Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company and related financial information have been prepared pursuant to the requirements for reporting on Form 10-K and Articles 6 and 10 of Regulation S-X. The Company has determined it meets the definition of an investment company and follows the accounting and reporting guidance in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 946 – Financial Services – Investment Companies (“ASC Topic 946”). Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.

As an emerging growth company, the Company intends to take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Consolidation

As permitted under ASC Topic 946, the Company will generally not consolidate a portfolio company in which it has invested other than an investment company subsidiary or a controlled operating company whose business consists of providing services to the Company. Accordingly, the Company consolidated the results of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including the SPV, SPV II, SPV III, SPV IV, SPV V, the 2022 Issuer, the 2023 Issuer and the 2025 Issuer, (the "Non-Taxable Subsidiaries") and the Company’s wholly-owned taxable subsidiaries (the “Taxable Subsidiaries”, and together with the Non-Taxable Subsidiaries, the "Subsidiaries") in its consolidated financial statements. The purpose of the Taxable Subsidiaries is to permit the Company to hold equity investments in portfolio companies that are taxed as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes while complying with the “source of income” requirements contained in the RIC tax provisions of the Code. The Taxable Subsidiaries are not consolidated with the Company for U.S. federal corporate income tax purposes, and each Taxable Subsidiary is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on its taxable income. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company applies fair value to substantially all of its financial instruments in accordance with ASC Topic 820 – Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC Topic 820”). ASC Topic 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework used to measure fair value, and requires disclosures for fair value measurements, including the categorization of financial instruments into a three-level hierarchy based on the transparency of valuation inputs. See Note 4 for further discussion regarding the fair value measurements and hierarchy.

ASC Topic 820 requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments for which it is practical to estimate such value. The Company believes that the carrying amounts of its other financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables approximate the fair value of such items due to the short maturity of such instruments.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue recognition policies are as follows:

Investments and related investment income: Interest and dividend income is recorded on the accrual basis to the extent that the Company expects to collect such amounts. Interest income is accrued based upon the outstanding principal amount and contractual terms of debt and preferred equity investments. Interest is accrued on a daily basis. The Company records fees on loans based on the determination of whether the fee is considered a yield enhancement or payment for a service. If the fee is considered a yield enhancement associated with a funding of cash on a loan, the fee is generally deferred and recognized into interest income using the effective interest method if captured in the cost basis or using the straight-line method if the loan is unfunded and therefore there is no cost basis. If the fee is not considered a yield enhancement because a service was provided, and the fee is payment for that service, the fee is deemed earned and recorded as other income in the period the service is completed.

Dividend income on preferred equity investments is recorded as dividend income on an accrual basis to the extent that such amounts are payable by the portfolio company and are expected to be collected. Dividend income on common equity investments is recorded on the record date for private portfolio companies. Each distribution received from limited liability company (“LLC”) and limited partnership (“LP”) investments is evaluated to determine if the distribution should be recorded as dividend income or a return of capital. Generally, the Company will not record distributions from equity investments in LLCs and LPs as dividend income unless there are sufficient accumulated tax-basis earnings and profits in the LLC or LP prior to the applicable distribution. Distributions that are classified as a return of capital are recorded as a reduction in the cost basis of the investment. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, 2023, the Company received return of capital distributions from its equity investments of $2,711, $2,553 and $122, respectively.

The Company has certain investments in its portfolio that contain a payment-in-kind (“PIK”) provision, which represents contractual interest or dividends that are added to the principal balance and recorded as income. The Company stops accruing PIK interest or PIK dividends when it is determined that PIK interest or PIK dividends are no longer collectible. To maintain RIC tax treatment, and to avoid incurring corporate U.S. federal income tax, substantially all income accrued from PIK provisions must be paid out to stockholders in the form of distributions, even though the Company has not yet collected the cash.

Loan origination fees, original issue discount and market discount or premiums are capitalized and amortized into interest income over the contractual life of the respective investment using the effective interest method. Unamortized discounts and loan origination fees totaled $58,606 and $60,656 as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Upfront loan origination and closing fees received for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 totaled $43,962, $42,602 and $26,488, respectively. Upon the prepayment of a loan or debt investment, any unamortized premium or discount or loan origination fees are recorded as interest income.

The components of the Company’s investment income were as follows:


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2025		2024		2023
Interest income	$	483,019	$	365,634	$	207,338
PIK interest income	21,033		15,868		7,694
Dividend income (1)	6,946		1,599		569
Other income	2,506		10,887		2,184
Prepayment gain (loss)	6,840		7,036		1,146
Accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums	13,580		9,895		5,713
Total investment income	$	533,924	$	410,919	$	224,644

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(1)During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, dividend income includes PIK dividends of $2,208, $1,403 and $484, respectively.

Investment transactions are recorded on a trade-date basis. Realized gains or losses on portfolio investments are calculated based upon the difference between the net proceeds from the disposition and the amortized cost basis of the investment, without regard to unrealized gains or losses previously recognized. Realized gains and losses are recorded within net realized gain (loss) on investments on the consolidated statements of operations. Changes in the fair value of investments from the prior period, as determined through the application of the Company’s valuation policy, are included within net change in unrealized gain (loss) on investments on the consolidated statements of operations.

Non-accrual: Debt or preferred equity investments are placed on non-accrual status when principal, interest or dividend payments become materially past due, or when there is reasonable doubt that principal, interest or dividends will be collected. Additionally, any original issue discount and market discount are no longer accreted to interest income as of the date the loan is placed on non-accrual status. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon management’s judgment. Non-accrual debt or preferred equity investments are restored to accrual status when past due principal, interest, or dividends are paid, or are expected to be paid, and, in management’s judgment are likely to remain current. The Company may make exceptions to this policy and partially record interest if the loan has sufficient collateral value or is in process of collection and there is the expectation of collection of principal and a portion of the contractual interest.

Distributions

Historically, distributions have been declared by the Board each calendar quarter. Beginning in October 2025, to the extent that the Company has taxable income available, the Fund intends to make monthly distributions to its stockholders. Distributions to stockholders are recorded on the record date. All distributions will be paid at the discretion of the Company's Board and will depend on the Company's earnings, financial condition, maintenance of the Company's tax treatment as a RIC, compliance with applicable BDC regulations and such other factors as the Company's Board may deem relevant from time to time. As a result, the Company's distribution rates and payment frequency may vary from time to time.

The determination of the tax attributes for the Company’s distributions is made annually, based upon its taxable income for the full year and distributions paid for the full year. Ordinary dividend distributions from a RIC do not qualify for the preferential tax rate on qualified dividend income from domestic corporations and qualified foreign corporations, except to the extent that the RIC received the income in the form of qualifying dividends from domestic corporations and qualified foreign corporations. The tax attributes for distributions will generally include both ordinary income and capital gains, but may also include qualified dividends or return of capital.

The Company has adopted a dividend reinvestment plan (“DRIP”) that provides for the reinvestment of dividends and other distributions on behalf of its stockholders that elect to participate in such plan. When the Company declares a dividend or distribution, the Company’s stockholders’ cash distributions will only be reinvested in additional shares of the Company’s common stock if a stockholder specifically “opts in” to the DRIP at least ten (10) days prior to the record date fixed by the Board. Shares issued under the DRIP were issued at a price per share equal to the net asset value (“NAV”) per share as of the last day of the Company’s fiscal quarter immediately preceding the date that the distribution was declared. On November 4, 2025, the Board approved the second amended and restated dividend reinvestment plan (the "Second Amended and Restated DRIP"), which amended the price per share used for distributions reinvested to be the most recent NAV per share as of the most recent effective date on which shares are issued to our investors in a closing of a private offering immediately preceding the payment date of such distribution in order to better align with monthly share issuances.

Segment Reporting

In accordance with ASC Topic 280 – Segment Reporting, the Company has determined that it has a single reporting segment and operating unit structure. As a result, the Company’s segment accounting policies are the same as described herein and the Company does not have any intra-segment sales and transfers of assets. See Note 14 for additional information on the Company’s segment accounting policies.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents, including cash denominated in foreign currencies, primarily consists of cash, money market funds and short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The Company deposits its cash and cash equivalents in a financial institution and, at times, such balances may be in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit. The Company’s deposits are held in high-quality financial institutions.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Restricted cash and cash equivalents includes amounts held within the Non-Taxable Subsidiaries. Cash and cash equivalents held within the Non-Taxable Subsidiaries is generally restricted to use for the originations of new investments, the repayment of outstanding debt and the related payment of interest expense and the quarterly release of earnings to the Company. Restricted cash and cash equivalents consists of cash, money market funds and short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and are subject to credit risk to the extent those balances exceed FDIC limitations.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs represent fees and other direct incremental costs incurred in connection with the Company’s borrowings. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had unamortized debt issuance costs of $30,656 and $23,351, respectively, presented as a direct reduction of the carrying amount of debt on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities. These amounts are amortized and included in interest and other debt financing expenses on the consolidated statements of operations over the estimated average life of the borrowings.

Investments Denominated in Foreign Currency

At each balance sheet date, portfolio company investments denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using the spot exchange rate on the last business day of the period. Purchases and sales of foreign portfolio company investments, and any income from such investments, are translated into U.S. dollars using the rates of exchange prevailing on the respective dates of such transactions.

Although the fair values of foreign portfolio company investments and the fluctuation in such fair values are translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable foreign exchange rates described above, the Company does not isolate the portion of the change in fair value resulting from foreign currency exchange rates fluctuations from the change in fair value of the underlying investment. All fluctuations in fair value are included in net change in unrealized gain (loss) on investments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Investments denominated in foreign currencies and foreign currency transactions may involve certain consideration and risks not typically associated with those of domestic origin, including unanticipated movements in the value of the foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.

Derivative Instruments

The Company has entered and may continue to enter into foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the Company’s exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. In a foreign currency forward contract, the Company agrees to receive or deliver a fixed quantity of one currency for another, at a pre-determined price at a future date. Foreign currency forward contracts are marked-to-market based on the difference between the forward rate and the exchange rate at the current period end. Unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency forward contracts is recorded on the Company’s consolidated statements of assets and liabilities by counterparty on a net basis.

The Company does not utilize hedge accounting and as such values its foreign currency forward contracts at fair value with the change in unrealized gain or loss recorded in net change in unrealized gain (loss) on foreign currency forward contracts and the realized gain or loss recorded in net realized gain (loss) on foreign currency forward contracts on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be treated, and intends to qualify annually, as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As long as the Company maintains its status as a RIC, it generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any ordinary income or capital gains that it distributes at least annually to its stockholders.

To qualify as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code, the Company must, among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification requirements. In addition, to qualify for RIC tax treatment, the Company must distribute to its stockholders, for each taxable year, at least 90% of its “investment company taxable income” for that year, which is generally its ordinary income plus the excess of its realized net short-term capital gains over its realized net long-term capital losses. In order for the Company not to be subject to U.S. federal excise taxes, it must distribute annually an amount at least equal to the sum of (i) 98% of its net ordinary income (taking into account certain deferrals and elections) for the calendar year, (ii) 98.2% of the amount by which the Company's capital gain exceeds the Company's capital loss (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 in that calendar year and (iii) certain undistributed amounts from previous years on which the Company paid no U.S. federal income tax. The Company, at its discretion, may carry forward taxable income in excess of calendar year dividends and pay U.S. federal income tax and a 4% nondeductible U.S. federal excise tax on this income. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 the Company recorded a net expense on the consolidated statements of operations of $341, $1,082 and $495, respectively, for U.S. federal excise tax. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an accrual for U.S. federal excise taxes of $290 and $1,050, respectively, which were included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the consolidated statements of assets and liabilities.

The Company’s consolidated Taxable Subsidiaries may be subject to U.S. federal and state corporate-level income taxes. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 the Company recorded a net expense of $283, $124 and $119, respectively, on the consolidated statements of operations for these subsidiaries. As of both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no payables for corporate-level income taxes.

The Company accounts for income taxes in conformity with ASC Topic 740 – Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”). ASC Topic 740 provides guidelines for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements. ASC Topic 740 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as a tax expense in the current year. It is the Company’s policy to recognize accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company did not take any material uncertain income tax positions through December 31, 2025. The Company’s federal income tax returns are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for a period of three fiscal years after they are filed. State and local tax returns may be subject to examination for an additional fiscal year depending on the jurisdiction.

Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated the need for disclosures and/or adjustments resulting from subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued. There have been no subsequent events that occurred during such period that would require disclosure in this Form 10-K or would be required to be recognized in the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, except as disclosed in Note 15.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) (“ASU 2023-09”), which updates income tax disclosure requirements related to rate reconciliation, income taxes paid and other disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and is to be adopted on a prospective basis with the option to apply retrospectively. The Company has adopted ASU 2023-09 effective December 31, 2025 and concluded that the application of this guidance did not have any material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires disaggregated disclosure of certain costs and expenses, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization and depletion, within relevant income statement captions. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning with the first quarter ended March 31, 2028. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company is currently