Revenue is derived from subscription fees (which include support fees) and professional services fees. The Company sells subscriptions to its platforms through arrangements that are generally one to five years in length. The arrangements are generally non-cancellable and non-refundable. Furthermore, if a customer reduces the contracted usage or service level, the customer has no right of refund. The subscription arrangements do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the platforms and, as a result, are accounted for as service arrangements. This revenue recognition policy is consistent for sales generated directly with customers and sales generated indirectly through channel partners.

Some of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price (“SSP”) basis.

The Company determines SSP based on observable, if available, prices for those related services when sold separately. When such observable prices are not available, the Company determines SSP based on overarching pricing objectives and strategies, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors, including customer size, volume purchased, market and industry conditions, product-specific factors and historical sales of the deliverables. Pricing objectives, market conditions or other factors may change in the future resulting in changes to standalone selling prices that could impact the timing or amount of revenue recognition.

Deferred revenue consists primarily of payments received and accounts receivable recorded in advance of revenue recognition under the Company’s subscription and support services and professional services arrangements. The Company primarily invoices its customers for its subscription services arrangements annually in advance. The Company’s payment terms generally provide that customers pay the invoiced portion of the total arrangement fee within 30 days of the invoice date. Amounts anticipated to be recognized within one year of the balance sheet date are recorded as deferred revenue, current; the remaining portion is recorded as deferred revenue, noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheets.

Sales commissions earned by the Company’s sales force are generally considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions for new revenue contracts, including incremental sales to existing customers, are deferred and then amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit, which is determined to be generally five years. The Company determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration the terms of its customer contracts, its technology life and other factors.

Sales commissions capitalized as contract costs totaled $245 million and $186 million in fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively. Amortization of contract costs totaled $161 million, $130 million and $104 million in fiscal 2026, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Amortization expense is included in sales and marketing expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Costs of revenue primarily consist of costs related to providing the Company’s cloud-based platforms to its customers, including third-party hosting fees, amortization of capitalized internal-use software and finite-lived purchased developed technology, customer support, other employee-related expenses for security, technical operations and professional services staff, and allocated overhead costs.

Qualifying internally-developed software development costs, including the associated stock-based compensation expenses, are capitalized during the application development stage, as long as management has authorized and committed to funding the project, it is probable the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Capitalization of such costs ceases once the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Capitalized software development costs are included in Intangible assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over an expected useful life of 3 years.

Restructuring generally includes actions involving employee-related severance charges, facilities consolidation and contract termination costs. Employee-related severance charges are largely based upon substantive severance plans, while some are mandated requirements in certain foreign jurisdictions. Severance costs generally include severance payments, outplacement services, health insurance coverage and legal costs. These charges are reflected in the period when both the actions are probable, at the balance sheet date, and the amounts are reasonably estimable. Right-of-use asset impairments are recognized on the date the premises have been vacated or the Company have ceased-use of the leased facilities.

The Company’s equity incentive plans provide for granting stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), restricted stock awards to employees, consultants, officers and directors and RSUs with market-based vesting conditions to certain executives. In addition, the Company offers an employee stock purchase program (“ESPP”) to eligible employees.

The fair value of each market-based RSU award is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model which requires the use of various assumptions, including the stock price volatility and risk-free interest rate as of the valuation date corresponding to the length of time remaining in the performance period. Stock-based compensation expense for awards with market conditions is recognized over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method and is not reversed if the market condition is not met.

The fair value of ESPP awards are estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model which requires the use of various assumptions, including the expected term of the award, the expected volatility of the price of the underlying common stock, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividend yield of the underlying common stock. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized following the straight-line attribution method over the offering period for ESPP awards.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for operating losses and tax credit carry forwards. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Management considers all positive and negative evidence in evaluating the Company’s ability to realize its deferred tax assets, for example its historical results and forecasts of future ability to realize its deferred tax assets, including forecasts of future taxable income by jurisdiction. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates applicable in the years in which they are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax law is recognized in the provision for income taxes in the period that includes the enactment date.

The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. The Company determines if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained on tax audit, assuming that all issues are audited and resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes are considered. The tax benefit is then measured as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The reserves for uncertain tax positions are adjusted as facts and circumstances change, for example on closing of a tax audit, expiration of statutes of limitation on potential assessments or refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such a determination is made. The provisions for income taxes include the impact of reserves for uncertain tax positions, along with the related interest and penalties.

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash equivalents generally consist of investments in money market funds. The fair market value of cash equivalents approximated their carrying value as of January 31, 2026 and 2025.

The Company’s short-term investments comprise of U.S. treasury securities, corporate debt securities and certificates of deposit. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its short-term investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified and accounted for its short-term investments as available-for-sale securities as the Company may sell these securities at any time for use in its current operations or for other purposes, even prior to maturity. As a result, short-term investments, including securities with stated maturities beyond twelve months, are classified within current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value each reporting period and are periodically evaluated for impairment. For unrealized losses in securities that the Company intends to hold and will not more likely than not be required to sell before recovery, the Company further evaluates whether declines in fair value below amortized cost are due to credit or non-credit related factors.

The Company considers credit related impairments to be changes in value that are driven by a change in the creditor’s ability to meet its payment obligations, and records an allowance and recognizes a corresponding loss in interest and other, net when the impairment is incurred. Unrealized non-credit related losses and unrealized gains are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets until realized. Realized gains and losses are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in interest and other, net in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company’s strategic investments consist primarily of equity investments in privately held companies and are included in Other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Investments in privately held companies without readily determinable fair values in which the Company does not own a controlling interest or have significant influence over are measured using the measurement alternative. In applying the measurement alternative, the Company adjusts the carrying values of strategic investments based on observable price changes from orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. Additionally, the Company evaluates its strategic investments at least quarterly for impairment. Adjustments and impairments are recorded in Interest and other, net on the consolidated statements of operations.

In determining the estimated fair value of its strategic investments in privately held companies, the Company uses the most recent and available data. Valuations of privately held securities are inherently complex due to the lack of readily available market data and require the use of judgment. The determination of whether an orderly transaction is for an identical or similar investment requires use of significant judgment. In its evaluation, the Company considers factors such as differences in the rights and preferences of the investments and the extent to which those differences would affect the fair values of those investments. The Company’s impairment analysis encompasses an assessment of both qualitative and quantitative factors including the investee’s financial metrics, market acceptance of the investee's product or technology, general market conditions and liquidity considerations.

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances. These allowances are based on the Company’s assessment of the collectibility of accounts by considering the age of each outstanding invoice, the collection history of each customer, and an evaluation of current expected risk of credit loss based on current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions over the life of the receivable. The Company assesses collectibility by reviewing accounts receivable on an aggregated basis where similar characteristics exist and on an individual basis when specific customers with collectibility issues are identified. Amounts deemed uncollectible are recorded as an allowance in the consolidated balance sheets with an offsetting decrease in deferred revenue or a charge to general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting, which requires the acquired assets, including separately identifiable intangible assets, and assumed liabilities to be recorded as of the acquisition date at their respective estimated fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired, including separately identifiable intangible assets and liabilities assumed, is recorded as goodwill.

The determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed involves assessments of factors such as the expected future cash flows associated with individual assets and liabilities and appropriate discount rates at the date of the acquisition. Significant management inputs used in the estimation of fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed include, but are not limited to, expected future cash flows, future changes in technology, estimated replacement costs, person hours required in recreating certain acquired technologies, discount rates and assumptions about the period of time the brand will continue to be used in the Company’s portfolio. Where appropriate, external advisers are consulted to assist in the determination of fair value. For non-observable market values, fair value has been determined using acceptable valuation methods. The Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to assign fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. The Company’s estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. The results of operations for businesses acquired are included in the financial statements from the acquisition date. Acquisition-related expenses and post-acquisition restructuring costs are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net assets of businesses acquired in a business combination. Goodwill amounts are not amortized. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually on the first day of the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. The Company operates as a single operating segment.

Management has the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company also has the option, which the Company has elected, to bypass the qualitative assessment, and perform the quantitative assessment. The quantitative assessment involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. No goodwill impairments were recorded during the years presented based on the assessments performed.

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated. If the carrying amount exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, the assets are determined to be impaired and an impairment charge is recognized as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

The Company leases office space under operating leases with expiration dates through 2031. The Company determines whether an arrangement constitutes a lease and records lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on its consolidated balance sheets at lease commencement. Lease liabilities are measured based on the present value of the total lease payments not yet paid, discounted based on the more readily determinable of either the rate implicit in the lease or the incremental borrowing rate, which is the estimated rate the Company would be required to pay for a collateralized borrowing equal to the total lease payments over the term of the lease. The estimation of the incremental borrowing rate is based on an estimate of the Company’s unsecured borrowing rate, adjusted for tenor and collateralized security features. Lease liabilities due within twelve months are included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Right-of-use assets are measured based on the corresponding lease liability adjusted for (i) payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, (ii) initial direct costs incurred and (iii) tenant incentives received, incurred or payable under the lease. Recognition of rent expense begins when the lessor makes the underlying asset available to the Company. The Company does not assume renewals or early terminations of its leases unless it is reasonably certain to exercise these options at commencement and does not allocate consideration between lease and non-lease components.

The Company is periodically involved in various legal claims and proceedings. The Company routinely reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any matter is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company records a liability for the estimated loss. If either or both of the criteria for recording the liability are not met, the Company assesses whether there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss, or additional losses, may have been incurred. If there is a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred, the Company discloses the estimate of the amount of loss or range of loss, discloses that the amount is immaterial, or discloses that an estimate of loss cannot be made, as applicable. Because of inherent uncertainties related to these legal matters, the Company bases its loss accruals on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses its potential liability and may review its estimates. Actual outcomes of these legal and regulatory proceedings may differ materially from the Company’s estimates.

Share repurchases are recorded on the trade date and the repurchase price is inclusive of any related fees and commissions. Shares of Class A common stock repurchased by the Company are immediately retired. The par value of the Class A common stock repurchased is deducted from common stock with the excess of repurchase price recorded to additional paid-in capital on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. The Company’s short-term investments are primarily intended to facilitate liquidity and capital preservation and consist predominately of highly liquid investment-grade fixed-income securities, diversified among industries and individual issuers. The Company’s policy is designed to limit exposure from any particular issuer or institution.

The Company serves customers and users from data center facilities located across various different physical locations, such as the U.S., Europe and Asia-Pacific, most of which are operated by a single third party. The Company has disaster recovery protocols at the third-party service providers. Even with these procedures for disaster recovery in place, access to the Company’s service could be significantly interrupted, resulting in an adverse effect on its operating results and financial condition.

The Company computes basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders for Class A and Class B common stock using the two-class method required for participating securities. Under the two-class method, basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period.

Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including shares underlying convertible senior notes, unvested RSUs, outstanding stock options, unvested common stock and restricted stock issued in connection with certain business combinations, and ESPP obligations, to the extent they are dilutive. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive common shares included in diluted earnings per share is determined in accordance with the treasury stock, if-converted, or contingently issuable accounting methods, depending on the nature of the security.

In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance to provide disaggregated income tax disclosures on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance prospectively in fiscal 2026. Refer to Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements “Income Taxes” for the expanded disclosures resulting from the adoption of this guidance.

In November 2024, the FASB issued guidance requiring the disclosure, in the notes to financial statements, of specified disaggregated income statement expense information. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.

In September 2025, the FASB issued guidance to modernize the accounting for internal-use software costs to current development practices, clarifying when to begin capitalizing costs, and enhancing disclosure requirements. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. Entities can adopt the new standard using a prospective, modified, or retrospective transition approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance, including the timing of adoption (early or standard) and the selection of an appropriate transition method.