14. Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized an income tax benefit of $0.1 million. This was primarily due to adjustments resulting from the overpayment of prior-year state income taxes. The effective

tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 varies from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to the Company’s inability to recognize the benefit from its net deferred tax assets, which are offset by a valuation allowance. The Company has established a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty surrounding the realization of such assets. All losses to date have been incurred domestically.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized an income tax expense of $2.4 million. This was primarily due to prior period tax provision to return adjustment. The effective tax rates for the year ended December 31, 2024 vary from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to the Company’s inability to recognize the benefit from its net deferred tax assets, which are offset by a valuation allowance.

Income taxes paid, net of (refunds), for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 is immaterial and $17.5 million, respectively.

Realization of the future tax benefits is dependent on the Company’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carryforward period. Due to the Company’s history of operating losses and future sources of taxable income, the Company believes that the realization of the deferred tax assets is currently not more likely than not to be realized and, accordingly, have provided a full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the net increase in the valuation allowance was $44.4 million and $60.1 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $376.3 million and federal general business credits from research and development expenses totaling $35.9 million, as well as state net operating loss carryforwards of $108.2 million and state research and development credits of $33.6 million.

The federal net operating loss carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2027, and the federal credits will expire at various dates beginning in 2032, if not utilized. The state net operating loss carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2030, if not utilized. The state research and development tax credits can be carried forward indefinitely.

Events which cause limitations in the amount of net operating losses that the Company may utilize in any one year include, but are not limited to, a cumulative ownership change of more than 50%, as defined, over a three-year testing period. Under the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions, certain substantial changes in the Company's ownership could result in an annual limitation on the amount of net operating loss and credit carryforwards that can be utilized in future years to offset future taxable income. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credit carryforwards before utilization. The Company completed Section 382 analysis through December 31, 2024, and concluded that the Company experienced an ownership change on November 20, 2019, and December 31, 2022. If there is subsequent event or further change in ownership, these losses may be subject to limitations, resulting in their expiration before they can be utilized.

The Company files U.S. federal and state tax returns with varying statutes of limitations. Due to net operating loss and credit carryforwards, all of the tax years since inception through the 2024 tax year remain subject to examination by the U.S. federal and some state authorities. The actual amount of any taxes due could vary significantly depending on the ultimate timing and nature of any settlement. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, that would affect the effective tax rate is $13.4 million and $12.1 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. One or more of these unrecognized tax benefits could be subject to a valuation allowance if and when recognized in a future period, which could impact the timing of any related effective tax rate benefit.

The Company determines its uncertain tax positions based on a determination of whether and how much of a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filings is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant income tax authorities.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act ("OBBBA") was enacted into law, which includes significant changes to U.S. tax law. The Company has evaluated the impact of OBBBA and determined that it does not have a material impact on the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 due to a full valuation allowance established against net deferred tax assets.