain the option to reject any purchase offers from us and retain such assets. Risks may arise in connection with the rules under ERISA related to investment by ERISA Plans. We will use reasonable efforts to conduct our affairs so that our assets will not be deemed to be “plan assets” for purposes of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”). In this regard, we may be operated as an annual “venture capital operating company,” under the ERISA rules (a “VCOC”) in order to avoid our assets being treated as “plan assets” for purposes of ERISA. If we decide to qualify as a VCOC, then we must obtain the right to substantially participate directly in or to influence the management of at least one-half of our investments, measured by cost, and must actually exercise such rights each year with respect to at least one such operating company. Accordingly, there may be constraints on our ability to make or dispose of investments at optimal times (or to make certain investments at all). RISKS RELATED TO UNITHOLDERS Effect of Varying Terms of Classes of Units. Although we have no current intention to do so, pursuant to the LLC Agreement, we may issue Preferred Units. If we issue Preferred Units, there can be no assurance that such issuance would result in a higher yield or return to the holders of the Units. The issuance of Preferred Units would likely cause the net asset value of the Units to become more volatile. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Units were to approach the net rate of return on our investment portfolio, the benefit of leverage to the holders of the Units would be reduced. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Units were to exceed the net rate of return on our portfolio, the leverage would result in a lower rate of return to the holders of the Units than if we had not issued Preferred Units. Any decline in the net asset value of our investments would be borne entirely by the holders of the Units. Therefore, if the fair value of our portfolio were to decline, the leverage would result in a greater decrease in net asset value to the holders of the Units than if we were not leveraged through the issuance of Preferred Units. Rights of Preferred Unitholders. Holders of any Preferred Units that we might issue would have the right, voting separately as a single class, to elect two members of the board at all times. In addition, if dividends for Preferred Units become two full years in arrears, the holders of those Preferred Units would have the right to elect a majority of the board until such arrearage is completely eliminated. Restrictions imposed on the declarations and payment of dividends or other distributions to the holders of the Units and Preferred Units, both by the 1940 Act and by the terms of our debt financings (if any), might impair our ability to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes. While we would intend to redeem the Preferred Units to the extent necessary to enable us to distribute our income as required to qualify as a RIC, there can be no assurance that such actions could be effected in time to meet the tax requirements. Retention of Proceeds. Subject to the requirements of Section 852(a) of Subchapter M of the Code and the terms of any indebtedness or Preferred Units, during the Commitment Period, we may retain, in whole or in part, any proceeds attributable to portfolio investments. Any retained proceeds that represent net investment income will be treated as a deemed distribution by us to the Unitholders and a deemed re-contribution by the Unitholders to us, and the aggregate Undrawn Commitments of all Unitholders will be reduced accordingly. We may use the amounts so retained to make investments, pay our fees and expenses, repay our borrowings, or fund reasonable reserves for our future expenses or other obligations (including obligations to make indemnification advances and payments); provided, however, that, after the expiration of the Commitment Period, no part of such retained amounts will be used to make any investment for which we would not be permitted to draw down Commitments. We will treat any retained proceeds that represent net investment income as a deemed distribution to Unitholders and a deemed re-contribution by the Unitholders, and the aggregate Undrawn Commitments of all Unitholders will be reduced accordingly. For the avoidance of doubt, even if the Undrawn Commitment of the Units becomes zero, we may continue to retain proceeds that represent net investment income as described above for the purpose of paying our operating costs (including expenses, the Management Fee, the Incentive Fee, payments to the Administrator and any indemnification obligations) and debt service of any borrowings we have made. Consequences of Failure to Pay Commitment in Full. If a Unitholder fails to pay any installment of its Commitment, there is no guarantee that we will recover the full amount of the defaulted Commitment, and such defaulting Unitholder may lose all or a portion of its economic interest in us. No Registration; Limited Transferability of Units. The Units are being offered without registration under the Securities Act or any other laws of applicable jurisdictions. All dispositions and transfers of the Units shall be made pursuant to an effective registration statement or in accordance with an exemption from registration contained in the Securities Act. Unitholders will not be permitted to transfer their Units unless (i) we and, if required by our lending arrangements, our lenders give consent and (ii) the Transfer is made in accordance with applicable securities laws. Furthermore, the transferability of the Units may be subject to certain restrictions contained in the Subscription Agreement and the LLC Agreement and may be affected by restrictions on resale imposed under U.S. federal, U.S. state or another jurisdiction’s securities laws. A public market does not currently exist for the Units and one is not expected to develop. Withdrawal from an investment in the Units will not generally be permitted. In light of the restrictions imposed on any such transfer and in light of the limitations imposed on a Unitholder’s ability to withdraw all or part of its investment in Units, an investment in the Units should be viewed as illiquid and subject to high risk. Our Units are illiquid investments for which there is not a secondary market nor is it expected that any such secondary market will develop in the future. We also do not intend to list our Units on a national securities exchange. Our Units are not registered under the 1933 Act, or any state securities law and will be restricted as to transfer by law and the terms of our LLC Agreement and Subscription Agreement. Unitholders generally may not sell, assign or transfer their Units without the prior written consent of the Adviser, which the Adviser may grant or withhold in its sole discretion. Except in limited circumstances for legal or regulatory purposes, Unitholders are not entitled to redeem their Units. Unitholders must be prepared to bear the economic risk of an investment in us for an indefinite period of time. Withholding Risk for Foreign Investors. U.S. withholding tax rules require 30% withholding on distributions to Non-U.S. Holders unless there is certainty that such distributions are not subject to such withholding. The Company may make distributions at times of the year when there is uncertainty as to whether the amounts distributed are subject to such withholding. Accordingly, such distributions to Non-U.S. Holders may be subject to overwithholding by the Company (or its withholding agent) and Non-U.S. Holders may be required to file a return with the Internal Revenue Service in order to receive a refund of such overwithheld amounts. Non-U.S. Holders should see the discussion under the heading “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders.” Tax Risks. Tax consequences to Unitholders from an investment in the Units are complex. Potential Unitholders are strongly urged to review the discussion in “Part I Item 1. Description of Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.”
GENERAL RISK FACTORS Political, Social and Economic Uncertainty Risk. Social, political, economic and other conditions and events (such as natural disasters, epidemics and pandemics, terrorism, conflicts and social unrest) will occur that create uncertainty and have significant impacts on issuers, industries, governments and other systems, including the financial markets, to which companies and their investments are exposed. As global systems, economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, events that once had only local impact are now more likely to have regional or even global effects. Events that occur in one country, region or financial market will, more frequently, adversely impact issuers in other countries, regions or markets, including in established markets such as the U.S. These impacts can be exacerbated by failures of governments and societies to adequately respond to an emerging event or threat. Uncertainty can result in or coincide with, among other things: increased volatility in the financial markets for securities, derivatives, loans, credit and currency; a decrease in the reliability of market prices and difficulty in valuing assets (including portfolio company assets); greater fluctuations in spreads on debt investments and currency exchange rates; increased risk of default (by both government and private obligors and issuers); further social, economic, and political instability; nationalization of private enterprise; greater governmental involvement in the economy or in social factors that impact the economy; changes to governmental regulation and supervision of the loan, securities, derivatives and currency markets and market participants and decreased or revised monitoring of such markets by governments or self-regulatory organizations and reduced enforcement of regulations; limitations on the activities of investors in such markets; controls or restrictions on foreign investment, capital controls and limitations on repatriation of invested capital; the significant loss of liquidity and the inability to purchase, sell and otherwise fund investments or settle transactions (including, but not limited to, a market freeze); unavailability of currency hedging techniques; substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation, which can last many years and have substantial negative effects on credit and securities markets as well as the economy as a whole; recessions; and difficulties in obtaining and/or enforcing legal judgments. We will also be negatively affected if the operations and effectiveness of us or a portfolio company (or any of the key personnel or service providers of the foregoing) is compromised or if necessary or beneficial systems and processes are disrupted. Changes to U.S. Tariff and Import/Export Regulations. There have been significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties and tariffs, resulting in significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and other countries with respect to trade policies, treaties and tariffs. These developments have had a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United States. Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our portfolio companies’ access to suppliers or customers and have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations, which in turn would negatively impact us. Changes in Applicable Law. We must comply with various legal requirements, including requirements imposed by United States and non-U.S. anti-money laundering laws, securities laws, commodities laws, tax laws and pension laws. Should any of those laws change over the life of the Company, the legal requirements to which we and the Adviser may be subject could differ materially from current requirements. In addition, if a Unitholder fails to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and similar laws, the Company may mandatorily repurchase such Unitholder’s Units. Terrorist Action. There is a risk of terrorist attacks on the United States and elsewhere causing significant loss of life and property damage and disruptions in global markets. Economic and diplomatic sanctions may be in place or imposed on certain states and military action may be commenced. The impact of such events is unclear, but could have a material effect on general economic conditions and market liquidity. Operational Risk. We depend on TCW to develop the appropriate systems and procedures to control operational risk. Operational risks arising from mistakes made in the closing, confirmation or settlement of transactions, from transactions not being properly booked, evaluated, accounted for or managed or other similar disruption in our operations may cause us to suffer financial losses, disruption of our business, liability to third parties, regulatory intervention or damage to our reputation. Our business is highly dependent on our ability to process a large number of transactions across numerous and diverse markets. Consequently, we rely heavily on our financial, accounting, asset management and other data processing systems. The ability of our systems to accommodate an increasing volume of transactions could also constrain our ability to properly manage our portfolio. Generally, none of the Adviser or TCW will be liable to us for losses incurred due to the occurrence of any such errors. Dependence on Information Systems and Systems Failures. Our business is highly dependent on the communications and information systems of the Adviser, its affiliates and third parties. Further, in the ordinary course of our business we or the Adviser may engage certain third party service providers to provide us with services necessary for our business. Any failure or interruption of those systems or services, including as a result of the termination or suspension of an agreement with any third party service providers, could cause delays or other problems in our activities. Our financial, accounting, data processing, backup or other operating systems and facilities may fail to operate properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors including events that are wholly or partially beyond our control and adversely affect our business. There could be: • sudden electrical or telecommunications outages; • natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes; • disease pandemics or other serious public health events, such as the recent global outbreak of COVID-19; • events arising from local or larger scale political or social matters, including terrorist acts; and • cyber-attacks. These events, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Cybersecurity Risks and Cyber Incidents. Our business depends on the communications and information systems of our Adviser and its affiliates, our portfolio companies and third-party service providers. These systems are subject to potential cybersecurity attacks and incidents, including through adverse events that threaten the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our information resources. Cyber hacking could also cause significant disruption and harm to the companies in which we invest. The U.S. government has issued warnings that certain essential assets, specifically those related to energy and infrastructure, including exploration and production facilities, pipelines and transmission and distribution facilities, might be specific targets of terrorist activity. Additionally, digital and network technologies (collectively, “cyber networks”) might be at risk of cyberattacks that could potentially seek unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes such as misappropriating sensitive information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption. Cyberattacks might potentially be carried out by persons using techniques that could range from efforts to electronically circumvent network security or overwhelm websites to intelligence gathering and social engineering functions aimed at obtaining information necessary to gain access. These attacks could involve gaining unauthorized access to our information systems for purposes of misappropriating assets, stealing confidential information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption and result in disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, litigation and damage to our business relationships, any of which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our operating results and negatively affect the value of our securities and our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our information systems, both internal and those provided by the Adviser and third-party service providers. In addition, we and the Adviser currently or in the future are expected to routinely transmit and receive confidential and proprietary information by email and other electronic means. We and the Adviser may not be able to ensure secure capabilities with all of our clients, vendors, service providers, counterparties and other third parties to protect the confidentiality of the information. In addition, we, the Adviser and many of our third-party service providers currently have work from home policies. Such a policy of remote working could strain our technology resources and introduce operational risks, including heightened cybersecurity risks and other risks described above. Remote working environments may be less secure and more susceptible to hacking attacks, including phishing and social engineering attempts. There is no assurance that any efforts to mitigate cybersecurity risks undertaken by us or our Adviser will be effective. Network, system, application and data breaches as a result of cybersecurity risks or cyber incidents could result in operational disruptions or information misappropriation that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition of us and of our portfolio companies. Cybersecurity Breaches and Identity Theft. Cybersecurity incidents and cyber-attacks have been occurring globally at more frequent and severe levels and are expected to continue to increase in frequency in the future. The information and technology systems of the Company, its portfolio investments and their service providers may be vulnerable to damage or interruption, including, without limitation, from computer viruses and other malicious code, network failures, computer and telecommunication failures, infiltration by unauthorized persons and security breaches, usage errors or malfeasance by their respective professionals or service providers, power, communications or other service outages and catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes or terrorist incidents. If unauthorized parties gain access to such information and technology systems, or if personnel abuse or misuse their access privileges, they may be able to steal, publish, delete or modify private and sensitive information. Although the Adviser has implemented, and portfolio investments and service providers may implement, various measures to manage risks relating to these types of events, such measures may be inadequate and, if compromised, information and technology systems could become inoperable for extended periods of time, cease to function properly or fail to adequately secure private information. Even with sophisticated prevention and detection systems, breaches such as those involving covertly introduced malware, impersonation of authorized users and industrial or other espionage may not be identified in a timely manner or at all, potentially resulting in further harm and precluding appropriate remediation. TCW, the Company, Other Clients and/or any portfolio investment may have to make significant investments to fix or replace information and technology systems. The failure of these systems and/or of disaster recovery plans for any reason could cause significant interruptions in the operations of TCW, the Company, any portfolio investment, and/or their service providers and result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to Unitholders (and their beneficial owners) and the intellectual property and trade secrets of TCW, the Company, and/or portfolio investments. Such a failure could harm the reputation of TCW, the Company and/or a portfolio investment, subject any such entity and their respective affiliates to legal claims and adverse publicity, and otherwise affect their business and financial performance. When such issues are present with regard to the issuer of securities in which the Company invests, the Company’s portfolio investment in those securities may lose value. In addition, the SEC has adopted changes to Regulation S-P, which requires, among other things, that registered investment advisers notify affected individuals of a breach involving their personal information when there has been an incident that rises to the level of being a reportable breach. In general, these laws and regulations introduce many new obligations on us, TCW and its affiliates and service providers and create new rights for parties who have given any of us their personal information, such as investors and others. Risks Associated with Artificial Intelligence. Recent technological advances in artificial intelligence, including machine learning technology (“Machine Learning Technology”), pose risks to us and our portfolio companies. We and our portfolio companies could be exposed to the risks of Machine Learning Technology if third-party service providers or any counterparties use Machine Learning Technology in their business activities. We and the Adviser are not in a position to control the use of Machine Learning Technology in third-party products or services. Use of Machine Learning Technology could include the input of confidential information in contravention of applicable policies, contractual or other obligations or restrictions, resulting in such confidential information becoming partly accessible by other third-party Machine Learning Technology applications and users. Machine Learning Technology and its applications continue to develop rapidly, and we cannot predict the risks that may arise from such developments. Machine Learning Technology is generally highly reliant on the collection and analysis of large amounts of data, and it is not possible or practicable to incorporate all relevant data into the model that Machine Learning Technology utilizes to operate. Certain data in such models will inevitably contain a degree of inaccuracy and error and could otherwise be inadequate or flawed, which would be likely to degrade the effectiveness of Machine Learning Technology. To the extent we or our portfolio companies are exposed to the risks of Machine Learning Technology use, any such inaccuracies or errors could adversely impact us or our portfolio companies. |
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| NAV Per Share | [2] | $ 91.75 | [1] | $ 95.13 | $ 98.17 | $ 99.88 | $ 100 | ||||
| Summary Of Risk Factor [text Block] | Summary of Risk Factors
• Our portfolio may be concentrated in a limited number of portfolio companies and industries, which will subject us to a risk of significant loss if any of these companies defaults on its obligations under any of its debt instruments or if there is a downturn in a particular industry. • There can be no assurance that the Adviser will replicate the historical performance of other investment funds with which it has been affiliated. As a result, our investment returns could be substantially lower than the returns achieved by such other investment funds. • The collateral securing a senior loan may be insufficient to protect us against losses or a decline in income in the event of a borrower’s non-payment of interest or principal. • We may make investments in highly levered companies. Price declines in the corporate leveraged loan market may adversely affect the fair value of our portfolio, reducing our net asset value through increased net unrealized depreciation and the incurrence of realized losses. • Our management and incentive fee structure may create incentives for the Adviser that are not fully aligned with the interests of our Unitholders and may induce the Adviser to make speculative investments. • The Adviser and its affiliates, including our officers and some of our directors, may face conflicts of interest caused by compensation arrangements with us and our affiliates, which could result in increased risk-taking by us. • We are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Units less attractive to investors. • Regulations governing our operation as a BDC affect our ability to, and the way in which we, raise additional capital. As a BDC, the necessity of raising additional capital exposes us to risks, including the typical risks associated with leverage. • There is no public market for our Units, nor can we give any assurance that one will develop in the future. As a result, an investment in the Units may not be suitable for investors who may need the money they invest in a specified time frame. • You should not expect to be able to sell Units regardless of how we perform. As a result, if you are unable to sell your Units, you will be unable to reduce your exposure on any market downturn that affects our portfolio. • We generally will not control the business operations of our portfolio companies and, due to the illiquid nature of our holdings in our portfolio companies, we may not be able to dispose of our interests in our portfolio companies. • An investment strategy focused primarily on privately held companies presents certain challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies. • There is no public market or active secondary market for many of the investments that we intend to make and hold and as a result, these investments may be deemed illiquid. • If we make additional offerings of Units in the future, a Unitholder may be required to make additional purchases of our Units on one or more dates to be determined by us. • We will invest in securities that are rated below investment grade by rating agencies or that would be rated below investment grade if they were rated. Below investment grade securities, which are often referred to as “junk,” have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal. They will also be difficult to value and are illiquid. • The amount of any distributions we may make on our Units is uncertain. We may not be able to pay you distributions, or be able to sustain distributions at any particular level, and our distributions per unit, if any, may not grow over time, and our distributions per share may be reduced. • To the extent original issue discount (“OID”), and payment-in-kind (“PIK”), interest income constitute a portion of our income, we will be exposed to risks associated with the deferred receipt of the cash representing such income. • Our business model depends to a significant extent upon strong referral relationships with private equity sponsors, financial intermediaries, direct lending institutions and other counterparties that are active in our markets. Any inability of the Adviser to maintain or develop these relationships, or the failure of these relationships to generate investment opportunities, could adversely affect our business. • The Adviser may frequently be required to make investment analyses and decisions on an expedited basis in order to take advantage of investment opportunities, and our Adviser may not have knowledge of all circumstances that could impact an investment by us. • If we do not invest a sufficient portion of our assets in qualifying assets, we could fail to qualify as a BDC or be precluded from investing according to our current business strategy. • Efforts to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) will involve significant expenditures, and non-compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act would adversely affect us and the value of our Units. •
We are highly dependent on information systems, and systems failures could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect the value of our Units and our ability to pay distributions. |
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| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS
Market and geopolitical events could materially and adversely affect certain of our portfolio companies, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Our business and operations, as well as the business and operations of our portfolio companies, may be materially adversely affected by inflation (or expectations for inflation), trade tensions, tariffs, interest rates, global demand for particular products or resources, natural disasters, climate change and climate-related events, pandemics, epidemics, terrorism, regulatory events and governmental or quasi-governmental actions. The occurrence of global events similar to those in recent years, such as terrorist attacks around the world, natural disasters, social and political discord or debt crises and downgrades, among others, may result in market volatility and may have long term effects on both the U.S. and global financial markets. It is difficult to predict when similar events affecting the U.S. or global financial markets may occur, the effects that such events may have and the duration of those effects. Any such event(s) could have a significant adverse impact on our business and operations, and on the business and operations of our portfolio companies. Disruption and Instability in Capital Markets. The U.S. and global capital markets experienced extreme volatility and disruption in the past, leading to recessionary conditions and depressed levels of consumer and commercial spending. For instance, failures in the banking sector have caused significant disruption and volatility in U.S. and global markets. Disruptions in the capital markets increased the spread between the yields realized on risk-free and higher risk securities, resulting in illiquidity in parts of the capital markets. We cannot assure you that these conditions will not reoccur which could lead to a period of market illiquidity which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events could limit our investment originations, limit our ability to grow and negatively impact our operating results. In addition, to the extent that recessionary conditions return, the financial results of small to mid-sized companies, like those in which we invest, will likely experience deterioration, which could ultimately lead to difficulty in meeting debt service requirements and an increase in defaults. Additionally, the end markets for certain of our portfolio companies’ products and services have experienced, and continue to experience, negative economic trends. The performances of certain of our portfolio companies have been, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by these economic or other conditions, which may ultimately result in: • our receipt of a reduced level of interest income from our portfolio companies; • decreases in the value of collateral securing some of our loans and the value of our equity investments; and • ultimately, losses or change-offs related to our investments. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the resulting responses by the U.S. and other countries, and the potential for wider conflict, have increased and may continue to increase volatility and uncertainty in financial markets worldwide. The U.S. and other countries have imposed broad-ranging economic sanctions on Russia and Russian entities and individuals, and may impose additional sanctions, including on other countries that provide military or economic support to Russia. In addition, recent and ongoing conflicts in the Middle East could potentially cause significant disruptions to all or part of the global financial system, international trade, and the transportation and energy sectors, among other disruptions. Developing and further governmental actions (sanctions-related, military or otherwise) with respect to either or both the Russia-Ukraine conflict or the conflicts in the Middle East may cause additional disruption and constrain or alter existing financial, legal and regulatory frameworks in ways that are adverse to our investment strategy, all of which could adversely affect our ability to fulfill our investment objectives. Furthermore, the political reunification of China and Taiwan, over which China continues to claim sovereignty, is a highly complex issue that has included threats of invasion by China. Political or economic disturbances (including an attempted unification of Taiwan by force), any economic sanctions implemented in response, and any escalation of hostility between China and Taiwan would likely have a significant adverse impact on economies, markets and individual securities globally. In addition, the occurrence of events such as the recent escalations between the U.S. and Venezuela and the resulting measures that have been taken, and could be taken in the future, may result in market volatility, may have long term effects on the U.S. and worldwide financial markets and may cause further economic uncertainties in the U.S. and worldwide. Historical Performance. The investment philosophy and techniques used by the Adviser to manage a BDC may differ from the investment philosophy and techniques it previously employed in identifying and managing past investments. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Adviser will replicate the historical performance of other investment funds with which it has been affiliated. As a result, our investment returns could be substantially lower than the returns achieved by such other investment funds. Lack of Operating History. We did not commence investment operations until the Initial Closing Date and have limited performance history. Past performance, including the past performance of the prior Direct Lending Funds or other investment entities and accounts managed by the Adviser, is not necessarily indicative of our future results. Dependence on Key Personnel and Other Management. Unitholders have no right or power to participate in the management of the Company and may not receive detailed financial information regarding investments that is available to the Adviser. An investor in the Company must rely upon the ability of the Adviser (including the Private Credit Group and other investment professionals of the Adviser) to identify, structure and implement investments consistent with our investment objectives and policies. Accordingly, our success is dependent on the Adviser’s ability to retain and motivate highly qualified professionals. The loss of services of Mr. Richard Miller, Ms. Suzanne Grosso, Mr. Mark Gertzof and Mr. David Wang during the Commitment Period could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our future success also depends on the Adviser’s ability to identify, hire, train and retain other highly qualified and experienced investment and management professionals. Competition for such professionals is significant, and there can be no assurance that the Adviser will be able to attract or retain other highly qualified professionals in the future. The inability of the Adviser to attract and retain such professionals could have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition or results of operations. The Advisory Agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances. The termination of the Advisory Agreement may adversely affect the quality of our investment opportunities. Furthermore, if the Advisory Agreement is terminated, it may be challenging for the Adviser to be replaced. Economic Interest of the Adviser. Because the Adviser will be compensated in part on a basis tied to our performance, the Adviser may have an incentive to make investments that are risky or speculative. No Assurance of Profits. There is no assurance that we will be able to generate returns for our investors or that the returns will be commensurate with the risks of investing in the types of companies and transactions described herein. The marketability and value of any of our investments will depend upon many factors beyond our control. We will incur organizational expenses, Management Fees and other operating expenses which may exceed our income, and a Unitholder could lose the entire amount of its contributed capital. Therefore, a prospective investor should only invest in the Company if such investor can withstand a total loss of his or her investment. The past investment performance of the entities and accounts with which the Adviser and its investment professionals have been associated cannot be taken to guarantee future results of any investment in the Company. No Guarantee of Interests. Any losses in the Company will be borne solely by Unitholders and not by TCW; therefore, TCW’s losses in the Company will be limited to such losses as are attributable to any interests in the Company held by it in its capacity as a Unitholder of the Company. Interests in the Company are not insured by or guaranteed by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and are not deposits in, obligations of, or endorsed or guaranteed in any way by any banking entity. Investments in the Company are subject to substantial investment risks, including, among others, those described herein, including the possibility of partial or total loss of an investor’s investment. Effect of Fees and Expenses on Returns. We will pay Management Fees and Incentive Fees to the Adviser and generally will bear our other Company Expenses. Generally, other than the Incentive Fee, fees and expenses will be paid regardless of whether we produce positive investment returns. The fees and expenses will reduce the actual returns to Unitholders, the distributions we make to Unitholders, and the overall value of the Unitholders’ investment. In addition, because the Management Fees payable by us to the Adviser will be calculated based on average gross assets of the Company on a consolidated basis, including the amortized cost of portfolio investments purchased with borrowed funds and other forms of leverage, the Adviser may be incentivized to use leverage, but will not utilize more than is permitted by applicable law or regulation. Under certain circumstances, the use of leverage may increase the likelihood of default, which would impair the value of the Units. Furthermore, the Adviser may receive incentive fee payments on unrealized gains that may not be subsequently realized. Regulations Governing our Operation as a BDC. We may issue debt securities or Preferred Units and/or borrow money from banks or other financial institutions, which are collectively referred to herein as “senior securities,” up to the maximum amount permitted by the 1940 Act. Under the provisions of the 1940 Act currently in force, we will be permitted, as a BDC, to issue senior securities in amounts such that our asset coverage ratio, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% (or 150% as described below under “—Additional Leverage”) of gross assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, after each issuance of senior securities. Also, any amounts that we use to service our indebtedness would not be available for distributions to our Unitholders. Furthermore, as a result of issuing senior securities, we would also be exposed to typical risks associated with leverage, including an increased risk of loss. If we issue Preferred Units, the Preferred Units would rank “senior” to the Units in our capital structure, the Preferred Unitholders would have separate voting rights on certain matters and might have other rights, preferences, or privileges more favorable than those of the Unitholders. In addition, as a regulated BDC under the 1940 Act we may, among other things, be prohibited from knowingly participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of the members of our board of directors who are not interested persons and, in some cases, prior approval by the SEC through an exemptive order (other than in certain limited situations pursuant to current regulatory guidance). The Adviser has obtained exemptive relief from the SEC that, subject to certain conditions and limitations, permits us and other funds advised by the Adviser or certain affiliates of the Adviser (referred to herein as “potential co-investment funds”) to engage in certain co-investment transactions. Under the exemptive relief, in the case where the interest in a particular investment opportunity exceeds the size of the opportunity, then the investment opportunity will be allocated among us and any other potential co-investment funds based on available capital, which generally is determined based on the amount of cash on hand, existing commitments and reserves, if any, the targeted leverage level, targeted asset mix and other investment policies and restrictions set from time to time by the board or other governing body of the relevant fund or imposed by applicable laws, rules, regulations or interpretations. We incur significant costs as a result of being registered under the Exchange Act. We incur legal, accounting and other expenses, including costs associated with the periodic reporting requirements, as well as additional corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley. These requirements may place a strain on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, which requires significant resources and management oversight. We have implemented and may continue to implement procedures, processes, policies and practices for the purpose of addressing the standards and requirements applicable to public companies. These activities may divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We have incurred and expect to incur significant annual expenses related to these steps and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, reporting requirements of the SEC, transfer agent fees, additional administrative expenses payable to the Administrator to compensate it for hiring additional accounting, legal and administrative personnel, increased auditing and legal fees and similar expenses associated with being a public company. The systems and resources necessary to comply with public company reporting requirements will increase further once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As long as we remain an emerging growth company we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Borrowing Money. The use of leverage magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increases the risks associated with investing in the Company. Subject to the borrowing limitation imposed on us by the 1940 Act, the Company and any wholly owned subsidiary of the Company may borrow from or issue senior debt securities to banks, insurance companies and other lenders in the future. Any wholly owned subsidiary may include subsidiary entities that engage in investment activities in securities or other assets that are primarily controlled by the Company. “Primarily controlled” mean (1) the Company controls the unregistered entity within the meaning of section 2(a)(9) of the 1940 Act, and (2) the Company’s control of the unregistered entity is greater than that of any other person. Our lenders will have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are superior to the claims of the Unitholders, and we would expect such lenders to seek recovery against our assets in the event of a default. If the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. Our ability to service any debt that we incur will depend largely on our financial performance and will be subject to prevailing economic conditions and competitive pressures. As a BDC, we generally are required to meet a coverage ratio of total assets to total borrowings and other senior securities, which will include all of our borrowings and any Preferred Units that we may issue in the future, of at least 200% (or 150% as described below under “—Additional Leverage”). If this ratio declines below 200%, we may not be able to incur additional debt, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. The amount of leverage that we employ will depend on the Adviser’s assessment of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain credit at all or on terms acceptable to us. In addition, any debt facility into which we may enter would likely impose financial and operating covenants that restrict our business activities, including limitations that could hinder our ability to finance additional loans and investments or to make the distributions required to maintain our status as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. In particular, it is anticipated that the credit facility would contain certain financial covenants, which may include requiring us to maintain a minimum amount of equity supporting the credit facility or comply with certain collateral quality and coverage tests. Additional Leverage. As a BDC, under the Investment Company Act we generally are not permitted to incur borrowings, issue debt securities or issue preferred stock unless immediately after the borrowing or issuance the ratio of total assets (less total liabilities other than indebtedness) to total indebtedness plus preferred stock, is at least 200% or, if certain requirements, which are described below, are met, 150%. Pursuant to Section 61(a) of the 1940 Act, BDCs may reduce the minimum asset coverage ratio from 200% to 150%, subject to certain approval requirements (including either stockholder approval or approval of the “required majority,” as such term is defined in Section 57(o) of the Investment Company Act), certain disclosure requirements and, in the case of a BDC that is not an issuer of common equity securities that are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the Company, the requirement that the BDC must extend to each person that is a stockholder as of the date of an approval described above the opportunity (which may include a tender offer) to sell the securities held by that stockholder as of that applicable approval date, with 25% of those securities to be repurchased in each of the four calendar quarters following the calendar quarter in which that applicable approval date takes place. As a result, BDCs may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future, and the risks associated with an investment in BDCs may increase. Failure to Qualify as a RIC. We will be subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code, we must meet certain source-of-income, asset diversification and distribution requirements. The distribution requirement for a RIC is satisfied if we distribute the sum of at least 90% of our net ordinary income, net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, if any, and 90% of its net tax-exempt interest (if any) to the Unitholders on an annual basis. Because we intend to incur debt, we will be subject to certain asset coverage ratio requirements under the 1940 Act and financial covenants under loan and credit agreements that could, under certain circumstances, restrict us from making distributions necessary to qualify as a RIC. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify as a RIC and, thus, may be subject to corporate-level income tax. To qualify as a RIC, we must also meet certain asset diversification requirements at the end of each calendar quarter. Failure to meet these tests may result in the Company having to dispose of certain investments quickly in order to qualify as a RIC, or to prevent the loss of such qualification after becoming a RIC. Because most of our investments will be in private or thinly traded public companies, any such dispositions may be made at disadvantageous prices and may result in substantial losses. In addition, we may have difficulty satisfying the diversification requirements after the Commitment Period as we liquidate our portfolio since we will not be making additional investments. While we generally will not lose our status as a RIC as long as we do not acquire any non-qualifying securities or other property, under certain circumstances we may be deemed to have made an acquisition of non-qualifying securities or other property. If we fail to qualify as a RIC for any reason and become subject to corporate income tax, the resulting corporate income taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distributions to the Unitholders and the amount of funds available for new investments. Such a failure would have a material adverse effect on us and the Unitholders. See “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company.” Recourse to Our Assets. Our assets, including any investments made by us and any capital held by us, are available to satisfy all our liabilities and other obligations. If we become subject to a liability, parties seeking to have the liability satisfied may have recourse to our assets generally and not be limited to any particular asset, even in the circumstance where a specific investment gave rise to the liability. Litigation Risks. We will be subject to a variety of litigation risks, particularly if one or more of our portfolio companies face financial or other difficulties. Legal disputes, involving any or all of the Company, the Adviser, or their affiliates, may arise from our activities and investments and could have a significant adverse effect on us. Limited Liability of the Adviser. To the extent permissible by law, the Adviser will not be liable, responsible or accountable in damages or otherwise to us or to any Unitholder for any breach of duty to us or the Unitholders or for any act or failure to act pursuant to the Advisory Agreement or otherwise, except in certain limited circumstances provided by the 1940 Act and as set forth in the Advisory Agreement. In general, we will be required to indemnify the Adviser (and other related and/or affiliated parties) for certain losses arising out of its activities on behalf of us. Such obligations could reduce significantly the returns to the Unitholders. Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts of interest may exist from time to time between the Adviser and certain of its affiliates involved with us. Service Providers and Counterparties. Certain advisors and other service providers, or their affiliates (including accountants, administrators, lenders, bankers, brokers, attorneys, consultants, and investment or commercial banking firms) to the Company, the Adviser, TCW, and/or portfolio companies also provide goods or services to, or have business, personal, financial or other relationships with, the Adviser, TCW, or the portfolio companies. Such advisors and service providers (or their affiliates) may be investors in the Company, affiliates of the Adviser, sources of investment opportunities, co-investors, commercial counterparties and/or portfolio companies in which TCW and/or the Company has a portfolio investment. Accordingly, payments by the Company and/or such entities may indirectly benefit us and/or our affiliates. Because TCW has many different businesses, including the registered broker dealers TCW Funds Distributors LLC, TCW is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight and more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which it would be subject if it had just one line of business. For instance, employees of TCW are registered representatives and principals and may receive compensation from the Adviser for selling interests in open- and closed-end commingled investment vehicles that are managed by the Adviser (including us). Such individuals will not receive sales commissions from those investment vehicles, unless specifically disclosed. Advisors and service providers, or their affiliates, often charge different rates or have different arrangements for different types of services. With respect to service providers, for example, the fee for a given type of work may vary depending on the complexity of the matter as well as the expertise required and demands placed on the service provider. Therefore, to the extent the types of services used by the Company and/or portfolio companies are different from those used by TCW (including their respective personnel) (as the case may be), TCW may pay different amounts or rates than those paid by the Company and/or portfolio companies. In addition, TCW, the Company, Other Clients (as defined below) and/or their respective portfolio companies, may enter into agreements or other arrangements with vendors and other similar counterparties (whether such counterparties are affiliated or unaffiliated with TCW) from time to time whereby such counterparty may charge lower rates and/or provide discounts or rebates for such counterparty’s products and/or services depending on certain factors, including without limitation, volume of transactions entered into with such counterparty by TCW, the Company, Other Clients (as defined below) and their portfolio companies in the aggregate. Allocation of Personnel. The Adviser and its members, partners, officers and employees will devote as much of their time to our activities as they deem necessary and appropriate. Subject to the terms of the LLC Agreement, the Adviser, TCW and their respective affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment funds, from entering into other investment advisory relationships or from engaging in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with us and/or may involve substantial time and resources of the Adviser. These activities could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time and effort of the members of the Adviser and its officers and employees will not be devoted exclusively to our business, but will be allocated between our business and the management of the monies of such other advisees of the Adviser. Portfolio Investment Data. TCW receives various kinds of portfolio company/entity data and information (including from portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company), such as data and information relating to business operations, trends, budgets, customers and other metrics. (This data is sometimes referred to as “big data.”) In furtherance of the foregoing, TCW may seek to enter into information-sharing and use arrangements with portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company. TCW believes that access to this information furthers our interests by providing opportunities for operational improvements across portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company and in connection with our investment management activities. Subject to appropriate contractual arrangements, TCW may also utilize such information outside of our activities in a manner that provides a material benefit to TCW, but not us. |
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| RISKS RELATED TO OUR INVESTMENTS | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | RISKS RELATED TO OUR INVESTMENTS Possible Future Activities. TCW may expand the range of services that it provides over time. Except as provided herein, TCW will not be restricted in the scope of its business or in the performance of any such services (whether now offered or undertaken in the future) even if such activities could give rise to conflicts of interest, and whether or not such conflicts are described herein. TCW has, and will continue to develop, relationships with a significant number of companies, financial sponsors and their senior managers, including relationships with clients who may hold or may have held investments similar to those intended to be made by us. These clients may themselves represent appropriate investment opportunities for us or may compete with us for investment opportunities. Restrictions on Transfer or Withdrawal. Unitholders will generally not be permitted to transfer their Units unless (i) we and, if required by our lending arrangements under any permitted credit facility, our lenders give consent and (ii) the transfer is made in accordance with applicable securities laws. Furthermore, the transferability of the Units may be subject to certain restrictions contained in the Subscription Agreement and LLC Agreement and may be affected by restrictions on resale imposed under U.S. federal, U.S. state or another jurisdiction’s securities laws. A public market does not currently exist for the Units and one is not expected to develop. Illiquid and Long-Term Investments. It is anticipated that there will be a significant period of time before we will have completed our portfolio investments. Many of such portfolio investments are currently expected by the Adviser to take on average at least three to five years (or potentially longer) from the date of initial investment to reach a state of maturity when realization of the portfolio investment can be achieved. Although our portfolio investments will typically generate some current income and/or cash flow in the form of amortization, interest or fee payments, private investment transaction structures often will not provide for liquidity of our portfolio investment prior to repayment upon a refinancing event, and the return of capital and the realization of gains, if any, from a portfolio investment generally will occur only upon the partial or complete disposition of such portfolio investment. In light of the foregoing, it is likely that no significant return from the disposition of our portfolio investments will occur for a substantial period of time from our date of closing. While a portfolio investment may be sold at any time, it is not generally expected that this will occur for a number of years after such portfolio investment are made. It is unlikely that there will be a public market for the illiquid and/or long-term securities held by us at the time of their acquisition. Therefore, no assurance can be given that, if we are determined to dispose of a particular portfolio investment, we could dispose of such portfolio investment at a prevailing market price, and there is a risk that disposition of such portfolio investment may require a lengthy time period or may result in distributions in-kind to investors. Although the Adviser expects that portfolio investments will either be disposed of prior to the Company being put into liquidation or be suitable for in-kind distribution at liquidation, we may have to sell, distribute or otherwise dispose of portfolio investments at a disadvantageous time as a result of liquidation. We generally will not be able to sell our portfolio investments through the public markets unless their sale is registered under applicable securities laws, or unless an exemption from such registration requirements is available. Additionally, there can be no assurances that the portfolio investments can be sold on a private basis. In addition, we may be prohibited from selling certain securities for a period of time because of contractual, legal, regulatory or other similar reasons and, as a result, may not be permitted to sell a portfolio investment at a time we might otherwise desire to do so. Economic Recessions or Downturns. Many of the portfolio companies in which we make investments may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions and may be unable to repay the loans we made to them during these periods. Therefore, our non-performing assets may increase and the value of our portfolio may decrease during these periods as we are required to record our investments at their current fair value. Adverse economic conditions also may decrease the value of collateral securing some of our loans and the value of our equity investments. Economic slowdowns or recessions could lead to financial losses in our portfolio and a decrease in revenues, net investment income and assets. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our and our portfolio companies’ funding costs, limit our and our portfolio companies’ access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us or our portfolio companies. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and harm our operating results. A portfolio company’s failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, acceleration of the time when the loans are due and foreclosure on its secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize the portfolio company’s ability to meet its obligations under the debt that we hold. We may incur additional expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms with a defaulting portfolio company. In addition, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we will actually provide significant managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. Unspecified Use of Proceeds. Investors will not have an opportunity prior to investing to evaluate any of the portfolio investments to be made by us or the relevant economic, financial and other information regarding such portfolio investments and, accordingly, will be entirely dependent upon the judgment and ability of the Adviser in investing and managing our capital. Suitability of Investments. An investment in us is not suitable for all investors. An investment is suitable only for sophisticated investors, and an investor must have the financial ability to understand and willingness to accept the extent of its exposure to the risks and lack of liquidity inherent in an investment in the Company. Investors with any doubts as to the suitability of an investment in us should consult their professional advisors to assist them in making their own legal, tax, accounting and financial evaluation of the merits and risks of investment in us in light of their own circumstances and financial condition. Drawdowns of Capital Commitment.Unitholders will be obligated to fund drawdowns to purchase Units based on their capital commitment. Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, the Adviser may draw down on the Unitholders’ remaining capital commitments upon at least 10 business days’ prior notice (or shorter periods if the Adviser determines in good faith that it is necessary or appropriate to facilitate the consummation of a portfolio investment). To satisfy such obligations, Unitholders may need to maintain a substantial portion of their capital commitments in assets that can be readily converted to cash. Failure by a Unitholder to timely fund its capital commitment may result in some of its Units being forfeited or subject the Unitholder to other remedies available to us. Failure of a Unitholder to contribute its capital commitments could also cause us to be unable to realize our investment objectives. A default by a substantial number of Unitholders or by one or more Unitholders who have made substantial capital commitments would limit our opportunities for investment or diversification and would likely reduce our returns. Reliance on Portfolio Company Management. The day-to-day operations of each portfolio company in which we invest will be the responsibility of such entity’s management team. In addition, we may make investments in portfolio companies where we have limited influence and the other investors in such portfolio company have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests and goals. Although the Adviser will be responsible for monitoring the performance of each of our investments and we are required, pursuant to a specific 1940 Act provision applicable to BDCs, to offer to provide each of our portfolio companies managerial assistance, there can be no assurance that the existing management team of a portfolio company or any successor will be able to operate any such entity in accordance with our expectations. In this situation, we may not be in a position to limit or otherwise protect the value of our investment. Competition for Investment Opportunities. There can be no assurance that there will be a sufficient number of suitable investment opportunities to enable us to invest all of the Commitments of the Unitholders in opportunities that satisfy our investment strategy, or that such investment opportunities will lead to completed investments by us. The activity of identifying, structuring, completing, implementing and realizing attractive investment opportunities is highly competitive. We will compete for investment opportunities with many other industry participants, including other BDCs, public and private funds, individual and institutional investors, and financial institutions. Many such entities have substantially greater economic and personnel resources than the Company and/or better relationships with borrowers and others and/or the ability to accept more risk than we believe can be prudently managed. Accordingly, competition for investments may have the effect of reducing the number of suitable prospective investments available to us and increasing the bargaining power of borrowers, thereby reducing our investment returns. Furthermore, the availability of investment opportunities generally will be subject to market conditions. It is possible that our capital will not be fully utilized if sufficient attractive investments are not identified and consummated by the Adviser. No Secondary Market for Securities. Our investments are generally heavily negotiated and, accordingly, do not have the liquidity of conventional securities and will not have readily available market prices. We value such investments at fair value as determined in good faith by the Adviser in its capacity as our “valuation designee” in accordance with our valuation policy. Because there is no single standard for determining fair value, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each investment. In addition, due to their illiquid nature, we may not be able to dispose of our investments in a timely manner, at a fair price and/or in the manner that was thought to be viable when the investment was initiated (due to economic, legal, political or other factors). There is no assurance that we will be able to dispose of an investment in a particular security. The inability to dispose of a security could result in losses incurred by us, including the loss of our entire investment in such security. The debt of highly leveraged companies or companies in default also may be less liquid than other debt. If we voluntarily or involuntarily sold those types of debt securities, we might not receive the full value we expect. Status as Non-Diversified Investment Company. We are a non-diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act, and therefore we are not limited with respect to the proportion of our assets that may be invested in securities of a single issuer. To the extent that we assume large positions in the securities of a small number of issuers, our NAV may fluctuate to a greater extent than that of a diversified investment company as a result of changes in the financial condition or the market’s assessment of the issuer. We may also be more susceptible to any single economic or regulatory occurrence than a diversified investment company. Beyond our asset diversification requirements as a RIC under the Code, we do not have fixed guidelines for diversification, and our investments could be concentrated in relatively few portfolio companies. Illiquidity of Collateral. Collateral may consist of assets that may not be readily liquidated, and there is no assurance that the liquidation of those assets will satisfy a company’s obligations. If a company defaults on a secured investment, the Company may receive assets other than cash or securities in full or partial satisfaction of such company’s obligations. The Company might not be able to realize the benefit of the assets for legal, practical or other reasons. The Company might hold those assets until it is determined to be appropriate to dispose of them. Portfolio Concentration. Although the regulatory restrictions applicable to RICs limit the amount that we may generally invest in any single portfolio company, our investments may not be diversified. See “Part I Item 1. Business—Regulation as a Business Development Company—Qualifying Assets” and “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company.” Aside from the diversification requirements that we will have to comply with as a RIC and other contractual investment limitations to which we are subject pursuant to the LLC Agreement, we do not have any specific portfolio diversification or concentration limits. As a result, our portfolio may include a relatively limited number of large positions. If our investments are concentrated in a few issuers or industries, any adverse change in one or more of such issuers or industries could have a material adverse effect on our investments. To the extent the aggregate Commitments of the Unitholders turn out to be substantially less than the amounts targeted, our portfolio may be even more concentrated than it would otherwise be. Sector Concentration Risk. To the extent that the Company focuses its investments in a particular sector, it will be more sensitive to conditions that affect the sector than a portfolio that is not focused on a particular sector. Such a focus may cause a negative effect on Company’s investments.
Valuation Risk. Many portfolio securities may not have a readily available market price and the Adviser, as the “valuation designee” will value these securities at fair value as determined in good faith under procedures approved by the board of directors (the “Board”), which valuation is inherently subjective and may not reflect what the Company may actually realize for the sale of the investment. The majority of the Company’s investments are expected to be in instruments that do not have readily ascertainable market prices. Investments which the Company holds for which market quotes are not readily available or are not considered reliable are valued at fair value according to procedures approved by the Board based on similar instruments, internal assumptions and the weighting of the available pricing inputs. Pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, the Board has designated the Adviser as the “valuation designee” with respect to the fair valuation of the Company’s portfolio securities, subject to oversight by and periodic reporting to the Board. Reliance upon Consultants. The Adviser may rely upon independent consultants in connection with its evaluation of proposed investments; however, no assurance can be given that these consultants will accurately evaluate such investments and we may incur liability as a result of such consultants’ actions. Credit Risks. Debt investments are subject to credit risk. Credit risk relates to the ability of the borrower to make interest and principal payments on the loan or security as they become due. If the borrower fails to pay interest, our income might be reduced. If the borrower fails to repay principal, the value of that security and the value of the Company might be reduced. Our investments in debt securities are subject to risks of default. We may invest in debt securities made in connection with leveraged buy-out transactions, recapitalizations (i.e., a type of a corporate restructuring that aims to change a company’s capital structure) and other highly leveraged transactions. While our investments in senior loans typically will be secured by collateral, we may have difficulty liquidating the collateral or enforcing our rights under the terms of the senior loans in the event of the borrower’s default. There is no guarantee that the collateral securing a senior loan will be sufficient to protect us against losses or a decline in income in the event of a borrower’s non-payment of interest or principal. In the event that a borrower declares bankruptcy, a court could invalidate our security interest in the loan collateral or subordinate our rights under the senior loan to other creditors of the borrower. Also, we may invest part of our assets in loans and other debt obligations that are not fully secured. Interest Rate Risk. In general, the value of a debt security changes as prevailing interest rates change. For fixed-rate debt securities, when prevailing interest rates fall, the values of outstanding debt securities generally rise. When interest rates rise, the values of outstanding debt securities generally fall, and they may sell at a discount from their face amount. Our debt investments generally have adjustable interest rates. For that reason, the Adviser expects that when interest rates change, the amount of interest we receive in respect of such debt investments will change in a corresponding manner. However, the interest rates of some debt investments adjust only periodically. Between the times that interest rates on debt investments adjust, the interest rates on those investments may not correlate to prevailing interest rates. In recent years the U.S. Federal Reserve Board (the “Fed”) increased interest rates from historically low levels in an effort to cause inflation levels to align with the Fed’s long-term inflation target, but the Fed has been lowering those rates and may continue to do so in the future. A wide variety of factors can cause interest rates to rise (e.g., central bank monetary policies, inflation rates, or general economic conditions). Reliance Upon Unaffiliated Co-Lender. In certain circumstances we may co-invest with an unaffiliated lender, who will sometimes be responsible for performing some of the legal due diligence on the borrower and for negotiating some of the terms of the loan agreement that establishes the terms and conditions of the debt investment and the rights of the borrower and the lenders. In such circumstances, although we will perform our own due diligence, we may rely in part on the quality of the due diligence performed by the co-lender and will be bound by the negotiated terms of the loan documentation. There can be no assurance that the unaffiliated co-lender will perform the same level of due diligence as we would perform or that the co-lender will negotiate terms that are consistent with the terms generally negotiated and obtained by us. If the unaffiliated co-lender is acting as collateral agent under the loan documentation and becomes insolvent, the assets securing the debt investment may be determined by a court or regulatory authority to be subject to the claims of the co-lender’s creditors. If that were to occur, we might incur delays and costs in realizing payment on the loan, or we might suffer a loss of principal and/or interest. Use of Investment Vehicles. In general, the risks associated with indirect investments in portfolio companies through a joint venture, partnership or other special purpose vehicle (each, an “Investment Vehicle”) are similar to those associated with a direct investment in a portfolio company. While we will analyze the credit and business of a potential portfolio company in determining whether or not to make an investment in an Investment Vehicle, we will nonetheless be exposed to the creditworthiness of the Investment Vehicle. In the event of a bankruptcy proceeding against the Investment Vehicle, the risks outlined below under “—Insolvency Considerations with Respect to Portfolio Companies” will be applicable with equal effect. Additionally, in the case of a bankruptcy proceeding against the portfolio company, the assets of the portfolio company may be used to satisfy its obligations prior to the satisfaction of our investment in the Investment Vehicle (i.e., our investment in the Investment Vehicle would be structurally subordinated to the other obligations of the portfolio company). Insolvency Considerations with Respect to Portfolio Companies. Various laws enacted for the protection of creditors may apply to our debt investments. A bankruptcy proceeding against a borrower could delay or limit our ability to collect the principal and interest payments on that borrower’s debt obligations. In a lawsuit brought by creditors of a borrower, a court or a trustee in bankruptcy could take certain actions that would be adverse to us. For example: • Other creditors might convince the court to set aside or subordinate a loan or the security interest in a loan as a “fraudulent conveyance,” a “preferential transfer” or for other equitable considerations. In that event, the court could recover from us the interest and principal payments that the borrower made before becoming insolvent. There can be no assurance that we would be able to prevent such recapture. • A bankruptcy court may restructure the payment obligations under debt securities so as to reduce the amount to which we would be entitled. • The court might discharge the amount of a loan we make that exceeds the value of the collateral securing the loan. The court could subordinate our rights to the rights of other creditors of the borrower under applicable law. • Although our senior secured position under a senior loan provides some assurance that we would be able to recover some of our investment in the event of a borrower’s default, the collateral might be insufficient to cover the borrower’s debts. A bankruptcy court might find that the collateral securing the senior loan is invalid or require the borrower to use the collateral to pay other outstanding obligations. If the collateral consists of stock of the borrower or its subsidiaries, the stock may lose all of its value in the event of a bankruptcy, which would leave us exposed to greater potential loss. • If a borrower defaults on a scheduled interest or principal payment on a debt obligation, we may experience a reduction of our income. In addition, the value of the debt investment would decline, which may, in turn, cause our value to decline. Lender Liability. In recent years, a number of judicial decisions in the United States have upheld the right of borrowers to sue lending institutions on the basis of various evolving legal theories (collectively termed “Lender Liability”). Generally, Lender Liability is founded upon the premise that an institutional lender has violated a duty (whether implied or contractual) of good faith and fair dealing owed to the borrower or has assumed a degree of control over the borrower resulting in the creation of a fiduciary duty owed to the borrower or its other creditors or shareholders. Lender Liability claims generally arise in bankruptcy, but can also arise under state law claims. Lender Liability often involves claims of misconduct where a lender (a) intentionally takes an action that exacerbates the insolvency of a borrower or issuer or that results in the undercapitalization of a borrower or issuer to the detriment of other creditors of such borrower or issuer, (b) engages in other inequitable conduct to the detriment of such other creditors, (c) engages in fraud with respect to, or makes misrepresentations to, such other creditors or (d) uses its influence as a shareholder to dominate or control a borrower or issuer to the detriment of other creditors of such borrower or issuer. We could be subject to allegations of Lender Liability because of the nature of certain of our investments. There is also a risk that where Lender Liability is alleged, a court may elect to subordinate the claim of the offending lender or bondholder to the claims of the disadvantaged creditor or creditors (a remedy called “Equitable Subordination”). We do not intend to engage in conduct that would give rise to a claim of Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination. However, as a BDC, we are obligated to offer managerial assistance to each of our portfolio companies. To the extent any of our portfolio companies elect to accept such offer to provide managerial assistance, that level of involvement with a portfolio company could strengthen a Lender Liability claim against us. Therefore, claims for Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination affecting our investments could arise as a result of any managerial assistance that we provide in order to fulfill our obligations as a BDC. Moreover, because of the nature of our investments, we may not always be the lead creditor, and security or other agents may act on behalf of the investors in a security owned by us. Therefore, claims for Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination affecting our investments could also arise without our direct managerial or other involvement. Special Risks of Highly Leveraged or other Risky Portfolio Companies. We can invest up to 100% of our total assets in debt and equity securities of portfolio companies that are highly leveraged and whose debt securities would be considered well below investment grade. We may also invest in obligations of portfolio companies in connection with a restructuring under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (i.e., a debtor in possession financing) if the obligations meet the credit standards of the Adviser. Debtor in possession financings are arranged when an entity seeks the protections of the bankruptcy court under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. These financings allow an entity to continue its business operations while reorganizing under Chapter 11. Such financings are senior liens on unencumbered security (i.e., security not subject to other creditor claims). These debt obligations tend to offer higher yields than investment grade securities to compensate investors for the higher risk, and are commonly referred to as “high risk securities” or, in the case of bonds, “junk bonds.” Similarly, we may also invest in obligations of portfolio companies in connection with rescue situation and Chapter 11 exit financings. Rescue situation financings may avoid a company’s need to resort to bankruptcy and provide the company with working capital it needs to continue uninterrupted operations. Chapter 11 exit financings allow a company to deleverage its balance sheet and to emerge from a Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Lending to highly leveraged or other risky borrowers is highly speculative. These investments may expose us to financial market risks, interest rate risks and credit risks that are significantly greater than the risks associated with other securities in which we may invest. An economic downturn or a period of rising interest rates, for example, could cause a decline in the prices of such securities. The prices of securities structured as zero-coupon or pay-in-kind securities may be more volatile than securities that pay interest periodically and in cash. In the event of a default by a portfolio company, we would experience a reduction of our income and could expect a decline in the fair value of the defaulted securities and may incur significant additional expenses to seek recovery. Risk of Bridge Financing. If we make or invest in a bridge loan or interim financing for a portfolio company that intends to refinance all or a portion of that loan, there is a risk that the borrower will be unable to complete such refinancing successfully. Such failure could lead to the portfolio company having to pay interest at increasing rates along with additional fees and expenses, the result of which may reduce the value of the portfolio company. Risk of Subordinated or Mezzanine Financing. Our investments in subordinated or mezzanine financing will generally be unsecured or, if secured, will be subordinated to the interests of the senior lender in the borrower’s capital structure. In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency involving the borrower where there are insufficient assets to satisfy the obligations of the borrower to its senior lender, there may be no assets available to meet its obligations to the holders of its subordinated or mezzanine debt, including the Company. Risks of Investing in Unitranche Loans. Unitranche loans provide leverage levels comparable to a combination of first lien and second lien or subordinated loans, and may rank junior to other debt instruments issued by the portfolio company.Unitranche loans generally allow the borrower to make a large lump sum payment of principal at the end of the loan term, and there is a heightened risk of loss if the borrower is unable to pay the lump sum or refinance the amount owed at maturity. From the perspective of a lender, in addition to making a single loan, a unitranche loan may allow the lender to choose to participate in the “first out” tranche, which will generally receive priority with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due, or to choose to participate only in the “last out” tranche, which is generally paid only after the first out tranche is paid. We may participate in “first out” and “last out” tranches of unitranche loans and make single unitranche loans. Non-U.S. Investment Risk. We may invest up to 30% of our gross assets in portfolio companies domiciled outside of the United States (assuming that the remaining 70% of our gross assets constitute “qualifying assets” (as defined in the 1940 Act and as described under “Part I Item 1. Business—Regulation as a Business Development Company—Qualifying Assets”)). Non-U.S. obligations have risks not typically involved in domestic investments. For example, non-U.S. obligations not denominated in U.S. dollars will cause our investment performance to vary based on changes in the applicable currency exchange rate. Moreover, even if we attempt to hedge the currency exchange risk, these hedges may be expensive and may not completely protect us in all circumstances. Non-U.S. investing can also result in higher transaction and operating costs for the Company. Non-U.S. issuers may not be subject to the same accounting and disclosure requirements that U.S. issuers are subject to. The value of non-U.S. investments may be affected by exchange control regulations, expropriation or nationalization of a company’s assets, non-U.S. taxes, delays in settlement of transactions, changes in governmental economic or monetary policies in the United States or abroad, or other political and economic factors. We may have greater difficulty taking appropriate legal actions in non-U.S. courts. Non-U.S. countries may impose withholding taxes on income paid on the debt securities of issuers in those countries. Risks of Using Derivative Instruments. We may use derivative financial instruments for hedging or managing the risks associated with the assets we hold. The risks posed by such instruments can be extremely complex and difficult to evaluate, including (i) risks relating to our counterparties in such a transaction; (ii) imperfect correlation between movements in the currency, interest rate or other reference on which the derivative is based and movements in the assets of the underlying portfolio; and (iii) reduced ability to meet short-term obligations because of the percentage of our assets segregated to cover derivative obligations. In addition, by hedging a particular position, any potential gain from an increase in value of such position may be limited. Under an applicable SEC rule, BDCs that use over a certain level of derivatives will be subject to a value-at-risk (“VaR”) leverage limit, a derivatives risk management program and testing requirements and requirements related to board reporting. These requirements will apply, unless a BDC qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined under the rule. Under the rule, a BDC may enter into an unfunded commitment agreement that is not a derivatives transaction, such as an agreement to provide financing to a portfolio company, if the BDC has, among other things, a reasonable belief, at the time it enters into such an agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to all of its unfunded commitment agreements, in each case as it becomes due. Collectively, these requirements may limit our ability to use derivatives and/or enter into certain other financial contracts. Need for Follow-On Investments. We may be called upon to provide follow-on funding or additional loans for, or have the opportunity to increase our investment in, our portfolio companies. There can be no assurance that we will be able to make or arrange for follow-on investments or loans or that we will have sufficient funds to do so. Any decision not to make follow-on investments or loans or the inability to make them may have a substantial negative impact on a portfolio company in need of funds or may diminish our proportionate ownership in such entity and thus our ability to influence the entity’s future conduct. The inability to make follow-on investments or loans may also impede, diminish or reduce the number of attractive investments made available to us. Inability to Take Advantage of Investment Opportunities with Affiliated Funds or Investors. The 1940 Act limits our ability to engage in transactions with affiliated funds and investors. For example, we are prohibited under the 1940 Act from participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of our Independent Directors and, in some cases, of the SEC. Any person that owns, directly or indirectly, five percent or more of our outstanding voting securities will be our affiliate for purposes of the 1940 Act, and we are generally prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to such affiliate, absent the prior approval of the Independent Directors. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain of our affiliates, which could include co-investments in the same portfolio company, without prior approval of the Independent Directors and, in some cases, of the SEC. Although the Company benefits from exemptive relief obtained from the SEC by the Adviser and other funds advised by the Adviser to engage in certain “joint” transactions, the relief is limited and subject to certain conditions. We are prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to any person who owns more than 25% of our voting securities or controls us (such as the Adviser) or certain of that person’s affiliates (such as other investment funds managed by the Adviser), or entering into prohibited joint transactions with such persons, absent the prior approval of the SEC. As a result of these restrictions, we may be prohibited from buying or selling any security (other than any security of which we are the issuer) from or to any portfolio company of a private equity fund managed by the Adviser or its affiliates without the prior approval of the SEC, which may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. In situations where we cannot co-invest with other investment funds managed by the Adviser due to the restrictions contained in the 1940 Act, the investment policies and procedures of the Adviser generally require that such opportunities be offered to us and such other investment funds on an alternating basis. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to participate in all investment opportunities identified by the Adviser that are suitable for us. Effect of BDC and RIC Rules on Investment Strategy. Our having to comply with the various rules necessary to remain qualified as a BDC and a RIC could adversely impact the implementation of our investment strategy and thus reduce returns to investors. For example, the diversification requirements imposed by the RIC rules could, in certain situations, preclude us from making certain investments. Prepayment Risk. The value of our assets may be affected by prepayment rates on loans. Prepayment rates are influenced by changes in interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic and other factors beyond our control. Therefore, the frequency at which prepayments (including voluntary prepayments by borrowers and liquidations due to defaults and insolvency) occur in respect of our portfolio investments can adversely impact us and prepayment rates cannot be predicted with certainty, making it impossible to insulate ourselves from prepayment or other such risks. Early prepayments give rise to increased reinvestment risk, including, for example, when the prevailing level of interest rates falls, we may be unable to reinvest cash in a new portfolio investment with an expected rate of return at least equal to that of the portfolio investment prepaid. Allocation of Expenses. To the extent that any fees and expenses were incurred on our behalf and any Other Clients (as defined below), the Company and such Other Clients will generally bear an allocable portion of any such fees and expenses on a pro rata basis (as determined by the Adviser) in proportion to the Company’s and such Other Clients’ respective percentage interests in the portfolio investment to which such fees and expenses relate (subject to our and such Other Clients’ offering and/or governing documents), or in such other manner as the Adviser considers fair and equitable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser may in its sole discretion structure a co-investment opportunity, provided co-investment relief is granted, such that the proposed participants in such co-investment opportunity do not bear any Broken Deal Expenses (as defined below), with the result that we will bear all such Broken Deal Expenses; provided, if so structured, that such participants will not be entitled to receive any break-up or similar fee income, if any, that may be earned with respect to such transaction. In most cases, we expect that proposed participants in co-investments will not bear Broken Deal Expenses (such as legal fees, reverse termination fees, extraordinary expenses such as litigation costs and judgments and other expenses), with the result that only we will bear all such Broken Deal Expenses. To the extent the context permits or otherwise requires, Other Clients refers to clients, investment funds, client accounts and proprietary accounts advised or managed by the Adviser or their respective affiliates, and in which we will not have an interest (“Other Clients”). Broken Deal Expenses refer to fees and expenses for investment and/or divestment transactions not completed by us, including amounts payable to or by third parties, and all fees and expenses of any legal, financial, accounting, advisory, consulting or other advisors or lenders, investment banks and other financing sources in connection with arranging financing for transactions that are not consummated and any deposits or down payments that are forfeited in connection with, or amounts paid as a penalty for, unconsummated transactions (“Broken Deal Expenses”). Reliance on the Adviser and their Professionals. The Adviser will have discretion over approving an investment of our assets. Our success will depend in large part upon the skill and expertise of the Adviser and their respective professionals. There is ever increasing competition among alternative asset firms, financial institutions, private equity firms, investment managers and other industry participants for hiring and retaining qualified investment professionals, and there can be no assurance that such professionals will continue to be associated with the Adviser or their respective affiliates. The loss of the services of one or more of such persons could have a material adverse impact on our ability to realize our investment objectives. Moreover, although we expect to have access to all of the appropriate resources, relationships and expertise of the Adviser, there can be no assurance that such resources, relationships and expertise will be available for every transaction. In addition, investment professionals and committee members may be replaced or added at any time. In addition, members of the investment team will work on other projects for the TCW Group, as applicable. The professionals involved with us are not dedicated exclusively to us and will have other responsibilities for the TCW Group, as applicable. Conflicts of interest may arise in allocating management time, services or functions, and the ability of us and our investment team to access other professionals. Equity Securities Risks. Equity securities may include common stock, preferred stock or other securities representing an ownership interest or the right to acquire an ownership interest in an issuer. Equity risk is the risk that stocks and other equity securities generally fluctuate in value more than debt securities and may decline in value over short or extended periods. The value of stocks and other equity securities may be affected by changes in an issuer’s financial condition, factors that affect a particular industry or industries, such as labor shortages or an increase in production costs and competitive conditions within an industry, or .as a result of changes in overall market, economic and political conditions that are not specifically related to a company or industry, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or generally adverse investor sentiment.
Other Affiliate Transactions and Investments in Different Levels of Capital Structure. From time to time, the Company and Other Clients may make investments at different levels of an issuer’s capital structure or otherwise in different classes of an issuer’s securities, subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act. Such investments may inherently give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of securities that may be held by such entities. To the extent we hold securities that are different (including with respect to their relative seniority) than those held by an Other Client, the Adviser and its affiliates may be presented with decisions when our interests are in conflict, particularly if the Company and Other Clients hold significant or controlling interests in competing or different tranches of a portfolio company’s capital structure. For example, conflicts could arise where we lend funds to a portfolio company while an Other Client invests in equity securities of such portfolio company. In this circumstance, for example, if such portfolio company goes into bankruptcy, becomes insolvent or is otherwise unable to meet its payment obligations or comply with its debt covenants, conflicts of interest could arise between the holders of different types of securities as to what actions the portfolio company should take. In addition, purchases or sales of securities for our account (particularly marketable securities) will be bunched or aggregated with orders for Other Clients, including other funds. It is frequently not possible to receive the same price or execution on the entire volume of securities sold, and the various prices may be averaged, which may be disadvantageous to us. Further conflicts could arise after the Company and Other Clients have made their respective initial investments. For example, if additional financing is necessary as a result of financial or other difficulties, it may not be in our best interests to provide such additional financing. If the other affiliates were to lose their respective investments as a result of such difficulties, the ability of the Adviser to recommend actions in our best interests might be impaired. TCW may in its discretion take steps to reduce the potential for adversity between us and the Other Clients, including causing us and/or such Other Clients to take certain actions that, in the absence of such conflict, we would not take. In addition, there may be circumstances where TCW agrees to implement certain procedures to ameliorate conflicts of interest that may involve a forbearance of rights relating to us or Other Clients, such as where TCW may cause Other Clients to decline to exercise certain control- and/or foreclosure-related rights with respect to a portfolio investment. There can be no assurance that the return on our investment will be equivalent to or better than the returns obtained by Other Clients participating in the transaction. In addition, it is possible that in a bankruptcy proceeding, our interests will be subordinated or otherwise adversely affected by virtue of an Other Client’s or other vehicle’s involvement and actions relating to its investment. For example, in circumstances where we hold a junior mezzanine interest in a portfolio company, holders of more senior classes of debt issued by such portfolio company (which can include Other Clients) could take actions for their benefit (particularly in circumstances where such portfolio company faces financial difficulties or distress) that further subordinate or adversely impact the value of our investment in such portfolio company.
Further, parties with material relationships with us (including, but not limited to, (i) Other Clients (including portfolio companies thereof and lenders thereto), (ii) co-investors, (iii) TCW (including equity holders thereof and lenders thereto), and (iv) our investors could provide additional financing to our portfolio companies, subject to the restrictions of the 1940 Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. TCW could have incentives to cause us and / or our portfolio companies to accept less favorable financing terms from such parties as compared to third party providers. If the Company occupies a different, and in particular, more senior position in the capital structure than such parties, TCW could influence us or the portfolio company to offer financing terms that are more favorable to such parties. In the case of a related party financing between us or our portfolio companies, on the one hand, and TCW or Other Clients’ portfolio companies, on the other hand, subject to our governing documents, the Adviser could, but are not obligated to, rely on a third party agent to confirm the terms offered by the counterparty are consistent with market terms, or the Adviser could instead rely on their own internal analysis, which the Adviser believe is often superior to third party analysis given TCW’s scale in the market.
If, however, any of TCW, the Company, an Other Client or any of their portfolio companies delegates to a third party, such as another member of a financing syndicate or a joint venture partner, the negotiation of the terms of the financing, the transaction will be assumed to be conducted on an arms-length basis, even though the participation of the TCW-related vehicle impacts the market terms. For example, in the case of a loan extended to us or a portfolio company by a financing syndicate in which an Other Client has agreed to participate on terms negotiated by a third-party participant in the syndicate, it might have been necessary to offer better terms to the financing provider to fully subscribe the syndicate if the Other Client had not participated. It is also possible that the frequent participation of Other Clients in such syndicates could dampen interest among other potential financing providers, thereby lowering demand to participate in the syndicate and increasing the financing costs to us. The Adviser does not believe either of these effects is significant, but no assurance can be given to investors that these effects will not be significant in any circumstance.
Limitations on Co-Investments with Affiliates. The 1940 Act may limit our ability to engage in certain transactions with affiliates. As a result, we may be prohibited from co-investing with such affiliates in investments where terms of such investments other than price and amount of securities (such as financial and negative covenants, guarantees, or indemnification provisions) are negotiated, unless in reliance on the SEC co-investment exemptive relief that the Adviser has obtained. These restrictions may limit our access to certain investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. Debt Financings in Connection with Acquisitions and Dispositions. We may from time to time provide financing (i) as part of a third-party purchaser’s bid for, or acquisition of, a portfolio entity or the underlying assets thereof owned by one or more Other Clients and/or (ii) in connection with a proposed acquisition or investment by one or more Other Clients or affiliates of a portfolio investment and/or its underlying assets. This generally would include the circumstance where we are making commitments to provide financing at or prior to the time such third-party purchaser commits to purchase such investments or assets from one or more Other Clients. We may also make portfolio investments and provide debt financing with respect to portfolio investments in which Other Clients and/or affiliates hold or propose to acquire an interest. While the terms and conditions of any such arrangements will generally be at arm’s-length terms negotiated on a case-by-case basis, the involvement of the Company and/or such Other Clients or affiliates may affect the terms of such transactions or arrangements and/or may otherwise influence the Adviser’s decisions with respect to the management of the Company and/or such Other Clients or the relevant portfolio investment, which may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest and which could adversely impact us. Subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act and our governing documents, we may invest in loans or other securities, the proceeds of which may refinance or otherwise repay debt or securities of companies whose debt is owned by TCW or other TCW funds. We may from time to time dispose of all or a portion of a portfolio investment where the Adviser or one or more Other Clients is providing financing to repay debt issued to us. Such involvement may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest. Co-Investment Syndication. The Company may initially consummate a portfolio investment intended as a co-investment as described herein and, later, syndicate such co-investment to certain persons. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in syndicating any such co-investment, in whole or in part, that the closing of such co-investment will be consummated in a timely manner, that any syndication will take place on terms and conditions that will be preferable for the Company or that expenses incurred by the Company with respect to any such syndication will not be substantial. In the event that the Company is not successful in syndicating any such co-investment, in whole or in part, it may consequently hold a greater concentration and have more exposure in the related investment than initially was intended, which could make the Company more susceptible to fluctuations in value resulting from adverse economic and/or business conditions with respect thereto. Moreover, an investment by the Company that is not syndicated to co-investors as originally anticipated could reduce the Company’s overall investment returns. Risks Associated with Delayed-Draw Facilities. We may make investments that require multiple fundings over time or are structured as “revolvers” or “delayed-draws.” These types of investments generally have funding obligations that extend over a period of time and that may extend beyond the investment period. In such circumstances, we may be required to reserve remaining capital commitments for future funding obligations and may be required to fund such obligations after the termination of the investment period. However, there can be no assurance that the reserved funds will ultimately be utilized for portfolio investments, which may result in us not fully deploying our committed capital. Moreover, borrowers with deteriorating creditworthiness may continue to satisfy their contractual conditions and therefore be eligible to draw unfunded amounts at times when we might prefer not to advance such amounts. In addition, the Adviser may have assumptions as to when a company with which we transact may draw on unfunded amounts when we enter into the commitment. If the borrower does not draw as expected, the commitment may not prove as attractive an investment as originally anticipated. Furthermore, any failure to advance requested funds to a borrower with which we transact could result in possible assertions of offsets against amounts previously funded. Risks of Middle Market Loans. Borrowers under loans originated by us or in which we may invest may include privately owned small and mid-sized companies, which present a greater risk of loss than loans to larger companies. Compared to larger, publicly owned firms, these companies generally have more limited access to capital and higher funding costs, may be in a weaker financial position, and may need more capital to expand or compete. These financial challenges may make it difficult for our borrowers to make scheduled payments of interest or principal on our loans. Accordingly, advances made to these types of borrowers entail higher risks than advances made to companies that are able to access traditional credit sources. Risks of PIK and OID Instruments. A portfolio investment may have a contractual return that is not paid entirely in cash, but rather features a PIK element paid partially or wholly in-kind or as an accreting liquidation preference, in which case we will be forgoing a cash margin for an accrued interest amount rolled throughout the life of the loan. This may have the effect of lengthening the time before cash is received and increasing our risk exposure. While the Adviser seeks to achieve our targeted returns for any given portfolio investment, other factors, such as overall economic conditions, the competitive environment and the availability of potential purchasers of the securities, may shorten or lengthen our holding period, and some portfolio investments may take several additional years from the initial investment date to achieve a realization. In some cases, we may be prohibited by contract from selling certain securities for a period of time. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio positions quickly, then we may realize significantly less than the value at which we previously recorded those portfolio investments. The interest payments deferred on a PIK loan are subject to the risk that the borrower may default when the deferred payments are due in cash at the maturity of the loan. The interest rates on PIK loans are higher to reflect the time-value of money on deferred interest payments and the higher credit risk of borrowers who may need to defer interest payments. Market prices of Original Issue Discount “OID” instruments are more volatile because they are affected to a greater extent by interest rate changes than instruments that pay interest periodically in cash. PIK instruments may have unreliable valuations because the accruals require judgments about ultimate collectability of the deferred payments and the value of the associated collateral. Use of PIK and OID securities may provide certain benefits to the Adviser, including increasing management fees and incentive compensation. The historical investment philosophy, strategy and approach of the Private Credit Group has not involved the use of PIK interest, which represents contractual interest accrued and added to the loan balance that generally becomes due at maturity, or similar arrangements. Although we do not currently expect the Private Credit Group to originate investments for us with PIK interest features, from time to time we may make investments that contain such features or that subsequently incorporate such features after origination. To the extent original issue discount and PIK interest income constitute a portion of our income, we will be exposed to risks associated with the deferred receipt of the cash representing such income. Risks Related to Warehousing Transactions. We may enter into one or more warehousing transactions. We may not be able to consummate or realize the anticipated benefits from any such warehousing transaction. Under certain warehousing transactions, we may agree to purchase assets from a warehouse provider at prices based on cost plus adjustments designed to give such warehousing provider the economic benefits of accrued but unpaid interest and structuring fees and original issue discount, while such warehouse provider holds the assets. As a result, we generally will not receive any benefit of holding the investments in a warehouse until we have acquired such assets from such warehouse provider, and certain benefits of the acquisition of the assets (such as discounted purchase prices resulting from structuring fees or original issue discount), may have deteriorated by the time we acquire the assets. Purchases of assets from a warehouse provider will be at prices determined under the warehousing transaction which may differ from the assets’ market prices at the time of such purchase. As a result, we may pay more or less than the current market value of such assets when we acquire them. Certain warehousing agreements may also provide us with options to purchase certain assets at fair market value at the time of purchase, although a warehouse provider could retain the option to reject any purchase offers from us and retain such assets. Risks may arise in connection with the rules under ERISA related to investment by ERISA Plans. We will use reasonable efforts to conduct our affairs so that our assets will not be deemed to be “plan assets” for purposes of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”). In this regard, we may be operated as an annual “venture capital operating company,” under the ERISA rules (a “VCOC”) in order to avoid our assets being treated as “plan assets” for purposes of ERISA. If we decide to qualify as a VCOC, then we must obtain the right to substantially participate directly in or to influence the management of at least one-half of our investments, measured by cost, and must actually exercise such rights each year with respect to at least one such operating company. Accordingly, there may be constraints on our ability to make or dispose of investments at optimal times (or to make certain investments at all). |
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| RISKS RELATED TO UNITHOLDERS | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | RISKS RELATED TO UNITHOLDERS Effect of Varying Terms of Classes of Units. Although we have no current intention to do so, pursuant to the LLC Agreement, we may issue Preferred Units. If we issue Preferred Units, there can be no assurance that such issuance would result in a higher yield or return to the holders of the Units. The issuance of Preferred Units would likely cause the net asset value of the Units to become more volatile. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Units were to approach the net rate of return on our investment portfolio, the benefit of leverage to the holders of the Units would be reduced. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Units were to exceed the net rate of return on our portfolio, the leverage would result in a lower rate of return to the holders of the Units than if we had not issued Preferred Units. Any decline in the net asset value of our investments would be borne entirely by the holders of the Units. Therefore, if the fair value of our portfolio were to decline, the leverage would result in a greater decrease in net asset value to the holders of the Units than if we were not leveraged through the issuance of Preferred Units. Rights of Preferred Unitholders. Holders of any Preferred Units that we might issue would have the right, voting separately as a single class, to elect two members of the board at all times. In addition, if dividends for Preferred Units become two full years in arrears, the holders of those Preferred Units would have the right to elect a majority of the board until such arrearage is completely eliminated. Restrictions imposed on the declarations and payment of dividends or other distributions to the holders of the Units and Preferred Units, both by the 1940 Act and by the terms of our debt financings (if any), might impair our ability to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes. While we would intend to redeem the Preferred Units to the extent necessary to enable us to distribute our income as required to qualify as a RIC, there can be no assurance that such actions could be effected in time to meet the tax requirements. Retention of Proceeds. Subject to the requirements of Section 852(a) of Subchapter M of the Code and the terms of any indebtedness or Preferred Units, during the Commitment Period, we may retain, in whole or in part, any proceeds attributable to portfolio investments. Any retained proceeds that represent net investment income will be treated as a deemed distribution by us to the Unitholders and a deemed re-contribution by the Unitholders to us, and the aggregate Undrawn Commitments of all Unitholders will be reduced accordingly. We may use the amounts so retained to make investments, pay our fees and expenses, repay our borrowings, or fund reasonable reserves for our future expenses or other obligations (including obligations to make indemnification advances and payments); provided, however, that, after the expiration of the Commitment Period, no part of such retained amounts will be used to make any investment for which we would not be permitted to draw down Commitments. We will treat any retained proceeds that represent net investment income as a deemed distribution to Unitholders and a deemed re-contribution by the Unitholders, and the aggregate Undrawn Commitments of all Unitholders will be reduced accordingly. For the avoidance of doubt, even if the Undrawn Commitment of the Units becomes zero, we may continue to retain proceeds that represent net investment income as described above for the purpose of paying our operating costs (including expenses, the Management Fee, the Incentive Fee, payments to the Administrator and any indemnification obligations) and debt service of any borrowings we have made. Consequences of Failure to Pay Commitment in Full. If a Unitholder fails to pay any installment of its Commitment, there is no guarantee that we will recover the full amount of the defaulted Commitment, and such defaulting Unitholder may lose all or a portion of its economic interest in us. No Registration; Limited Transferability of Units. The Units are being offered without registration under the Securities Act or any other laws of applicable jurisdictions. All dispositions and transfers of the Units shall be made pursuant to an effective registration statement or in accordance with an exemption from registration contained in the Securities Act. Unitholders will not be permitted to transfer their Units unless (i) we and, if required by our lending arrangements, our lenders give consent and (ii) the Transfer is made in accordance with applicable securities laws. Furthermore, the transferability of the Units may be subject to certain restrictions contained in the Subscription Agreement and the LLC Agreement and may be affected by restrictions on resale imposed under U.S. federal, U.S. state or another jurisdiction’s securities laws. A public market does not currently exist for the Units and one is not expected to develop. Withdrawal from an investment in the Units will not generally be permitted. In light of the restrictions imposed on any such transfer and in light of the limitations imposed on a Unitholder’s ability to withdraw all or part of its investment in Units, an investment in the Units should be viewed as illiquid and subject to high risk. Our Units are illiquid investments for which there is not a secondary market nor is it expected that any such secondary market will develop in the future. We also do not intend to list our Units on a national securities exchange. Our Units are not registered under the 1933 Act, or any state securities law and will be restricted as to transfer by law and the terms of our LLC Agreement and Subscription Agreement. Unitholders generally may not sell, assign or transfer their Units without the prior written consent of the Adviser, which the Adviser may grant or withhold in its sole discretion. Except in limited circumstances for legal or regulatory purposes, Unitholders are not entitled to redeem their Units. Unitholders must be prepared to bear the economic risk of an investment in us for an indefinite period of time. Withholding Risk for Foreign Investors. U.S. withholding tax rules require 30% withholding on distributions to Non-U.S. Holders unless there is certainty that such distributions are not subject to such withholding. The Company may make distributions at times of the year when there is uncertainty as to whether the amounts distributed are subject to such withholding. Accordingly, such distributions to Non-U.S. Holders may be subject to overwithholding by the Company (or its withholding agent) and Non-U.S. Holders may be required to file a return with the Internal Revenue Service in order to receive a refund of such overwithheld amounts. Non-U.S. Holders should see the discussion under the heading “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders.” Tax Risks. Tax consequences to Unitholders from an investment in the Units are complex. Potential Unitholders are strongly urged to review the discussion in “Part I Item 1. Description of Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.” |
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| GENERAL RISK FACTORS | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | GENERAL RISK FACTORS Political, Social and Economic Uncertainty Risk. Social, political, economic and other conditions and events (such as natural disasters, epidemics and pandemics, terrorism, conflicts and social unrest) will occur that create uncertainty and have significant impacts on issuers, industries, governments and other systems, including the financial markets, to which companies and their investments are exposed. As global systems, economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, events that once had only local impact are now more likely to have regional or even global effects. Events that occur in one country, region or financial market will, more frequently, adversely impact issuers in other countries, regions or markets, including in established markets such as the U.S. These impacts can be exacerbated by failures of governments and societies to adequately respond to an emerging event or threat. Uncertainty can result in or coincide with, among other things: increased volatility in the financial markets for securities, derivatives, loans, credit and currency; a decrease in the reliability of market prices and difficulty in valuing assets (including portfolio company assets); greater fluctuations in spreads on debt investments and currency exchange rates; increased risk of default (by both government and private obligors and issuers); further social, economic, and political instability; nationalization of private enterprise; greater governmental involvement in the economy or in social factors that impact the economy; changes to governmental regulation and supervision of the loan, securities, derivatives and currency markets and market participants and decreased or revised monitoring of such markets by governments or self-regulatory organizations and reduced enforcement of regulations; limitations on the activities of investors in such markets; controls or restrictions on foreign investment, capital controls and limitations on repatriation of invested capital; the significant loss of liquidity and the inability to purchase, sell and otherwise fund investments or settle transactions (including, but not limited to, a market freeze); unavailability of currency hedging techniques; substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation, which can last many years and have substantial negative effects on credit and securities markets as well as the economy as a whole; recessions; and difficulties in obtaining and/or enforcing legal judgments. We will also be negatively affected if the operations and effectiveness of us or a portfolio company (or any of the key personnel or service providers of the foregoing) is compromised or if necessary or beneficial systems and processes are disrupted. Changes to U.S. Tariff and Import/Export Regulations. There have been significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties and tariffs, resulting in significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and other countries with respect to trade policies, treaties and tariffs. These developments have had a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United States. Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our portfolio companies’ access to suppliers or customers and have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations, which in turn would negatively impact us. Changes in Applicable Law. We must comply with various legal requirements, including requirements imposed by United States and non-U.S. anti-money laundering laws, securities laws, commodities laws, tax laws and pension laws. Should any of those laws change over the life of the Company, the legal requirements to which we and the Adviser may be subject could differ materially from current requirements. In addition, if a Unitholder fails to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and similar laws, the Company may mandatorily repurchase such Unitholder’s Units. Terrorist Action. There is a risk of terrorist attacks on the United States and elsewhere causing significant loss of life and property damage and disruptions in global markets. Economic and diplomatic sanctions may be in place or imposed on certain states and military action may be commenced. The impact of such events is unclear, but could have a material effect on general economic conditions and market liquidity. Operational Risk. We depend on TCW to develop the appropriate systems and procedures to control operational risk. Operational risks arising from mistakes made in the closing, confirmation or settlement of transactions, from transactions not being properly booked, evaluated, accounted for or managed or other similar disruption in our operations may cause us to suffer financial losses, disruption of our business, liability to third parties, regulatory intervention or damage to our reputation. Our business is highly dependent on our ability to process a large number of transactions across numerous and diverse markets. Consequently, we rely heavily on our financial, accounting, asset management and other data processing systems. The ability of our systems to accommodate an increasing volume of transactions could also constrain our ability to properly manage our portfolio. Generally, none of the Adviser or TCW will be liable to us for losses incurred due to the occurrence of any such errors. Dependence on Information Systems and Systems Failures. Our business is highly dependent on the communications and information systems of the Adviser, its affiliates and third parties. Further, in the ordinary course of our business we or the Adviser may engage certain third party service providers to provide us with services necessary for our business. Any failure or interruption of those systems or services, including as a result of the termination or suspension of an agreement with any third party service providers, could cause delays or other problems in our activities. Our financial, accounting, data processing, backup or other operating systems and facilities may fail to operate properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors including events that are wholly or partially beyond our control and adversely affect our business. There could be: • sudden electrical or telecommunications outages; • natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes; • disease pandemics or other serious public health events, such as the recent global outbreak of COVID-19; • events arising from local or larger scale political or social matters, including terrorist acts; and • cyber-attacks. These events, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Cybersecurity Risks and Cyber Incidents. Our business depends on the communications and information systems of our Adviser and its affiliates, our portfolio companies and third-party service providers. These systems are subject to potential cybersecurity attacks and incidents, including through adverse events that threaten the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our information resources. Cyber hacking could also cause significant disruption and harm to the companies in which we invest. The U.S. government has issued warnings that certain essential assets, specifically those related to energy and infrastructure, including exploration and production facilities, pipelines and transmission and distribution facilities, might be specific targets of terrorist activity. Additionally, digital and network technologies (collectively, “cyber networks”) might be at risk of cyberattacks that could potentially seek unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes such as misappropriating sensitive information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption. Cyberattacks might potentially be carried out by persons using techniques that could range from efforts to electronically circumvent network security or overwhelm websites to intelligence gathering and social engineering functions aimed at obtaining information necessary to gain access. These attacks could involve gaining unauthorized access to our information systems for purposes of misappropriating assets, stealing confidential information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption and result in disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, litigation and damage to our business relationships, any of which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our operating results and negatively affect the value of our securities and our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our information systems, both internal and those provided by the Adviser and third-party service providers. In addition, we and the Adviser currently or in the future are expected to routinely transmit and receive confidential and proprietary information by email and other electronic means. We and the Adviser may not be able to ensure secure capabilities with all of our clients, vendors, service providers, counterparties and other third parties to protect the confidentiality of the information. In addition, we, the Adviser and many of our third-party service providers currently have work from home policies. Such a policy of remote working could strain our technology resources and introduce operational risks, including heightened cybersecurity risks and other risks described above. Remote working environments may be less secure and more susceptible to hacking attacks, including phishing and social engineering attempts. There is no assurance that any efforts to mitigate cybersecurity risks undertaken by us or our Adviser will be effective. Network, system, application and data breaches as a result of cybersecurity risks or cyber incidents could result in operational disruptions or information misappropriation that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition of us and of our portfolio companies. Cybersecurity Breaches and Identity Theft. Cybersecurity incidents and cyber-attacks have been occurring globally at more frequent and severe levels and are expected to continue to increase in frequency in the future. The information and technology systems of the Company, its portfolio investments and their service providers may be vulnerable to damage or interruption, including, without limitation, from computer viruses and other malicious code, network failures, computer and telecommunication failures, infiltration by unauthorized persons and security breaches, usage errors or malfeasance by their respective professionals or service providers, power, communications or other service outages and catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes or terrorist incidents. If unauthorized parties gain access to such information and technology systems, or if personnel abuse or misuse their access privileges, they may be able to steal, publish, delete or modify private and sensitive information. Although the Adviser has implemented, and portfolio investments and service providers may implement, various measures to manage risks relating to these types of events, such measures may be inadequate and, if compromised, information and technology systems could become inoperable for extended periods of time, cease to function properly or fail to adequately secure private information. Even with sophisticated prevention and detection systems, breaches such as those involving covertly introduced malware, impersonation of authorized users and industrial or other espionage may not be identified in a timely manner or at all, potentially resulting in further harm and precluding appropriate remediation. TCW, the Company, Other Clients and/or any portfolio investment may have to make significant investments to fix or replace information and technology systems. The failure of these systems and/or of disaster recovery plans for any reason could cause significant interruptions in the operations of TCW, the Company, any portfolio investment, and/or their service providers and result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to Unitholders (and their beneficial owners) and the intellectual property and trade secrets of TCW, the Company, and/or portfolio investments. Such a failure could harm the reputation of TCW, the Company and/or a portfolio investment, subject any such entity and their respective affiliates to legal claims and adverse publicity, and otherwise affect their business and financial performance. When such issues are present with regard to the issuer of securities in which the Company invests, the Company’s portfolio investment in those securities may lose value. In addition, the SEC has adopted changes to Regulation S-P, which requires, among other things, that registered investment advisers notify affected individuals of a breach involving their personal information when there has been an incident that rises to the level of being a reportable breach. In general, these laws and regulations introduce many new obligations on us, TCW and its affiliates and service providers and create new rights for parties who have given any of us their personal information, such as investors and others. Risks Associated with Artificial Intelligence. Recent technological advances in artificial intelligence, including machine learning technology (“Machine Learning Technology”), pose risks to us and our portfolio companies. We and our portfolio companies could be exposed to the risks of Machine Learning Technology if third-party service providers or any counterparties use Machine Learning Technology in their business activities. We and the Adviser are not in a position to control the use of Machine Learning Technology in third-party products or services. Use of Machine Learning Technology could include the input of confidential information in contravention of applicable policies, contractual or other obligations or restrictions, resulting in such confidential information becoming partly accessible by other third-party Machine Learning Technology applications and users. Machine Learning Technology and its applications continue to develop rapidly, and we cannot predict the risks that may arise from such developments. Machine Learning Technology is generally highly reliant on the collection and analysis of large amounts of data, and it is not possible or practicable to incorporate all relevant data into the model that Machine Learning Technology utilizes to operate. Certain data in such models will inevitably contain a degree of inaccuracy and error and could otherwise be inadequate or flawed, which would be likely to degrade the effectiveness of Machine Learning Technology. To the extent we or our portfolio companies are exposed to the risks of Machine Learning Technology use, any such inaccuracies or errors could adversely impact us or our portfolio companies. |
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| Market And Geopolitical Events | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Market and geopolitical events could materially and adversely affect certain of our portfolio companies, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Our business and operations, as well as the business and operations of our portfolio companies, may be materially adversely affected by inflation (or expectations for inflation), trade tensions, tariffs, interest rates, global demand for particular products or resources, natural disasters, climate change and climate-related events, pandemics, epidemics, terrorism, regulatory events and governmental or quasi-governmental actions. The occurrence of global events similar to those in recent years, such as terrorist attacks around the world, natural disasters, social and political discord or debt crises and downgrades, among others, may result in market volatility and may have long term effects on both the U.S. and global financial markets. It is difficult to predict when similar events affecting the U.S. or global financial markets may occur, the effects that such events may have and the duration of those effects. Any such event(s) could have a significant adverse impact on our business and operations, and on the business and operations of our portfolio companies. |
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| Disruption and Instability in Capital Markets | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Disruption and Instability in Capital Markets. The U.S. and global capital markets experienced extreme volatility and disruption in the past, leading to recessionary conditions and depressed levels of consumer and commercial spending. For instance, failures in the banking sector have caused significant disruption and volatility in U.S. and global markets. Disruptions in the capital markets increased the spread between the yields realized on risk-free and higher risk securities, resulting in illiquidity in parts of the capital markets. We cannot assure you that these conditions will not reoccur which could lead to a period of market illiquidity which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events could limit our investment originations, limit our ability to grow and negatively impact our operating results. In addition, to the extent that recessionary conditions return, the financial results of small to mid-sized companies, like those in which we invest, will likely experience deterioration, which could ultimately lead to difficulty in meeting debt service requirements and an increase in defaults. Additionally, the end markets for certain of our portfolio companies’ products and services have experienced, and continue to experience, negative economic trends. The performances of certain of our portfolio companies have been, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by these economic or other conditions, which may ultimately result in: • our receipt of a reduced level of interest income from our portfolio companies; • decreases in the value of collateral securing some of our loans and the value of our equity investments; and • ultimately, losses or change-offs related to our investments. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the resulting responses by the U.S. and other countries, and the potential for wider conflict, have increased and may continue to increase volatility and uncertainty in financial markets worldwide. The U.S. and other countries have imposed broad-ranging economic sanctions on Russia and Russian entities and individuals, and may impose additional sanctions, including on other countries that provide military or economic support to Russia. In addition, recent and ongoing conflicts in the Middle East could potentially cause significant disruptions to all or part of the global financial system, international trade, and the transportation and energy sectors, among other disruptions. Developing and further governmental actions (sanctions-related, military or otherwise) with respect to either or both the Russia-Ukraine conflict or the conflicts in the Middle East may cause additional disruption and constrain or alter existing financial, legal and regulatory frameworks in ways that are adverse to our investment strategy, all of which could adversely affect our ability to fulfill our investment objectives. Furthermore, the political reunification of China and Taiwan, over which China continues to claim sovereignty, is a highly complex issue that has included threats of invasion by China. Political or economic disturbances (including an attempted unification of Taiwan by force), any economic sanctions implemented in response, and any escalation of hostility between China and Taiwan would likely have a significant adverse impact on economies, markets and individual securities globally. In addition, the occurrence of events such as the recent escalations between the U.S. and Venezuela and the resulting measures that have been taken, and could be taken in the future, may result in market volatility, may have long term effects on the U.S. and worldwide financial markets and may cause further economic uncertainties in the U.S. and worldwide. Historical Performance. The investment philosophy and techniques used by the Adviser to manage a BDC may differ from the investment philosophy and techniques it previously employed in identifying and managing past investments. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Adviser will replicate the historical performance of other investment funds with which it has been affiliated. As a result, our investment returns could be substantially lower than the returns achieved by such other investment funds. |
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| Historical Performance | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Historical Performance. The investment philosophy and techniques used by the Adviser to manage a BDC may differ from the investment philosophy and techniques it previously employed in identifying and managing past investments. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Adviser will replicate the historical performance of other investment funds with which it has been affiliated. As a result, our investment returns could be substantially lower than the returns achieved by such other investment funds. |
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| Lack of Operating History | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Lack of Operating History. We did not commence investment operations until the Initial Closing Date and have limited performance history. Past performance, including the past performance of the prior Direct Lending Funds or other investment entities and accounts managed by the Adviser, is not necessarily indicative of our future results. |
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| Dependence on Key Personnel and Other Management | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Dependence on Key Personnel and Other Management. Unitholders have no right or power to participate in the management of the Company and may not receive detailed financial information regarding investments that is available to the Adviser. An investor in the Company must rely upon the ability of the Adviser (including the Private Credit Group and other investment professionals of the Adviser) to identify, structure and implement investments consistent with our investment objectives and policies. Accordingly, our success is dependent on the Adviser’s ability to retain and motivate highly qualified professionals. The loss of services of Mr. Richard Miller, Ms. Suzanne Grosso, Mr. Mark Gertzof and Mr. David Wang during the Commitment Period could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our future success also depends on the Adviser’s ability to identify, hire, train and retain other highly qualified and experienced investment and management professionals. Competition for such professionals is significant, and there can be no assurance that the Adviser will be able to attract or retain other highly qualified professionals in the future. The inability of the Adviser to attract and retain such professionals could have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition or results of operations. The Advisory Agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances. The termination of the Advisory Agreement may adversely affect the quality of our investment opportunities. Furthermore, if the Advisory Agreement is terminated, it may be challenging for the Adviser to be replaced. |
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| Economic Interest of the Adviser | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Economic Interest of the Adviser. Because the Adviser will be compensated in part on a basis tied to our performance, the Adviser may have an incentive to make investments that are risky or speculative. |
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| No Assurance of Profits | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | No Assurance of Profits. There is no assurance that we will be able to generate returns for our investors or that the returns will be commensurate with the risks of investing in the types of companies and transactions described herein. The marketability and value of any of our investments will depend upon many factors beyond our control. We will incur organizational expenses, Management Fees and other operating expenses which may exceed our income, and a Unitholder could lose the entire amount of its contributed capital. Therefore, a prospective investor should only invest in the Company if such investor can withstand a total loss of his or her investment. The past investment performance of the entities and accounts with which the Adviser and its investment professionals have been associated cannot be taken to guarantee future results of any investment in the Company. |
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| No Guarantee of Interests | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | No Guarantee of Interests. Any losses in the Company will be borne solely by Unitholders and not by TCW; therefore, TCW’s losses in the Company will be limited to such losses as are attributable to any interests in the Company held by it in its capacity as a Unitholder of the Company. Interests in the Company are not insured by or guaranteed by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and are not deposits in, obligations of, or endorsed or guaranteed in any way by any banking entity. Investments in the Company are subject to substantial investment risks, including, among others, those described herein, including the possibility of partial or total loss of an investor’s investment. |
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| Effect of Fees and Expenses on Returns | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Effect of Fees and Expenses on Returns. We will pay Management Fees and Incentive Fees to the Adviser and generally will bear our other Company Expenses. Generally, other than the Incentive Fee, fees and expenses will be paid regardless of whether we produce positive investment returns. The fees and expenses will reduce the actual returns to Unitholders, the distributions we make to Unitholders, and the overall value of the Unitholders’ investment. In addition, because the Management Fees payable by us to the Adviser will be calculated based on average gross assets of the Company on a consolidated basis, including the amortized cost of portfolio investments purchased with borrowed funds and other forms of leverage, the Adviser may be incentivized to use leverage, but will not utilize more than is permitted by applicable law or regulation. Under certain circumstances, the use of leverage may increase the likelihood of default, which would impair the value of the Units. Furthermore, the Adviser may receive incentive fee payments on unrealized gains that may not be subsequently realized. |
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| Regulations Governing our Operation as a BDC | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Regulations Governing our Operation as a BDC. We may issue debt securities or Preferred Units and/or borrow money from banks or other financial institutions, which are collectively referred to herein as “senior securities,” up to the maximum amount permitted by the 1940 Act. Under the provisions of the 1940 Act currently in force, we will be permitted, as a BDC, to issue senior securities in amounts such that our asset coverage ratio, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% (or 150% as described below under “—Additional Leverage”) of gross assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, after each issuance of senior securities. Also, any amounts that we use to service our indebtedness would not be available for distributions to our Unitholders. Furthermore, as a result of issuing senior securities, we would also be exposed to typical risks associated with leverage, including an increased risk of loss. If we issue Preferred Units, the Preferred Units would rank “senior” to the Units in our capital structure, the Preferred Unitholders would have separate voting rights on certain matters and might have other rights, preferences, or privileges more favorable than those of the Unitholders. In addition, as a regulated BDC under the 1940 Act we may, among other things, be prohibited from knowingly participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of the members of our board of directors who are not interested persons and, in some cases, prior approval by the SEC through an exemptive order (other than in certain limited situations pursuant to current regulatory guidance). The Adviser has obtained exemptive relief from the SEC that, subject to certain conditions and limitations, permits us and other funds advised by the Adviser or certain affiliates of the Adviser (referred to herein as “potential co-investment funds”) to engage in certain co-investment transactions. Under the exemptive relief, in the case where the interest in a particular investment opportunity exceeds the size of the opportunity, then the investment opportunity will be allocated among us and any other potential co-investment funds based on available capital, which generally is determined based on the amount of cash on hand, existing commitments and reserves, if any, the targeted leverage level, targeted asset mix and other investment policies and restrictions set from time to time by the board or other governing body of the relevant fund or imposed by applicable laws, rules, regulations or interpretations. |
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| We will incur significant costs as a result of being registered under the Exchange Act | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | We incur significant costs as a result of being registered under the Exchange Act. We incur legal, accounting and other expenses, including costs associated with the periodic reporting requirements, as well as additional corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley. These requirements may place a strain on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, which requires significant resources and management oversight. We have implemented and may continue to implement procedures, processes, policies and practices for the purpose of addressing the standards and requirements applicable to public companies. These activities may divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We have incurred and expect to incur significant annual expenses related to these steps and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, reporting requirements of the SEC, transfer agent fees, additional administrative expenses payable to the Administrator to compensate it for hiring additional accounting, legal and administrative personnel, increased auditing and legal fees and similar expenses associated with being a public company. The systems and resources necessary to comply with public company reporting requirements will increase further once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As long as we remain an emerging growth company we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. |
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| Borrowing Money | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Borrowing Money. The use of leverage magnifies the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and, therefore, increases the risks associated with investing in the Company. Subject to the borrowing limitation imposed on us by the 1940 Act, the Company and any wholly owned subsidiary of the Company may borrow from or issue senior debt securities to banks, insurance companies and other lenders in the future. Any wholly owned subsidiary may include subsidiary entities that engage in investment activities in securities or other assets that are primarily controlled by the Company. “Primarily controlled” mean (1) the Company controls the unregistered entity within the meaning of section 2(a)(9) of the 1940 Act, and (2) the Company’s control of the unregistered entity is greater than that of any other person. Our lenders will have fixed dollar claims on our assets that are superior to the claims of the Unitholders, and we would expect such lenders to seek recovery against our assets in the event of a default. If the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. Our ability to service any debt that we incur will depend largely on our financial performance and will be subject to prevailing economic conditions and competitive pressures. As a BDC, we generally are required to meet a coverage ratio of total assets to total borrowings and other senior securities, which will include all of our borrowings and any Preferred Units that we may issue in the future, of at least 200% (or 150% as described below under “—Additional Leverage”). If this ratio declines below 200%, we may not be able to incur additional debt, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. The amount of leverage that we employ will depend on the Adviser’s assessment of market and other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain credit at all or on terms acceptable to us. In addition, any debt facility into which we may enter would likely impose financial and operating covenants that restrict our business activities, including limitations that could hinder our ability to finance additional loans and investments or to make the distributions required to maintain our status as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. In particular, it is anticipated that the credit facility would contain certain financial covenants, which may include requiring us to maintain a minimum amount of equity supporting the credit facility or comply with certain collateral quality and coverage tests. |
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| Additional Leverage | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Additional Leverage. As a BDC, under the Investment Company Act we generally are not permitted to incur borrowings, issue debt securities or issue preferred stock unless immediately after the borrowing or issuance the ratio of total assets (less total liabilities other than indebtedness) to total indebtedness plus preferred stock, is at least 200% or, if certain requirements, which are described below, are met, 150%. Pursuant to Section 61(a) of the 1940 Act, BDCs may reduce the minimum asset coverage ratio from 200% to 150%, subject to certain approval requirements (including either stockholder approval or approval of the “required majority,” as such term is defined in Section 57(o) of the Investment Company Act), certain disclosure requirements and, in the case of a BDC that is not an issuer of common equity securities that are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the Company, the requirement that the BDC must extend to each person that is a stockholder as of the date of an approval described above the opportunity (which may include a tender offer) to sell the securities held by that stockholder as of that applicable approval date, with 25% of those securities to be repurchased in each of the four calendar quarters following the calendar quarter in which that applicable approval date takes place. As a result, BDCs may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future, and the risks associated with an investment in BDCs may increase |
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| Failure to Qualify as a RIC | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Failure to Qualify as a RIC. We will be subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code, we must meet certain source-of-income, asset diversification and distribution requirements. The distribution requirement for a RIC is satisfied if we distribute the sum of at least 90% of our net ordinary income, net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, if any, and 90% of its net tax-exempt interest (if any) to the Unitholders on an annual basis. Because we intend to incur debt, we will be subject to certain asset coverage ratio requirements under the 1940 Act and financial covenants under loan and credit agreements that could, under certain circumstances, restrict us from making distributions necessary to qualify as a RIC. If we are unable to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to qualify as a RIC and, thus, may be subject to corporate-level income tax. To qualify as a RIC, we must also meet certain asset diversification requirements at the end of each calendar quarter. Failure to meet these tests may result in the Company having to dispose of certain investments quickly in order to qualify as a RIC, or to prevent the loss of such qualification after becoming a RIC. Because most of our investments will be in private or thinly traded public companies, any such dispositions may be made at disadvantageous prices and may result in substantial losses. In addition, we may have difficulty satisfying the diversification requirements after the Commitment Period as we liquidate our portfolio since we will not be making additional investments. While we generally will not lose our status as a RIC as long as we do not acquire any non-qualifying securities or other property, under certain circumstances we may be deemed to have made an acquisition of non-qualifying securities or other property. If we fail to qualify as a RIC for any reason and become subject to corporate income tax, the resulting corporate income taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distributions to the Unitholders and the amount of funds available for new investments. Such a failure would have a material adverse effect on us and the Unitholders. See “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company.” |
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| Recourse to Our Assets | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Recourse to Our Assets. Our assets, including any investments made by us and any capital held by us, are available to satisfy all our liabilities and other obligations. If we become subject to a liability, parties seeking to have the liability satisfied may have recourse to our assets generally and not be limited to any particular asset, even in the circumstance where a specific investment gave rise to the liability. |
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| Litigation Risks | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Litigation Risks. We will be subject to a variety of litigation risks, particularly if one or more of our portfolio companies face financial or other difficulties. Legal disputes, involving any or all of the Company, the Adviser, or their affiliates, may arise from our activities and investments and could have a significant adverse effect on us. |
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| Limited Liability of the Adviser | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Limited Liability of the Adviser. To the extent permissible by law, the Adviser will not be liable, responsible or accountable in damages or otherwise to us or to any Unitholder for any breach of duty to us or the Unitholders or for any act or failure to act pursuant to the Advisory Agreement or otherwise, except in certain limited circumstances provided by the 1940 Act and as set forth in the Advisory Agreement. In general, we will be required to indemnify the Adviser (and other related and/or affiliated parties) for certain losses arising out of its activities on behalf of us. Such obligations could reduce significantly the returns to the Unitholders. |
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| Conflicts of Interest | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts of interest may exist from time to time between the Adviser and certain of its affiliates involved with us. |
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| Service Providers and Counterparties | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Service Providers and Counterparties. Certain advisors and other service providers, or their affiliates (including accountants, administrators, lenders, bankers, brokers, attorneys, consultants, and investment or commercial banking firms) to the Company, the Adviser, TCW, and/or portfolio companies also provide goods or services to, or have business, personal, financial or other relationships with, the Adviser, TCW, or the portfolio companies. Such advisors and service providers (or their affiliates) may be investors in the Company, affiliates of the Adviser, sources of investment opportunities, co-investors, commercial counterparties and/or portfolio companies in which TCW and/or the Company has a portfolio investment. Accordingly, payments by the Company and/or such entities may indirectly benefit us and/or our affiliates. Because TCW has many different businesses, including the registered broker dealers TCW Funds Distributors LLC, TCW is subject to a number of actual and potential conflicts of interest, greater regulatory oversight and more legal and contractual restrictions than that to which it would be subject if it had just one line of business. For instance, employees of TCW are registered representatives and principals and may receive compensation from the Adviser for selling interests in open- and closed-end commingled investment vehicles that are managed by the Adviser (including us). Such individuals will not receive sales commissions from those investment vehicles, unless specifically disclosed. Advisors and service providers, or their affiliates, often charge different rates or have different arrangements for different types of services. With respect to service providers, for example, the fee for a given type of work may vary depending on the complexity of the matter as well as the expertise required and demands placed on the service provider. Therefore, to the extent the types of services used by the Company and/or portfolio companies are different from those used by TCW (including their respective personnel) (as the case may be), TCW may pay different amounts or rates than those paid by the Company and/or portfolio companies. In addition, TCW, the Company, Other Clients (as defined below) and/or their respective portfolio companies, may enter into agreements or other arrangements with vendors and other similar counterparties (whether such counterparties are affiliated or unaffiliated with TCW) from time to time whereby such counterparty may charge lower rates and/or provide discounts or rebates for such counterparty’s products and/or services depending on certain factors, including without limitation, volume of transactions entered into with such counterparty by TCW, the Company, Other Clients (as defined below) and their portfolio companies in the aggregate. |
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| Allocation of Personnel | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Allocation of Personnel. The Adviser and its members, partners, officers and employees will devote as much of their time to our activities as they deem necessary and appropriate. Subject to the terms of the LLC Agreement, the Adviser, TCW and their respective affiliates are not restricted from forming additional investment funds, from entering into other investment advisory relationships or from engaging in other business activities, even though such activities may be in competition with us and/or may involve substantial time and resources of the Adviser. These activities could be viewed as creating a conflict of interest in that the time and effort of the members of the Adviser and its officers and employees will not be devoted exclusively to our business, but will be allocated between our business and the management of the monies of such other advisees of the Adviser. |
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| Portfolio Investment Data | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Portfolio Investment Data. TCW receives various kinds of portfolio company/entity data and information (including from portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company), such as data and information relating to business operations, trends, budgets, customers and other metrics. (This data is sometimes referred to as “big data.”) In furtherance of the foregoing, TCW may seek to enter into information-sharing and use arrangements with portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company. TCW believes that access to this information furthers our interests by providing opportunities for operational improvements across portfolio companies and/or entities of the Company and in connection with our investment management activities. Subject to appropriate contractual arrangements, TCW may also utilize such information outside of our activities in a manner that provides a material benefit to TCW, but not us. |
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| Economic Recessions or Downturns | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Economic Recessions or Downturns. Many of the portfolio companies in which we make investments may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions and may be unable to repay the loans we made to them during these periods. Therefore, our non-performing assets may increase and the value of our portfolio may decrease during these periods as we are required to record our investments at their current fair value. Adverse economic conditions also may decrease the value of collateral securing some of our loans and the value of our equity investments. Economic slowdowns or recessions could lead to financial losses in our portfolio and a decrease in revenues, net investment income and assets. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our and our portfolio companies’ funding costs, limit our and our portfolio companies’ access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us or our portfolio companies. These events could prevent us from increasing investments and harm our operating results. A portfolio company’s failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, acceleration of the time when the loans are due and foreclosure on its secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize the portfolio company’s ability to meet its obligations under the debt that we hold. We may incur additional expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms with a defaulting portfolio company. In addition, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we will actually provide significant managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. |
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| Unspecified Use of Proceeds | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Unspecified Use of Proceeds. Investors will not have an opportunity prior to investing to evaluate any of the portfolio investments to be made by us or the relevant economic, financial and other information regarding such portfolio investments and, accordingly, will be entirely dependent upon the judgment and ability of the Adviser in investing and managing our capital. |
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| Suitability of Investments | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Suitability of Investments. An investment in us is not suitable for all investors. An investment is suitable only for sophisticated investors, and an investor must have the financial ability to understand and willingness to accept the extent of its exposure to the risks and lack of liquidity inherent in an investment in the Company. Investors with any doubts as to the suitability of an investment in us should consult their professional advisors to assist them in making their own legal, tax, accounting and financial evaluation of the merits and risks of investment in us in light of their own circumstances and financial condition. |
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| Drawdowns of Capital Commitment | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Drawdowns of Capital Commitment.Unitholders will be obligated to fund drawdowns to purchase Units based on their capital commitment. Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, the Adviser may draw down on the Unitholders’ remaining capital commitments upon at least 10 business days’ prior notice (or shorter periods if the Adviser determines in good faith that it is necessary or appropriate to facilitate the consummation of a portfolio investment). To satisfy such obligations, Unitholders may need to maintain a substantial portion of their capital commitments in assets that can be readily converted to cash. Failure by a Unitholder to timely fund its capital commitment may result in some of its Units being forfeited or subject the Unitholder to other remedies available to us. Failure of a Unitholder to contribute its capital commitments could also cause us to be unable to realize our investment objectives. A default by a substantial number of Unitholders or by one or more Unitholders who have made substantial capital commitments would limit our opportunities for investment or diversification and would likely reduce our returns. |
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| Possible Future Activities | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Possible Future Activities. TCW may expand the range of services that it provides over time. Except as provided herein, TCW will not be restricted in the scope of its business or in the performance of any such services (whether now offered or undertaken in the future) even if such activities could give rise to conflicts of interest, and whether or not such conflicts are described herein. TCW has, and will continue to develop, relationships with a significant number of companies, financial sponsors and their senior managers, including relationships with clients who may hold or may have held investments similar to those intended to be made by us. These clients may themselves represent appropriate investment opportunities for us or may compete with us for investment opportunities. | ||||||||||
| Restrictions on Transfer or Withdrawal | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Restrictions on Transfer or Withdrawal. Unitholders will generally not be permitted to transfer their Units unless (i) we and, if required by our lending arrangements under any permitted credit facility, our lenders give consent and (ii) the transfer is made in accordance with applicable securities laws. Furthermore, the transferability of the Units may be subject to certain restrictions contained in the Subscription Agreement and LLC Agreement and may be affected by restrictions on resale imposed under U.S. federal, U.S. state or another jurisdiction’s securities laws. A public market does not currently exist for the Units and one is not expected to develop. |
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| Illiquid and Long-Term Investments | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Illiquid and Long-Term Investments. It is anticipated that there will be a significant period of time before we will have completed our portfolio investments. Many of such portfolio investments are currently expected by the Adviser to take on average at least three to five years (or potentially longer) from the date of initial investment to reach a state of maturity when realization of the portfolio investment can be achieved. Although our portfolio investments will typically generate some current income and/or cash flow in the form of amortization, interest or fee payments, private investment transaction structures often will not provide for liquidity of our portfolio investment prior to repayment upon a refinancing event, and the return of capital and the realization of gains, if any, from a portfolio investment generally will occur only upon the partial or complete disposition of such portfolio investment. In light of the foregoing, it is likely that no significant return from the disposition of our portfolio investments will occur for a substantial period of time from our date of closing. While a portfolio investment may be sold at any time, it is not generally expected that this will occur for a number of years after such portfolio investment are made. It is unlikely that there will be a public market for the illiquid and/or long-term securities held by us at the time of their acquisition. Therefore, no assurance can be given that, if we are determined to dispose of a particular portfolio investment, we could dispose of such portfolio investment at a prevailing market price, and there is a risk that disposition of such portfolio investment may require a lengthy time period or may result in distributions in-kind to investors. Although the Adviser expects that portfolio investments will either be disposed of prior to the Company being put into liquidation or be suitable for in-kind distribution at liquidation, we may have to sell, distribute or otherwise dispose of portfolio investments at a disadvantageous time as a result of liquidation. We generally will not be able to sell our portfolio investments through the public markets unless their sale is registered under applicable securities laws, or unless an exemption from such registration requirements is available. Additionally, there can be no assurances that the portfolio investments can be sold on a private basis. In addition, we may be prohibited from selling certain securities for a period of time because of contractual, legal, regulatory or other similar reasons and, as a result, may not be permitted to sell a portfolio investment at a time we might otherwise desire to do so. |
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| Reliance on Portfolio Company Management | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Reliance on Portfolio Company Management. The day-to-day operations of each portfolio company in which we invest will be the responsibility of such entity’s management team. In addition, we may make investments in portfolio companies where we have limited influence and the other investors in such portfolio company have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests and goals. Although the Adviser will be responsible for monitoring the performance of each of our investments and we are required, pursuant to a specific 1940 Act provision applicable to BDCs, to offer to provide each of our portfolio companies managerial assistance, there can be no assurance that the existing management team of a portfolio company or any successor will be able to operate any such entity in accordance with our expectations. In this situation, we may not be in a position to limit or otherwise protect the value of our investment. |
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| Competition for Investment Opportunities | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Competition for Investment Opportunities. There can be no assurance that there will be a sufficient number of suitable investment opportunities to enable us to invest all of the Commitments of the Unitholders in opportunities that satisfy our investment strategy, or that such investment opportunities will lead to completed investments by us. The activity of identifying, structuring, completing, implementing and realizing attractive investment opportunities is highly competitive. We will compete for investment opportunities with many other industry participants, including other BDCs, public and private funds, individual and institutional investors, and financial institutions. Many such entities have substantially greater economic and personnel resources than the Company and/or better relationships with borrowers and others and/or the ability to accept more risk than we believe can be prudently managed. Accordingly, competition for investments may have the effect of reducing the number of suitable prospective investments available to us and increasing the bargaining power of borrowers, thereby reducing our investment returns. Furthermore, the availability of investment opportunities generally will be subject to market conditions. It is possible that our capital will not be fully utilized if sufficient attractive investments are not identified and consummated by the Adviser. |
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| Status as Non-Diversified Investment Company | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Status as Non-Diversified Investment Company. We are a non-diversified investment company within the meaning of the 1940 Act, and therefore we are not limited with respect to the proportion of our assets that may be invested in securities of a single issuer. To the extent that we assume large positions in the securities of a small number of issuers, our NAV may fluctuate to a greater extent than that of a diversified investment company as a result of changes in the financial condition or the market’s assessment of the issuer. We may also be more susceptible to any single economic or regulatory occurrence than a diversified investment company. Beyond our asset diversification requirements as a RIC under the Code, we do not have fixed guidelines for diversification, and our investments could be concentrated in relatively few portfolio companies. |
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| No Secondary Market for Securities | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | No Secondary Market for Securities. Our investments are generally heavily negotiated and, accordingly, do not have the liquidity of conventional securities and will not have readily available market prices. We value such investments at fair value as determined in good faith by the Adviser in its capacity as our “valuation designee” in accordance with our valuation policy. Because there is no single standard for determining fair value, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each investment. In addition, due to their illiquid nature, we may not be able to dispose of our investments in a timely manner, at a fair price and/or in the manner that was thought to be viable when the investment was initiated (due to economic, legal, political or other factors). There is no assurance that we will be able to dispose of an investment in a particular security. The inability to dispose of a security could result in losses incurred by us, including the loss of our entire investment in such security. The debt of highly leveraged companies or companies in default also may be less liquid than other debt. If we voluntarily or involuntarily sold those types of debt securities, we might not receive the full value we expect. |
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| Illiquidity of Collateral | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Illiquidity of Collateral. Collateral may consist of assets that may not be readily liquidated, and there is no assurance that the liquidation of those assets will satisfy a company’s obligations. If a company defaults on a secured investment, the Company may receive assets other than cash or securities in full or partial satisfaction of such company’s obligations. The Company might not be able to realize the benefit of the assets for legal, practical or other reasons. The Company might hold those assets until it is determined to be appropriate to dispose of them. |
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| Portfolio Concentration | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Portfolio Concentration. Although the regulatory restrictions applicable to RICs limit the amount that we may generally invest in any single portfolio company, our investments may not be diversified. See “Part I Item 1. Business—Regulation as a Business Development Company—Qualifying Assets” and “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation as a Regulated Investment Company.” Aside from the diversification requirements that we will have to comply with as a RIC and other contractual investment limitations to which we are subject pursuant to the LLC Agreement, we do not have any specific portfolio diversification or concentration limits. As a result, our portfolio may include a relatively limited number of large positions. If our investments are concentrated in a few issuers or industries, any adverse change in one or more of such issuers or industries could have a material adverse effect on our investments. To the extent the aggregate Commitments of the Unitholders turn out to be substantially less than the amounts targeted, our portfolio may be even more concentrated than it would otherwise be. Sector Concentration Risk. To the extent that the Company focuses its investments in a particular sector, it will be more sensitive to conditions that affect the sector than a portfolio that is not focused on a particular sector. Such a focus may cause a negative effect on Company’s investments. |
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| Valuation Risk | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Valuation Risk. Many portfolio securities may not have a readily available market price and the Adviser, as the “valuation designee” will value these securities at fair value as determined in good faith under procedures approved by the board of directors (the “Board”), which valuation is inherently subjective and may not reflect what the Company may actually realize for the sale of the investment. The majority of the Company’s investments are expected to be in instruments that do not have readily ascertainable market prices. Investments which the Company holds for which market quotes are not readily available or are not considered reliable are valued at fair value according to procedures approved by the Board based on similar instruments, internal assumptions and the weighting of the available pricing inputs. Pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, the Board has designated the Adviser as the “valuation designee” with respect to the fair valuation of the Company’s portfolio securities, subject to oversight by and periodic reporting to the Board. |
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| Reliance upon Consultants | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Reliance upon Consultants. The Adviser may rely upon independent consultants in connection with its evaluation of proposed investments; however, no assurance can be given that these consultants will accurately evaluate such investments and we may incur liability as a result of such consultants’ actions. |
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| Credit Risks | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Credit Risks. Debt investments are subject to credit risk. Credit risk relates to the ability of the borrower to make interest and principal payments on the loan or security as they become due. If the borrower fails to pay interest, our income might be reduced. If the borrower fails to repay principal, the value of that security and the value of the Company might be reduced. Our investments in debt securities are subject to risks of default. We may invest in debt securities made in connection with leveraged buy-out transactions, recapitalizations (i.e., a type of a corporate restructuring that aims to change a company’s capital structure) and other highly leveraged transactions. While our investments in senior loans typically will be secured by collateral, we may have difficulty liquidating the collateral or enforcing our rights under the terms of the senior loans in the event of the borrower’s default. There is no guarantee that the collateral securing a senior loan will be sufficient to protect us against losses or a decline in income in the event of a borrower’s non-payment of interest or principal. In the event that a borrower declares bankruptcy, a court could invalidate our security interest in the loan collateral or subordinate our rights under the senior loan to other creditors of the borrower. Also, we may invest part of our assets in loans and other debt obligations that are not fully secured. |
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| Interest Rate Risk | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Interest Rate Risk. In general, the value of a debt security changes as prevailing interest rates change. For fixed-rate debt securities, when prevailing interest rates fall, the values of outstanding debt securities generally rise. When interest rates rise, the values of outstanding debt securities generally fall, and they may sell at a discount from their face amount. Our debt investments generally have adjustable interest rates. For that reason, the Adviser expects that when interest rates change, the amount of interest we receive in respect of such debt investments will change in a corresponding manner. However, the interest rates of some debt investments adjust only periodically. Between the times that interest rates on debt investments adjust, the interest rates on those investments may not correlate to prevailing interest rates. In recent years the U.S. Federal Reserve Board (the “Fed”) increased interest rates from historically low levels in an effort to cause inflation levels to align with the Fed’s long-term inflation target, but the Fed has been lowering those rates and may continue to do so in the future. A wide variety of factors can cause interest rates to rise (e.g., central bank monetary policies, inflation rates, or general economic conditions). |
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| Reliance Upon Unaffiliated Co-Lender | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Reliance Upon Unaffiliated Co-Lender. In certain circumstances we may co-invest with an unaffiliated lender, who will sometimes be responsible for performing some of the legal due diligence on the borrower and for negotiating some of the terms of the loan agreement that establishes the terms and conditions of the debt investment and the rights of the borrower and the lenders. In such circumstances, although we will perform our own due diligence, we may rely in part on the quality of the due diligence performed by the co-lender and will be bound by the negotiated terms of the loan documentation. There can be no assurance that the unaffiliated co-lender will perform the same level of due diligence as we would perform or that the co-lender will negotiate terms that are consistent with the terms generally negotiated and obtained by us. If the unaffiliated co-lender is acting as collateral agent under the loan documentation and becomes insolvent, the assets securing the debt investment may be determined by a court or regulatory authority to be subject to the claims of the co-lender’s creditors. If that were to occur, we might incur delays and costs in realizing payment on the loan, or we might suffer a loss of principal and/or interest. |
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| Use of Investment Vehicles | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Use of Investment Vehicles. In general, the risks associated with indirect investments in portfolio companies through a joint venture, partnership or other special purpose vehicle (each, an “Investment Vehicle”) are similar to those associated with a direct investment in a portfolio company. While we will analyze the credit and business of a potential portfolio company in determining whether or not to make an investment in an Investment Vehicle, we will nonetheless be exposed to the creditworthiness of the Investment Vehicle. In the event of a bankruptcy proceeding against the Investment Vehicle, the risks outlined below under “—Insolvency Considerations with Respect to Portfolio Companies” will be applicable with equal effect. Additionally, in the case of a bankruptcy proceeding against the portfolio company, the assets of the portfolio company may be used to satisfy its obligations prior to the satisfaction of our investment in the Investment Vehicle (i.e., our investment in the Investment Vehicle would be structurally subordinated to the other obligations of the portfolio company). |
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| Insolvency Considerations with Respect to Portfolio Companies | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Insolvency Considerations with Respect to Portfolio Companies. Various laws enacted for the protection of creditors may apply to our debt investments. A bankruptcy proceeding against a borrower could delay or limit our ability to collect the principal and interest payments on that borrower’s debt obligations. In a lawsuit brought by creditors of a borrower, a court or a trustee in bankruptcy could take certain actions that would be adverse to us. For example: • Other creditors might convince the court to set aside or subordinate a loan or the security interest in a loan as a “fraudulent conveyance,” a “preferential transfer” or for other equitable considerations. In that event, the court could recover from us the interest and principal payments that the borrower made before becoming insolvent. There can be no assurance that we would be able to prevent such recapture. • A bankruptcy court may restructure the payment obligations under debt securities so as to reduce the amount to which we would be entitled. • The court might discharge the amount of a loan we make that exceeds the value of the collateral securing the loan. The court could subordinate our rights to the rights of other creditors of the borrower under applicable law. • Although our senior secured position under a senior loan provides some assurance that we would be able to recover some of our investment in the event of a borrower’s default, the collateral might be insufficient to cover the borrower’s debts. A bankruptcy court might find that the collateral securing the senior loan is invalid or require the borrower to use the collateral to pay other outstanding obligations. If the collateral consists of stock of the borrower or its subsidiaries, the stock may lose all of its value in the event of a bankruptcy, which would leave us exposed to greater potential loss. •
If a borrower defaults on a scheduled interest or principal payment on a debt obligation, we may experience a reduction of our income. In addition, the value of the debt investment would decline, which may, in turn, cause our value to decline. |
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| Lender Liability | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Lender Liability. In recent years, a number of judicial decisions in the United States have upheld the right of borrowers to sue lending institutions on the basis of various evolving legal theories (collectively termed “Lender Liability”). Generally, Lender Liability is founded upon the premise that an institutional lender has violated a duty (whether implied or contractual) of good faith and fair dealing owed to the borrower or has assumed a degree of control over the borrower resulting in the creation of a fiduciary duty owed to the borrower or its other creditors or shareholders. Lender Liability claims generally arise in bankruptcy, but can also arise under state law claims. Lender Liability often involves claims of misconduct where a lender (a) intentionally takes an action that exacerbates the insolvency of a borrower or issuer or that results in the undercapitalization of a borrower or issuer to the detriment of other creditors of such borrower or issuer, (b) engages in other inequitable conduct to the detriment of such other creditors, (c) engages in fraud with respect to, or makes misrepresentations to, such other creditors or (d) uses its influence as a shareholder to dominate or control a borrower or issuer to the detriment of other creditors of such borrower or issuer. We could be subject to allegations of Lender Liability because of the nature of certain of our investments. There is also a risk that where Lender Liability is alleged, a court may elect to subordinate the claim of the offending lender or bondholder to the claims of the disadvantaged creditor or creditors (a remedy called “Equitable Subordination”). We do not intend to engage in conduct that would give rise to a claim of Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination. However, as a BDC, we are obligated to offer managerial assistance to each of our portfolio companies. To the extent any of our portfolio companies elect to accept such offer to provide managerial assistance, that level of involvement with a portfolio company could strengthen a Lender Liability claim against us. Therefore, claims for Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination affecting our investments could arise as a result of any managerial assistance that we provide in order to fulfill our obligations as a BDC. Moreover, because of the nature of our investments, we may not always be the lead creditor, and security or other agents may act on behalf of the investors in a security owned by us. Therefore, claims for Lender Liability or Equitable Subordination affecting our investments could also arise without our direct managerial or other involvement. |
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| Special Risks of Highly Leveraged or other Risky Portfolio Companies | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Special Risks of Highly Leveraged or other Risky Portfolio Companies. We can invest up to 100% of our total assets in debt and equity securities of portfolio companies that are highly leveraged and whose debt securities would be considered well below investment grade. We may also invest in obligations of portfolio companies in connection with a restructuring under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code (i.e., a debtor in possession financing) if the obligations meet the credit standards of the Adviser. Debtor in possession financings are arranged when an entity seeks the protections of the bankruptcy court under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. These financings allow an entity to continue its business operations while reorganizing under Chapter 11. Such financings are senior liens on unencumbered security (i.e., security not subject to other creditor claims). These debt obligations tend to offer higher yields than investment grade securities to compensate investors for the higher risk, and are commonly referred to as “high risk securities” or, in the case of bonds, “junk bonds.” Similarly, we may also invest in obligations of portfolio companies in connection with rescue situation and Chapter 11 exit financings. Rescue situation financings may avoid a company’s need to resort to bankruptcy and provide the company with working capital it needs to continue uninterrupted operations. Chapter 11 exit financings allow a company to deleverage its balance sheet and to emerge from a Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Lending to highly leveraged or other risky borrowers is highly speculative. These investments may expose us to financial market risks, interest rate risks and credit risks that are significantly greater than the risks associated with other securities in which we may invest. An economic downturn or a period of rising interest rates, for example, could cause a decline in the prices of such securities. The prices of securities structured as zero-coupon or pay-in-kind securities may be more volatile than securities that pay interest periodically and in cash. In the event of a default by a portfolio company, we would experience a reduction of our income and could expect a decline in the fair value of the defaulted securities and may incur significant additional expenses to seek recovery. |
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| Risk of Bridge Financing | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risk of Bridge Financing. If we make or invest in a bridge loan or interim financing for a portfolio company that intends to refinance all or a portion of that loan, there is a risk that the borrower will be unable to complete such refinancing successfully. Such failure could lead to the portfolio company having to pay interest at increasing rates along with additional fees and expenses, the result of which may reduce the value of the portfolio company. |
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| Risk of Subordinated or Mezzanine Financing | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risk of Subordinated or Mezzanine Financing. Our investments in subordinated or mezzanine financing will generally be unsecured or, if secured, will be subordinated to the interests of the senior lender in the borrower’s capital structure. In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency involving the borrower where there are insufficient assets to satisfy the obligations of the borrower to its senior lender, there may be no assets available to meet its obligations to the holders of its subordinated or mezzanine debt, including the Company. |
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| Risks of Investing in Unitranche Loans | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risks of Investing in Unitranche Loans. Unitranche loans provide leverage levels comparable to a combination of first lien and second lien or subordinated loans, and may rank junior to other debt instruments issued by the portfolio company.Unitranche loans generally allow the borrower to make a large lump sum payment of principal at the end of the loan term, and there is a heightened risk of loss if the borrower is unable to pay the lump sum or refinance the amount owed at maturity. From the perspective of a lender, in addition to making a single loan, a unitranche loan may allow the lender to choose to participate in the “first out” tranche, which will generally receive priority with respect to payments of principal, interest and any other amounts due, or to choose to participate only in the “last out” tranche, which is generally paid only after the first out tranche is paid. We may participate in “first out” and “last out” tranches of unitranche loans and make single unitranche loans. |
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| Non-U.S. Investment Risk | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Non-U.S. Investment Risk. We may invest up to 30% of our gross assets in portfolio companies domiciled outside of the United States (assuming that the remaining 70% of our gross assets constitute “qualifying assets” (as defined in the 1940 Act and as described under “Part I Item 1. Business—Regulation as a Business Development Company—Qualifying Assets”)). Non-U.S. obligations have risks not typically involved in domestic investments. For example, non-U.S. obligations not denominated in U.S. dollars will cause our investment performance to vary based on changes in the applicable currency exchange rate. Moreover, even if we attempt to hedge the currency exchange risk, these hedges may be expensive and may not completely protect us in all circumstances. Non-U.S. investing can also result in higher transaction and operating costs for the Company. Non-U.S. issuers may not be subject to the same accounting and disclosure requirements that U.S. issuers are subject to. The value of non-U.S. investments may be affected by exchange control regulations, expropriation or nationalization of a company’s assets, non-U.S. taxes, delays in settlement of transactions, changes in governmental economic or monetary policies in the United States or abroad, or other political and economic factors. We may have greater difficulty taking appropriate legal actions in non-U.S. courts. Non-U.S. countries may impose withholding taxes on income paid on the debt securities of issuers in those countries. |
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| Risks of Using Derivative Instruments | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risks of Using Derivative Instruments. We may use derivative financial instruments for hedging or managing the risks associated with the assets we hold. The risks posed by such instruments can be extremely complex and difficult to evaluate, including (i) risks relating to our counterparties in such a transaction; (ii) imperfect correlation between movements in the currency, interest rate or other reference on which the derivative is based and movements in the assets of the underlying portfolio; and (iii) reduced ability to meet short-term obligations because of the percentage of our assets segregated to cover derivative obligations. In addition, by hedging a particular position, any potential gain from an increase in value of such position may be limited. Under an applicable SEC rule, BDCs that use over a certain level of derivatives will be subject to a value-at-risk (“VaR”) leverage limit, a derivatives risk management program and testing requirements and requirements related to board reporting. These requirements will apply, unless a BDC qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined under the rule. Under the rule, a BDC may enter into an unfunded commitment agreement that is not a derivatives transaction, such as an agreement to provide financing to a portfolio company, if the BDC has, among other things, a reasonable belief, at the time it enters into such an agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to all of its unfunded commitment agreements, in each case as it becomes due. Collectively, these requirements may limit our ability to use derivatives and/or enter into certain other financial contracts. |
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| Need for Follow-On Investments | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Need for Follow-On Investments. We may be called upon to provide follow-on funding or additional loans for, or have the opportunity to increase our investment in, our portfolio companies. There can be no assurance that we will be able to make or arrange for follow-on investments or loans or that we will have sufficient funds to do so. Any decision not to make follow-on investments or loans or the inability to make them may have a substantial negative impact on a portfolio company in need of funds or may diminish our proportionate ownership in such entity and thus our ability to influence the entity’s future conduct. The inability to make follow-on investments or loans may also impede, diminish or reduce the number of attractive investments made available to us. |
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| Inability to Take Advantage of Investment Opportunities with Affiliated Funds or Investors | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Inability to Take Advantage of Investment Opportunities with Affiliated Funds or Investors. The 1940 Act limits our ability to engage in transactions with affiliated funds and investors. For example, we are prohibited under the 1940 Act from participating in certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval of our Independent Directors and, in some cases, of the SEC. Any person that owns, directly or indirectly, five percent or more of our outstanding voting securities will be our affiliate for purposes of the 1940 Act, and we are generally prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to such affiliate, absent the prior approval of the Independent Directors. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain of our affiliates, which could include co-investments in the same portfolio company, without prior approval of the Independent Directors and, in some cases, of the SEC. Although the Company benefits from exemptive relief obtained from the SEC by the Adviser and other funds advised by the Adviser to engage in certain “joint” transactions, the relief is limited and subject to certain conditions. We are prohibited from buying or selling any security from or to any person who owns more than 25% of our voting securities or controls us (such as the Adviser) or certain of that person’s affiliates (such as other investment funds managed by the Adviser), or entering into prohibited joint transactions with such persons, absent the prior approval of the SEC. As a result of these restrictions, we may be prohibited from buying or selling any security (other than any security of which we are the issuer) from or to any portfolio company of a private equity fund managed by the Adviser or its affiliates without the prior approval of the SEC, which may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. In situations where we cannot co-invest with other investment funds managed by the Adviser due to the restrictions contained in the 1940 Act, the investment policies and procedures of the Adviser generally require that such opportunities be offered to us and such other investment funds on an alternating basis. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to participate in all investment opportunities identified by the Adviser that are suitable for us. |
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| Effect of BDC and RIC Rules on Investment Strategy | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Effect of BDC and RIC Rules on Investment Strategy. Our having to comply with the various rules necessary to remain qualified as a BDC and a RIC could adversely impact the implementation of our investment strategy and thus reduce returns to investors. For example, the diversification requirements imposed by the RIC rules could, in certain situations, preclude us from making certain investments. |
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| Prepayment Risk | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Prepayment Risk. The value of our assets may be affected by prepayment rates on loans. Prepayment rates are influenced by changes in interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic and other factors beyond our control. Therefore, the frequency at which prepayments (including voluntary prepayments by borrowers and liquidations due to defaults and insolvency) occur in respect of our portfolio investments can adversely impact us and prepayment rates cannot be predicted with certainty, making it impossible to insulate ourselves from prepayment or other such risks. Early prepayments give rise to increased reinvestment risk, including, for example, when the prevailing level of interest rates falls, we may be unable to reinvest cash in a new portfolio investment with an expected rate of return at least equal to that of the portfolio investment prepaid. |
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| Allocation of Expenses | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Allocation of Expenses. To the extent that any fees and expenses were incurred on our behalf and any Other Clients (as defined below), the Company and such Other Clients will generally bear an allocable portion of any such fees and expenses on a pro rata basis (as determined by the Adviser) in proportion to the Company’s and such Other Clients’ respective percentage interests in the portfolio investment to which such fees and expenses relate (subject to our and such Other Clients’ offering and/or governing documents), or in such other manner as the Adviser considers fair and equitable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Adviser may in its sole discretion structure a co-investment opportunity, provided co-investment relief is granted, such that the proposed participants in such co-investment opportunity do not bear any Broken Deal Expenses (as defined below), with the result that we will bear all such Broken Deal Expenses; provided, if so structured, that such participants will not be entitled to receive any break-up or similar fee income, if any, that may be earned with respect to such transaction. In most cases, we expect that proposed participants in co-investments will not bear Broken Deal Expenses (such as legal fees, reverse termination fees, extraordinary expenses such as litigation costs and judgments and other expenses), with the result that only we will bear all such Broken Deal Expenses. To the extent the context permits or otherwise requires, Other Clients refers to clients, investment funds, client accounts and proprietary accounts advised or managed by the Adviser or their respective affiliates, and in which we will not have an interest (“Other Clients”). Broken Deal Expenses refer to fees and expenses for investment and/or divestment transactions not completed by us, including amounts payable to or by third parties, and all fees and expenses of any legal, financial, accounting, advisory, consulting or other advisors or lenders, investment banks and other financing sources in connection with arranging financing for transactions that are not consummated and any deposits or down payments that are forfeited in connection with, or amounts paid as a penalty for, unconsummated transactions (“Broken Deal Expenses”). |
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| Reliance on the Adviser and their Professionals | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Reliance on the Adviser and their Professionals. The Adviser will have discretion over approving an investment of our assets. Our success will depend in large part upon the skill and expertise of the Adviser and their respective professionals. There is ever increasing competition among alternative asset firms, financial institutions, private equity firms, investment managers and other industry participants for hiring and retaining qualified investment professionals, and there can be no assurance that such professionals will continue to be associated with the Adviser or their respective affiliates. The loss of the services of one or more of such persons could have a material adverse impact on our ability to realize our investment objectives. Moreover, although we expect to have access to all of the appropriate resources, relationships and expertise of the Adviser, there can be no assurance that such resources, relationships and expertise will be available for every transaction. In addition, investment professionals and committee members may be replaced or added at any time. In addition, members of the investment team will work on other projects for the TCW Group, as applicable. The professionals involved with us are not dedicated exclusively to us and will have other responsibilities for the TCW Group, as applicable. Conflicts of interest may arise in allocating management time, services or functions, and the ability of us and our investment team to access other professionals. | ||||||||||
| Equity Securities Risks | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Equity Securities Risks. Equity securities may include common stock, preferred stock or other securities representing an ownership interest or the right to acquire an ownership interest in an issuer. Equity risk is the risk that stocks and other equity securities generally fluctuate in value more than debt securities and may decline in value over short or extended periods. The value of stocks and other equity securities may be affected by changes in an issuer’s financial condition, factors that affect a particular industry or industries, such as labor shortages or an increase in production costs and competitive conditions within an industry, or .as a result of changes in overall market, economic and political conditions that are not specifically related to a company or industry, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or generally adverse investor sentiment. |
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| Other affiliate transactions and investments in different levels of capital structure member. | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Other Affiliate Transactions and Investments in Different Levels of Capital Structure. From time to time, the Company and Other Clients may make investments at different levels of an issuer’s capital structure or otherwise in different classes of an issuer’s securities, subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act. Such investments may inherently give rise to conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts of interest between or among the various classes of securities that may be held by such entities. To the extent we hold securities that are different (including with respect to their relative seniority) than those held by an Other Client, the Adviser and its affiliates may be presented with decisions when our interests are in conflict, particularly if the Company and Other Clients hold significant or controlling interests in competing or different tranches of a portfolio company’s capital structure. For example, conflicts could arise where we lend funds to a portfolio company while an Other Client invests in equity securities of such portfolio company. In this circumstance, for example, if such portfolio company goes into bankruptcy, becomes insolvent or is otherwise unable to meet its payment obligations or comply with its debt covenants, conflicts of interest could arise between the holders of different types of securities as to what actions the portfolio company should take. In addition, purchases or sales of securities for our account (particularly marketable securities) will be bunched or aggregated with orders for Other Clients, including other funds. It is frequently not possible to receive the same price or execution on the entire volume of securities sold, and the various prices may be averaged, which may be disadvantageous to us. Further conflicts could arise after the Company and Other Clients have made their respective initial investments. For example, if additional financing is necessary as a result of financial or other difficulties, it may not be in our best interests to provide such additional financing. If the other affiliates were to lose their respective investments as a result of such difficulties, the ability of the Adviser to recommend actions in our best interests might be impaired. TCW may in its discretion take steps to reduce the potential for adversity between us and the Other Clients, including causing us and/or such Other Clients to take certain actions that, in the absence of such conflict, we would not take. In addition, there may be circumstances where TCW agrees to implement certain procedures to ameliorate conflicts of interest that may involve a forbearance of rights relating to us or Other Clients, such as where TCW may cause Other Clients to decline to exercise certain control- and/or foreclosure-related rights with respect to a portfolio investment. There can be no assurance that the return on our investment will be equivalent to or better than the returns obtained by Other Clients participating in the transaction. In addition, it is possible that in a bankruptcy proceeding, our interests will be subordinated or otherwise adversely affected by virtue of an Other Client’s or other vehicle’s involvement and actions relating to its investment. For example, in circumstances where we hold a junior mezzanine interest in a portfolio company, holders of more senior classes of debt issued by such portfolio company (which can include Other Clients) could take actions for their benefit (particularly in circumstances where such portfolio company faces financial difficulties or distress) that further subordinate or adversely impact the value of our investment in such portfolio company.
Further, parties with material relationships with us (including, but not limited to, (i) Other Clients (including portfolio companies thereof and lenders thereto), (ii) co-investors, (iii) TCW (including equity holders thereof and lenders thereto), and (iv) our investors could provide additional financing to our portfolio companies, subject to the restrictions of the 1940 Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. TCW could have incentives to cause us and / or our portfolio companies to accept less favorable financing terms from such parties as compared to third party providers. If the Company occupies a different, and in particular, more senior position in the capital structure than such parties, TCW could influence us or the portfolio company to offer financing terms that are more favorable to such parties. In the case of a related party financing between us or our portfolio companies, on the one hand, and TCW or Other Clients’ portfolio companies, on the other hand, subject to our governing documents, the Adviser could, but are not obligated to, rely on a third party agent to confirm the terms offered by the counterparty are consistent with market terms, or the Adviser could instead rely on their own internal analysis, which the Adviser believe is often superior to third party analysis given TCW’s scale in the market.
If, however, any of TCW, the Company, an Other Client or any of their portfolio companies delegates to a third party, such as another member of a financing syndicate or a joint venture partner, the negotiation of the terms of the financing, the transaction will be assumed to be conducted on an arms-length basis, even though the participation of the TCW-related vehicle impacts the market terms. For example, in the case of a loan extended to us or a portfolio company by a financing syndicate in which an Other Client has agreed to participate on terms negotiated by a third-party participant in the syndicate, it might have been necessary to offer better terms to the financing provider to fully subscribe the syndicate if the Other Client had not participated. It is also possible that the frequent participation of Other Clients in such syndicates could dampen interest among other potential financing providers, thereby lowering demand to participate in the syndicate and increasing the financing costs to us. The Adviser does not believe either of these effects is significant, but no assurance can be given to investors that these effects will not be significant in any circumstance. |
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| Limitations on Co-Investments with Affiliates | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Limitations on Co-Investments with Affiliates. The 1940 Act may limit our ability to engage in certain transactions with affiliates. As a result, we may be prohibited from co-investing with such affiliates in investments where terms of such investments other than price and amount of securities (such as financial and negative covenants, guarantees, or indemnification provisions) are negotiated, unless in reliance on the SEC co-investment exemptive relief that the Adviser has obtained. These restrictions may limit our access to certain investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us. |
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| Debt Financings in Connection with Acquisitions and Dispositions | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Debt Financings in Connection with Acquisitions and Dispositions. We may from time to time provide financing (i) as part of a third-party purchaser’s bid for, or acquisition of, a portfolio entity or the underlying assets thereof owned by one or more Other Clients and/or (ii) in connection with a proposed acquisition or investment by one or more Other Clients or affiliates of a portfolio investment and/or its underlying assets. This generally would include the circumstance where we are making commitments to provide financing at or prior to the time such third-party purchaser commits to purchase such investments or assets from one or more Other Clients. We may also make portfolio investments and provide debt financing with respect to portfolio investments in which Other Clients and/or affiliates hold or propose to acquire an interest. While the terms and conditions of any such arrangements will generally be at arm’s-length terms negotiated on a case-by-case basis, the involvement of the Company and/or such Other Clients or affiliates may affect the terms of such transactions or arrangements and/or may otherwise influence the Adviser’s decisions with respect to the management of the Company and/or such Other Clients or the relevant portfolio investment, which may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest and which could adversely impact us. Subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act and our governing documents, we may invest in loans or other securities, the proceeds of which may refinance or otherwise repay debt or securities of companies whose debt is owned by TCW or other TCW funds. We may from time to time dispose of all or a portion of a portfolio investment where the Adviser or one or more Other Clients is providing financing to repay debt issued to us. Such involvement may give rise to potential or actual conflicts of interest. |
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| Co-Investment Syndication | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Co-Investment Syndication. The Company may initially consummate a portfolio investment intended as a co-investment as described herein and, later, syndicate such co-investment to certain persons. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in syndicating any such co-investment, in whole or in part, that the closing of such co-investment will be consummated in a timely manner, that any syndication will take place on terms and conditions that will be preferable for the Company or that expenses incurred by the Company with respect to any such syndication will not be substantial. In the event that the Company is not successful in syndicating any such co-investment, in whole or in part, it may consequently hold a greater concentration and have more exposure in the related investment than initially was intended, which could make the Company more susceptible to fluctuations in value resulting from adverse economic and/or business conditions with respect thereto. Moreover, an investment by the Company that is not syndicated to co-investors as originally anticipated could reduce the Company’s overall investment returns. |
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| Risks Associated with Delayed-Draw Facilities | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risks Associated with Delayed-Draw Facilities. We may make investments that require multiple fundings over time or are structured as “revolvers” or “delayed-draws.” These types of investments generally have funding obligations that extend over a period of time and that may extend beyond the investment period. In such circumstances, we may be required to reserve remaining capital commitments for future funding obligations and may be required to fund such obligations after the termination of the investment period. However, there can be no assurance that the reserved funds will ultimately be utilized for portfolio investments, which may result in us not fully deploying our committed capital. Moreover, borrowers with deteriorating creditworthiness may continue to satisfy their contractual conditions and therefore be eligible to draw unfunded amounts at times when we might prefer not to advance such amounts. In addition, the Adviser may have assumptions as to when a company with which we transact may draw on unfunded amounts when we enter into the commitment. If the borrower does not draw as expected, the commitment may not prove as attractive an investment as originally anticipated. Furthermore, any failure to advance requested funds to a borrower with which we transact could result in possible assertions of offsets against amounts previously funded. |
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| Risks of Middle Market Loans | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risks of Middle Market Loans. Borrowers under loans originated by us or in which we may invest may include privately owned small and mid-sized companies, which present a greater risk of loss than loans to larger companies. Compared to larger, publicly owned firms, these companies generally have more limited access to capital and higher funding costs, may be in a weaker financial position, and may need more capital to expand or compete. These financial challenges may make it difficult for our borrowers to make scheduled payments of interest or principal on our loans. Accordingly, advances made to these types of borrowers entail higher risks than advances made to companies that are able to access traditional credit sources. |
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| Risks of PIK and OID Instruments | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risks of PIK and OID Instruments. A portfolio investment may have a contractual return that is not paid entirely in cash, but rather features a PIK element paid partially or wholly in-kind or as an accreting liquidation preference, in which case we will be forgoing a cash margin for an accrued interest amount rolled throughout the life of the loan. This may have the effect of lengthening the time before cash is received and increasing our risk exposure. While the Adviser seeks to achieve our targeted returns for any given portfolio investment, other factors, such as overall economic conditions, the competitive environment and the availability of potential purchasers of the securities, may shorten or lengthen our holding period, and some portfolio investments may take several additional years from the initial investment date to achieve a realization. In some cases, we may be prohibited by contract from selling certain securities for a period of time. If we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio positions quickly, then we may realize significantly less than the value at which we previously recorded those portfolio investments. The interest payments deferred on a PIK loan are subject to the risk that the borrower may default when the deferred payments are due in cash at the maturity of the loan. The interest rates on PIK loans are higher to reflect the time-value of money on deferred interest payments and the higher credit risk of borrowers who may need to defer interest payments. Market prices of Original Issue Discount “OID” instruments are more volatile because they are affected to a greater extent by interest rate changes than instruments that pay interest periodically in cash. PIK instruments may have unreliable valuations because the accruals require judgments about ultimate collectability of the deferred payments and the value of the associated collateral. Use of PIK and OID securities may provide certain benefits to the Adviser, including increasing management fees and incentive compensation. The historical investment philosophy, strategy and approach of the Private Credit Group has not involved the use of PIK interest, which represents contractual interest accrued and added to the loan balance that generally becomes due at maturity, or similar arrangements. Although we do not currently expect the Private Credit Group to originate investments for us with PIK interest features, from time to time we may make investments that contain such features or that subsequently incorporate such features after origination. To the extent original issue discount and PIK interest income constitute a portion of our income, we will be exposed to risks associated with the deferred receipt of the cash representing such income. |
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| Risks Related to Warehousing Transactions | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risks Related to Warehousing Transactions. We may enter into one or more warehousing transactions. We may not be able to consummate or realize the anticipated benefits from any such warehousing transaction. Under certain warehousing transactions, we may agree to purchase assets from a warehouse provider at prices based on cost plus adjustments designed to give such warehousing provider the economic benefits of accrued but unpaid interest and structuring fees and original issue discount, while such warehouse provider holds the assets. As a result, we generally will not receive any benefit of holding the investments in a warehouse until we have acquired such assets from such warehouse provider, and certain benefits of the acquisition of the assets (such as discounted purchase prices resulting from structuring fees or original issue discount), may have deteriorated by the time we acquire the assets. Purchases of assets from a warehouse provider will be at prices determined under the warehousing transaction which may differ from the assets’ market prices at the time of such purchase. As a result, we may pay more or less than the current market value of such assets when we acquire them. Certain warehousing agreements may also provide us with options to purchase certain assets at fair market value at the time of purchase, although a warehouse provider could retain the option to reject any purchase offers from us and retain such assets. |
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| Risks may arise in connection with the rules under ERISA related to investment by ERISA Plans | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risks may arise in connection with the rules under ERISA related to investment by ERISA Plans. We will use reasonable efforts to conduct our affairs so that our assets will not be deemed to be “plan assets” for purposes of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”). In this regard, we may be operated as an annual “venture capital operating company,” under the ERISA rules (a “VCOC”) in order to avoid our assets being treated as “plan assets” for purposes of ERISA. If we decide to qualify as a VCOC, then we must obtain the right to substantially participate directly in or to influence the management of at least one-half of our investments, measured by cost, and must actually exercise such rights each year with respect to at least one such operating company. Accordingly, there may be constraints on our ability to make or dispose of investments at optimal times (or to make certain investments at all). |
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| Effect of Varying Terms of Classes of Units | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Effect of Varying Terms of Classes of Units. Although we have no current intention to do so, pursuant to the LLC Agreement, we may issue Preferred Units. If we issue Preferred Units, there can be no assurance that such issuance would result in a higher yield or return to the holders of the Units. The issuance of Preferred Units would likely cause the net asset value of the Units to become more volatile. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Units were to approach the net rate of return on our investment portfolio, the benefit of leverage to the holders of the Units would be reduced. If the dividend rate on the Preferred Units were to exceed the net rate of return on our portfolio, the leverage would result in a lower rate of return to the holders of the Units than if we had not issued Preferred Units. Any decline in the net asset value of our investments would be borne entirely by the holders of the Units. Therefore, if the fair value of our portfolio were to decline, the leverage would result in a greater decrease in net asset value to the holders of the Units than if we were not leveraged through the issuance of Preferred Units. |
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| Rights of Preferred Unitholders | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Rights of Preferred Unitholders. Holders of any Preferred Units that we might issue would have the right, voting separately as a single class, to elect two members of the board at all times. In addition, if dividends for Preferred Units become two full years in arrears, the holders of those Preferred Units would have the right to elect a majority of the board until such arrearage is completely eliminated. Restrictions imposed on the declarations and payment of dividends or other distributions to the holders of the Units and Preferred Units, both by the 1940 Act and by the terms of our debt financings (if any), might impair our ability to qualify as a RIC for federal income tax purposes. While we would intend to redeem the Preferred Units to the extent necessary to enable us to distribute our income as required to qualify as a RIC, there can be no assurance that such actions could be effected in time to meet the tax requirements. |
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| Retention of Proceeds | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Retention of Proceeds. Subject to the requirements of Section 852(a) of Subchapter M of the Code and the terms of any indebtedness or Preferred Units, during the Commitment Period, we may retain, in whole or in part, any proceeds attributable to portfolio investments. Any retained proceeds that represent net investment income will be treated as a deemed distribution by us to the Unitholders and a deemed re-contribution by the Unitholders to us, and the aggregate Undrawn Commitments of all Unitholders will be reduced accordingly. We may use the amounts so retained to make investments, pay our fees and expenses, repay our borrowings, or fund reasonable reserves for our future expenses or other obligations (including obligations to make indemnification advances and payments); provided, however, that, after the expiration of the Commitment Period, no part of such retained amounts will be used to make any investment for which we would not be permitted to draw down Commitments. We will treat any retained proceeds that represent net investment income as a deemed distribution to Unitholders and a deemed re-contribution by the Unitholders, and the aggregate Undrawn Commitments of all Unitholders will be reduced accordingly. For the avoidance of doubt, even if the Undrawn Commitment of the Units becomes zero, we may continue to retain proceeds that represent net investment income as described above for the purpose of paying our operating costs (including expenses, the Management Fee, the Incentive Fee, payments to the Administrator and any indemnification obligations) and debt service of any borrowings we have made. |
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| Consequences of Failure to Pay Commitment in Full | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Consequences of Failure to Pay Commitment in Full. If a Unitholder fails to pay any installment of its Commitment, there is no guarantee that we will recover the full amount of the defaulted Commitment, and such defaulting Unitholder may lose all or a portion of its economic interest in us. |
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| No Registration; Limited Transferability of Units | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | No Registration; Limited Transferability of Units. The Units are being offered without registration under the Securities Act or any other laws of applicable jurisdictions. All dispositions and transfers of the Units shall be made pursuant to an effective registration statement or in accordance with an exemption from registration contained in the Securities Act. Unitholders will not be permitted to transfer their Units unless (i) we and, if required by our lending arrangements, our lenders give consent and (ii) the Transfer is made in accordance with applicable securities laws. Furthermore, the transferability of the Units may be subject to certain restrictions contained in the Subscription Agreement and the LLC Agreement and may be affected by restrictions on resale imposed under U.S. federal, U.S. state or another jurisdiction’s securities laws. A public market does not currently exist for the Units and one is not expected to develop. Withdrawal from an investment in the Units will not generally be permitted. In light of the restrictions imposed on any such transfer and in light of the limitations imposed on a Unitholder’s ability to withdraw all or part of its investment in Units, an investment in the Units should be viewed as illiquid and subject to high risk. Our Units are illiquid investments for which there is not a secondary market nor is it expected that any such secondary market will develop in the future. We also do not intend to list our Units on a national securities exchange. Our Units are not registered under the 1933 Act, or any state securities law and will be restricted as to transfer by law and the terms of our LLC Agreement and Subscription Agreement. Unitholders generally may not sell, assign or transfer their Units without the prior written consent of the Adviser, which the Adviser may grant or withhold in its sole discretion. Except in limited circumstances for legal or regulatory purposes, Unitholders are not entitled to redeem their Units. Unitholders must be prepared to bear the economic risk of an investment in us for an indefinite period of time. |
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| Withholding Risk for Foreign Investors | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Withholding Risk for Foreign Investors. U.S. withholding tax rules require 30% withholding on distributions to Non-U.S. Holders unless there is certainty that such distributions are not subject to such withholding. The Company may make distributions at times of the year when there is uncertainty as to whether the amounts distributed are subject to such withholding. Accordingly, such distributions to Non-U.S. Holders may be subject to overwithholding by the Company (or its withholding agent) and Non-U.S. Holders may be required to file a return with the Internal Revenue Service in order to receive a refund of such overwithheld amounts. Non-U.S. Holders should see the discussion under the heading “Part I Item 1. Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders.” |
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| Tax Risks | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Tax Risks. Tax consequences to Unitholders from an investment in the Units are complex. Potential Unitholders are strongly urged to review the discussion in “Part I Item 1. Description of Business—Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.” |
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| Political, Social and Economic Uncertainty Risk | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Political, Social and Economic Uncertainty Risk. Social, political, economic and other conditions and events (such as natural disasters, epidemics and pandemics, terrorism, conflicts and social unrest) will occur that create uncertainty and have significant impacts on issuers, industries, governments and other systems, including the financial markets, to which companies and their investments are exposed. As global systems, economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, events that once had only local impact are now more likely to have regional or even global effects. Events that occur in one country, region or financial market will, more frequently, adversely impact issuers in other countries, regions or markets, including in established markets such as the U.S. These impacts can be exacerbated by failures of governments and societies to adequately respond to an emerging event or threat. Uncertainty can result in or coincide with, among other things: increased volatility in the financial markets for securities, derivatives, loans, credit and currency; a decrease in the reliability of market prices and difficulty in valuing assets (including portfolio company assets); greater fluctuations in spreads on debt investments and currency exchange rates; increased risk of default (by both government and private obligors and issuers); further social, economic, and political instability; nationalization of private enterprise; greater governmental involvement in the economy or in social factors that impact the economy; changes to governmental regulation and supervision of the loan, securities, derivatives and currency markets and market participants and decreased or revised monitoring of such markets by governments or self-regulatory organizations and reduced enforcement of regulations; limitations on the activities of investors in such markets; controls or restrictions on foreign investment, capital controls and limitations on repatriation of invested capital; the significant loss of liquidity and the inability to purchase, sell and otherwise fund investments or settle transactions (including, but not limited to, a market freeze); unavailability of currency hedging techniques; substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation, which can last many years and have substantial negative effects on credit and securities markets as well as the economy as a whole; recessions; and difficulties in obtaining and/or enforcing legal judgments. We will also be negatively affected if the operations and effectiveness of us or a portfolio company (or any of the key personnel or service providers of the foregoing) is compromised or if necessary or beneficial systems and processes are disrupted. |
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| Changes to U.S. Tariff and Import/Export Regulations | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Changes to U.S. Tariff and Import/Export Regulations. There have been significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties and tariffs, resulting in significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and other countries with respect to trade policies, treaties and tariffs. These developments have had a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United States. Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our portfolio companies’ access to suppliers or customers and have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations, which in turn would negatively impact us. |
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| Changes in Applicable Law | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Changes in Applicable Law. We must comply with various legal requirements, including requirements imposed by United States and non-U.S. anti-money laundering laws, securities laws, commodities laws, tax laws and pension laws. Should any of those laws change over the life of the Company, the legal requirements to which we and the Adviser may be subject could differ materially from current requirements. In addition, if a Unitholder fails to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and similar laws, the Company may mandatorily repurchase such Unitholder’s Units. |
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| Terrorist Action | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Terrorist Action. There is a risk of terrorist attacks on the United States and elsewhere causing significant loss of life and property damage and disruptions in global markets. Economic and diplomatic sanctions may be in place or imposed on certain states and military action may be commenced. The impact of such events is unclear, but could have a material effect on general economic conditions and market liquidity. Operational Risk. We depend on TCW to develop the appropriate systems and procedures to control operational risk. Operational risks arising from mistakes made in the closing, confirmation or settlement of transactions, from transactions not being properly booked, evaluated, accounted for or managed or other similar disruption in our operations may cause us to suffer financial losses, disruption of our business, liability to third parties, regulatory intervention or damage to our reputation. Our business is highly dependent on our ability to process a large number of transactions across numerous and diverse markets. Consequently, we rely heavily on our financial, accounting, asset management and other data processing systems. The ability of our systems to accommodate an increasing volume of transactions could also constrain our ability to properly manage our portfolio. Generally, none of the Adviser or TCW will be liable to us for losses incurred due to the occurrence of any such errors. |
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| Dependence on Information Systems and Systems Failures | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Dependence on Information Systems and Systems Failures. Our business is highly dependent on the communications and information systems of the Adviser, its affiliates and third parties. Further, in the ordinary course of our business we or the Adviser may engage certain third party service providers to provide us with services necessary for our business. Any failure or interruption of those systems or services, including as a result of the termination or suspension of an agreement with any third party service providers, could cause delays or other problems in our activities. Our financial, accounting, data processing, backup or other operating systems and facilities may fail to operate properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors including events that are wholly or partially beyond our control and adversely affect our business. There could be: • sudden electrical or telecommunications outages; • natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes and hurricanes; • disease pandemics or other serious public health events, such as the recent global outbreak of COVID-19; • events arising from local or larger scale political or social matters, including terrorist acts; and • cyber-attacks. These events, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. |
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| Cybersecurity Risks and Cyber Incidents | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Cybersecurity Risks and Cyber Incidents. Our business depends on the communications and information systems of our Adviser and its affiliates, our portfolio companies and third-party service providers. These systems are subject to potential cybersecurity attacks and incidents, including through adverse events that threaten the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our information resources. Cyber hacking could also cause significant disruption and harm to the companies in which we invest. The U.S. government has issued warnings that certain essential assets, specifically those related to energy and infrastructure, including exploration and production facilities, pipelines and transmission and distribution facilities, might be specific targets of terrorist activity. Additionally, digital and network technologies (collectively, “cyber networks”) might be at risk of cyberattacks that could potentially seek unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes such as misappropriating sensitive information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption. Cyberattacks might potentially be carried out by persons using techniques that could range from efforts to electronically circumvent network security or overwhelm websites to intelligence gathering and social engineering functions aimed at obtaining information necessary to gain access. These attacks could involve gaining unauthorized access to our information systems for purposes of misappropriating assets, stealing confidential information, corrupting data or causing operational disruption and result in disrupted operations, misstated or unreliable financial data, liability for stolen assets or information, increased cybersecurity protection and insurance costs, litigation and damage to our business relationships, any of which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our operating results and negatively affect the value of our securities and our ability to pay distributions to our unitholders. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our information systems, both internal and those provided by the Adviser and third-party service providers. In addition, we and the Adviser currently or in the future are expected to routinely transmit and receive confidential and proprietary information by email and other electronic means. We and the Adviser may not be able to ensure secure capabilities with all of our clients, vendors, service providers, counterparties and other third parties to protect the confidentiality of the information. In addition, we, the Adviser and many of our third-party service providers currently have work from home policies. Such a policy of remote working could strain our technology resources and introduce operational risks, including heightened cybersecurity risks and other risks described above. Remote working environments may be less secure and more susceptible to hacking attacks, including phishing and social engineering attempts. There is no assurance that any efforts to mitigate cybersecurity risks undertaken by us or our Adviser will be effective. Network, system, application and data breaches as a result of cybersecurity risks or cyber incidents could result in operational disruptions or information misappropriation that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition of us and of our portfolio companies. |
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| Cybersecurity Security Breaches and Identity Theft | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Cybersecurity Breaches and Identity Theft. Cybersecurity incidents and cyber-attacks have been occurring globally at more frequent and severe levels and are expected to continue to increase in frequency in the future. The information and technology systems of the Company, its portfolio investments and their service providers may be vulnerable to damage or interruption, including, without limitation, from computer viruses and other malicious code, network failures, computer and telecommunication failures, infiltration by unauthorized persons and security breaches, usage errors or malfeasance by their respective professionals or service providers, power, communications or other service outages and catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes or terrorist incidents. If unauthorized parties gain access to such information and technology systems, or if personnel abuse or misuse their access privileges, they may be able to steal, publish, delete or modify private and sensitive information. Although the Adviser has implemented, and portfolio investments and service providers may implement, various measures to manage risks relating to these types of events, such measures may be inadequate and, if compromised, information and technology systems could become inoperable for extended periods of time, cease to function properly or fail to adequately secure private information. Even with sophisticated prevention and detection systems, breaches such as those involving covertly introduced malware, impersonation of authorized users and industrial or other espionage may not be identified in a timely manner or at all, potentially resulting in further harm and precluding appropriate remediation. TCW, the Company, Other Clients and/or any portfolio investment may have to make significant investments to fix or replace information and technology systems. The failure of these systems and/or of disaster recovery plans for any reason could cause significant interruptions in the operations of TCW, the Company, any portfolio investment, and/or their service providers and result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of sensitive data, including personal information relating to Unitholders (and their beneficial owners) and the intellectual property and trade secrets of TCW, the Company, and/or portfolio investments. Such a failure could harm the reputation of TCW, the Company and/or a portfolio investment, subject any such entity and their respective affiliates to legal claims and adverse publicity, and otherwise affect their business and financial performance. When such issues are present with regard to the issuer of securities in which the Company invests, the Company’s portfolio investment in those securities may lose value. In addition, the SEC has adopted changes to Regulation S-P, which requires, among other things, that registered investment advisers notify affected individuals of a breach involving their personal information when there has been an incident that rises to the level of being a reportable breach. In general, these laws and regulations introduce many new obligations on us, TCW and its affiliates and service providers and create new rights for parties who have given any of us their personal information, such as investors and others. |
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| Risks Associated with Artificial Intelligence | |||||||||||
| General Description of Registrant [Abstract] | |||||||||||
| Risk [Text Block] | Risks Associated with Artificial Intelligence. Recent technological advances in artificial intelligence, including machine learning technology (“Machine Learning Technology”), pose risks to us and our portfolio companies. We and our portfolio companies could be exposed to the risks of Machine Learning Technology if third-party service providers or any counterparties use Machine Learning Technology in their business activities. We and the Adviser are not in a position to control the use of Machine Learning Technology in third-party products or services. Use of Machine Learning Technology could include the input of confidential information in contravention of applicable policies, contractual or other obligations or restrictions, resulting in such confidential information becoming partly accessible by other third-party Machine Learning Technology applications and users. Machine Learning Technology and its applications continue to develop rapidly, and we cannot predict the risks that may arise from such developments. Machine Learning Technology is generally highly reliant on the collection and analysis of large amounts of data, and it is not possible or practicable to incorporate all relevant data into the model that Machine Learning Technology utilizes to operate. Certain data in such models will inevitably contain a degree of inaccuracy and error and could otherwise be inadequate or flawed, which would be likely to degrade the effectiveness of Machine Learning Technology. To the extent we or our portfolio companies are exposed to the risks of Machine Learning Technology use, any such inaccuracies or errors could adversely impact us or our portfolio companies. |
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