Expenses by nature

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

7Expenses by nature

Included within administrative expenses and research and development expenses are the following expenses.


		2025		2024		2023
		£ 000		£ 000		£ 000
Research and development staff costs (excluding share-based payment expenses)		39,193		27,148		23,830
Research and development consultancy		22,086		12,179		16,193
Research and development components, parts and tooling		10,712		20,561		25,350
Total research and development expenses		71,991		59,888		65,373
Administrative staff costs (excluding share-based payment expenses)		12,715		9,682		9,616
Share based payment expenses (note 23)		9,667		7,486		8,816
Consultancy costs		3,194		2,961		1,914
Legal and financial advisory costs		3,383		4,609		2,296
HR advisory and recruitment costs		2,031		650		968
IT hardware and software costs		8,505		7,192		6,314
Insurance expenses		2,130		1,357		2,110
Marketing costs		4,653		1,761		688
Premises expenses		1,941		2,183		1,870
Operational travel and logistics costs		1,438		1,006		1,287
Aviation and aerospace regulatory fees		1,127		457		302
Depreciation expense		965		1,088		892
Amortization expense		131		885		1,164
Depreciation on right of use property assets		860		730		658
Other administrative expenses		611		1,364		1,923
Total administrative expenses		53,351		43,411		40,818
Related party administrative expenses		276		1,280		83
Total administrative & research and development expenses		125,618		104,579		106,274

Staff costs relate primarily to salary and salary-related expenses, including social security and pension contributions. Staff costs exclude share-based payments, which primarily relates to both R&D staff and administrative staff – see note 23 for further details.