Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

(b) Use of estimates

The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, available market information as applicable, third party analysis and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances at the time they are made. Under different assumptions or conditions, the actual results will differ, potentially materially, from those previously estimated. Many of the conditions impacting these assumptions and estimates are outside of the Company’s control.

Significant areas requiring use of estimates include, among others, the recoverability of property and equipment and other long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets, fair value measurements, revenue recognition, lease liabilities and right of use assets, income taxes, and contingencies.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block]

(d) Restricted cash

Restricted cash is solely in connection with the 2023 Term Notes and 2024 Term Notes as defined in "Note 8. Notes Payable" and consists of (i) cash receipts held by trustee related to securitized assets and (ii) liquidity reserve funds. The non-current portion of the restricted cash is presented in "Secured notes reserve funds" on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Policy [Policy Text Block]

(f) Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and impairment. Assets deemed to have been abandoned are recorded at their salvage value and are not depreciated. Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis so as to depreciate the cost of depreciable assets over their estimated useful lives at the following rates:

	Rate
Asset
Computer equipment			30%
Computer software		33^1/3	-	100%
Furniture and equipment			20%
Vehicles and tools			20%
Fiber network (years)			15
Customer equipment and installations (years)			3
Leasehold improvements	Over term of lease
Capitalized internal use software (years)		3	-	7

The Company reviews the carrying values of its property and equipment for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Where such indicators exist, the Company performs impairment testing at the asset group level unless an asset generates independent cash flows. The Company first performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether events or circumstances indicate that that the carrying amount of the asset (group) may not be recoverable. The Company compares the carrying amount of the asset (group) to the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated over its remaining useful life. If the carrying value exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows, the relevant asset (group) is considered to be impaired, and an impairment loss is recognized in the amount by which the carrying value of the asset (group) exceeds fair value.

For certain assets that the Company determined would be disposed of by abandonment, management estimates the salvage value. The salvage value is estimated based on management’s judgment regarding realizability in secondary markets. Management bases its estimates on historical experience, available market information as applicable, third party analysis and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances at the time they are made. Management regularly reviews its estimates of salvage values based on current market information and data, and recognizes additional impairment where salvage values decrease.

The determination of salvage value of the materials and supplies held for capital projects involves significant estimates, and it is reasonably possible that salvage value could materially change in the near term due to changing market conditions, market demand and subsequent asset sales.

In instances where assets are found to be damaged and have no salvage value, they are fully impaired.

Additions to the fiber network are recorded at cost, including all material, labor, capitalized interest, vehicle and installation and construction costs associated with the construction of cable transmission and distribution facilities. While the Company’s capitalization is based on specific activities, once capitalized, costs are tracked by fixed asset category at the fiber network level and not on a specific asset basis. For assets that are retired, the estimated historical cost and related accumulated depreciation is derecognized.

Additions to land are recorded at cost, and include any direct costs associated with the purchase, as well as any direct costs incurred to bring it to the condition necessary for its intended use, such as legal fees associated with the acquisition and the cost of permanent improvements. Land is not depreciated.

We capitalize the development costs for software to be used internally when software development projects enter the application development stage. This occurs when we complete the preliminary project stage, management authorizes and commits to funding the project, and it is feasible that the project will be completed and the software will perform the intended function. We cease to capitalize costs related to a software project when it enters the post implementation and operation stage, which is the point at which a software project is substantially completed and ready for its intended use.

Costs capitalized during the application development stage consist of payroll and related costs for employees who are directly associated with, and who devote time directly to, a project to develop software for internal use. External contractor costs who are directly associated with, and who devote time directly to, a project to develop software for internal use are also capitalized. We do not capitalize any general and administrative or overhead costs or costs incurred during the application development stage related to research and development, training or data conversion costs. Research and development costs and data conversion costs may be recorded as Costs to fulfill a contract, if they relate to a specific professional services customer contract (see "Note 11. Costs to obtain and fulfill a contract"). Costs related to upgrades and enhancements to internal-use software, if those upgrades and enhancements result in additional functionality, are capitalized. If upgrades and enhancements do not result in additional functionality, those costs are expensed as incurred.

In determining and reassessing the estimated useful life over which the cost incurred for the software should be amortized, we consider the effects of obsolescence, technology, competition and other economic factors.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block]

(h) Goodwill and Other Intangible assets

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair values assigned to the net assets acquired in business combinations. The Company does not amortize goodwill. Impairment testing for goodwill is performed annually in the fourth quarter of each year or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Impairment testing is performed at the operating segment level, which the Company has assessed to be our reporting units. The Company has determined that it has three operating segments, Ting, Wavelo and Tucows Domains.

The Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether there are events or circumstances which would lead to a determination that it is more-likely-than-not that goodwill has been impaired. If, after this qualitative assessment, the Company determines that it is not more-likely-than-not that goodwill has been impaired, then no quantitative testing is necessary. In performance of the qualitative test, consideration is given to factors such as macro-economic, industry and market conditions including the capital markets, the competitive environment, in addition to other internal factors including changes to our market capitalization, cash flows, obligations and access to capital of our segments. In the event that the qualitative tests indicate that there may be impairment, quantitative impairment testing is required.

If required to perform the quantitative test, the Company compares the reporting unit's carrying amount to its fair value, which is typically estimated using an income approach in which future expected cash flows at the operating segment level are converted to present value using factors that consider the timing and risk of the future cash flows. The estimate of cash flows used is prepared on an unleveraged debt-free basis. The discount rate reflects a market-derived weighted average cost of capital. The Company believes that this approach is appropriate because it provides a fair value estimate based upon the expected long-term operating and cash flow performance for its operating segment. The projections are based upon the Company’s best estimates of projected economic and market conditions over the related period including growth rates, estimates of future expected changes in operating margins and cash expenditures.

Other significant estimates and assumptions include terminal value growth rates, terminal value margin rates, future capital expenditures and changes in future working capital. If assumptions and estimates used to assess impairment prove to be inaccurate, future asset impairment charges could be required.

Intangibles Assets Not Subject to Amortization

Intangible assets not subject to amortization consist of surname domain names and direct navigation domain names. While the domain names are renewed annually, through payment of a renewal fee to the applicable registry, the Company has the exclusive right to renew these names at its option. Renewals occur routinely and at a nominal cost. Moreover, the Company has determined that there are currently no legal, regulatory, contractual, economic or other factors that limit the useful life of these domain names on an aggregate basis and accordingly treat the portfolio of domain names as indefinite life intangible assets. The Company re-evaluates the useful life determination for domain names in the portfolio each year to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life.

The indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized, but are subject to an annual impairment assessment, during which the Company evaluates whether changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment. Additionally, the Company reviews individual domain names in the portfolio for potential impairment throughout the fiscal year in determining whether a particular name should be renewed. Impairment is recognized for names that are not renewed.

Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization

Intangible assets subject to amortization consist of brand, customer relationships, technology and network rights and are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows:

	(in years)

Technology	2	-	7

Brand		7

Customer relationships	3	-	7

Network rights		15

The Company continually evaluates whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful lives of its intangible assets subject to amortization may warrant revision or that the remaining balance of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company uses an estimate of the related undiscounted cash flows over the remaining life of the asset in measuring whether the asset is recoverable.

Lessee, Leases [Policy Text Block]

(m) Leases

Under ASC 842, we determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Our lease agreements generally contain lease and non-lease components. Payments under our lease arrangements are primarily fixed. Non-lease components primarily include payments for maintenance and utilities. We combine fixed payments for non-lease components with lease payments and account for them together as a single lease component which increases the amount of our right of use assets and lease liabilities.

Certain lease agreements contain variable payments, which are expensed as incurred and not included in the right of use assets and lease liabilities. These payments include amounts contingent on the number of Ting internet subscribers connected to a leased fiber network, and payments for maintenance, utilities and property taxes.

We have elected to consider leases with a term of 12 months or less as short-term, and as such these have not been recognized on the balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Right of use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is our incremental borrowing rate, because the interest rate implicit in our leases is not readily determinable. Our incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, and in economic environments where the leased asset is located. Our lease terms include periods under options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option, and periods covered by options terminate the lease if we are reasonably certain not to exercise that option. The lease term used in determining our right of use assets and lease liabilities is generally the non-cancelable period of the lease excluding any periods covered by an option to extend the lease or terminate the lease.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

(o) Income taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in net income in the year that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded if it is not likely that a deferred tax asset will be realized.

The Company recognizes the impact of an uncertain income tax position at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority and includes consideration of interest and penalties. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. The liability for unrecognized tax benefits is classified as non-current unless the liability is expected to be settled in cash within 12 months of the reporting date.

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Policy Text Block]

(q) Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation expense recognized during the period is based on the value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest, we have elected to account for forfeitures when they occur. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation for both public company stock and private subsidiary stock - see "Note 15. Stock Option Plans."

Concentration Risk, Credit Risk, Policy [Policy Text Block]

(s) Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable and forward foreign exchange contracts. Cash equivalents consist of deposits with major commercial banks, the maturities of which are three months or less from the date of purchase. With respect to accounts receivable, the Company performs periodic credit evaluations of the financial condition of its customers and typically does not require collateral from them. The counterparty to any forward foreign exchange contracts is a major commercial bank which management believes does not represent a significant credit risk. Management assesses the need for allowances for potential credit losses by considering the credit risk of specific customers, historical trends and other information.

Investment, Policy [Policy Text Block]

(u) Investments

The Company accounts for investments in entities over which it has the ability to exert significant influence, but does not control and is not the primary beneficiary of, using the equity method of accounting. The Company includes the proportionate share of earnings (loss) of the equity method investees in Other Income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The proportional shares of affiliate earnings or losses accounted for under the equity method of accounting were not material for all periods presented. Equity investments in which the Company does not have significant influence are accounted for under ASC 321 - Accounting for Equity Interests. These investments are recorded in Investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, please see "Note 22. Additional Financial Information". If the fair value of these investments is readily determinable, they are measured at fair value, with changes recognized in Other Income (Expense), net. If the fair value is not readily determinable, the Company applies the measurement alternative, recording investment at cost, less any impairment, and adjusting for subsequent observable price changes when an observable transaction occurs. These adjustments are recorded in Other Income (Expense). The Company has determined that the fair value of its equity investments is not readily determinable and, therefore, applies the measurement alternative, recording investments at cost, less any impairment, and adjusting for observable price changes when applicable.

Ting Memphis Co is a limited partnership established to support the marketing and local presence of the Company’s internet and mobile services in Memphis, Tennessee, in which the Company holds a general partnership interest. To simplify the presentation of our Consolidated Financial Statements, we have fully consolidated Ting Memphis Co as the non-controlling interest is considered immaterial. As a result, no separate presentation or disclosure of non-controlling interest has been made in the financial statements.

Government Assistance [Policy Text Block]

(w) Government Grants

The Company was the beneficiary of government grants from the City of Greenwood Village, Colorado, to support the construction of a fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) network. The grant was intended to subsidize network construction, with the goal of providing broadband internet access service (BIAS) to all serviceable addresses within the city. The government grant was accounted for as a reduction of the cost basis of property and equipment in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet. Depreciation was calculated based on the reduced cost of the asset over its estimated useful life. In the second quarter of 2025, the Greenwood Village network was subsequently disposed of in connection with the sale of certain property and equipment and intangible assets.

The Company was awarded a grant under the Growing Rural Economies with Access to Technology (“GREAT”) program administered by the North Carolina Department of Information Technology to support broadband deployment in Lee County, North Carolina. The grant provides reimbursement for qualifying construction costs incurred in connection with making broadband services available to designated locations within the awarded project area. Grant reimbursements are accounted for as a reduction of the cost basis of the related property and equipment. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had received reimbursements under the GREAT grant program, which were recorded as reductions to property and equipment in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.