v3.25.4
Income taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income taxes
(20)
Income taxes

Our liabilities for income taxes are summarized as follows (in millions).

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

Currently payable

 

$

902

 

 

$

1,806

 

Deferred

 

 

85,597

 

 

 

83,563

 

Other

 

 

456

 

 

 

501

 

 

 

$

86,955

 

 

$

85,870

 

 

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(20)
Income taxes

Our deferred income tax assets and liabilities are summarized by type of temporary difference as follows (in millions).

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

Deferred income tax liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Investments, including unrealized appreciation

 

$

48,411

 

 

$

47,158

 

Deferred charges - retroactive reinsurance

 

 

1,702

 

 

 

1,847

 

Property, plant and equipment and equipment held for lease

 

 

34,834

 

 

 

33,590

 

Goodwill and other intangible assets

 

 

7,399

 

 

 

7,498

 

Other

 

 

4,528

 

 

 

5,043

 

 

 

96,874

 

 

 

95,136

 

Deferred income tax assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unpaid insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses

 

 

1,270

 

 

 

1,226

 

Unearned insurance premiums

 

 

1,323

 

 

 

1,284

 

Accrued liabilities

 

 

2,535

 

 

 

2,713

 

Regulatory liabilities

 

 

1,388

 

 

 

1,364

 

Deferred revenue

 

 

2,916

 

 

 

2,539

 

Other

 

 

1,845

 

 

 

2,447

 

 

 

11,277

 

 

 

11,573

 

Net deferred income tax liability

 

$

85,597

 

 

$

83,563

 

We have not established deferred income taxes on accumulated undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries, which are expected to be reinvested indefinitely. Repatriation of all accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries would be impracticable to the extent that such earnings represent capital to support ongoing business operations. Generally, no U.S. federal income taxes will be imposed on future distributions of foreign earnings under current law. However, distributions to U.S. or other foreign jurisdictions could be subject to withholding and other local taxes.

A summary of income tax expense (benefit) in each of the three years ending December 31, 2025 follows (in millions).

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

U.S. federal

 

$

13,044

 

 

$

18,481

 

 

$

20,764

 

U.S. state

 

 

973

 

 

 

767

 

 

 

763

 

Foreign

 

 

1,182

 

 

 

1,567

 

 

 

1,492

 

 

$

15,199

 

 

$

20,815

 

 

$

23,019

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current

 

$

13,332

 

 

$

30,464

 

 

$

7,642

 

Deferred

 

 

1,867

 

 

 

(9,649

)

 

 

15,377

 

 

$

15,199

 

 

$

20,815

 

 

$

23,019

 

 

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(20)
Income taxes

A summary of income taxes paid in each of the three years ending December 31, 2025 follows (in millions). In each of the three years ending December 31, 2025, the U.S. was the only jurisdiction in which income taxes paid exceeded 5% of the total paid.

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

U.S. federal

 

$

11,753

 

 

$

26,482

 

 

$

5,639

 

U.S. state

 

 

825

 

 

 

891

 

 

 

883

 

Foreign

 

 

1,400

 

 

 

1,171

 

 

 

1,243

 

 

$

13,978

 

 

$

28,544

 

 

$

7,765

 

Income tax expense (benefit) is reconciled to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate for each of the three years ending December 31, 2025 in the table below (dollars in millions).

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

 

 

Amount

 

 

%

 

 

Amount

 

 

%

 

 

Amount

 

 

%

 

Earnings before income taxes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Domestic

 

$

77,083

 

 

 

 

 

$

105,065

 

 

 

 

 

$

115,412

 

 

 

 

Foreign

 

 

5,376

 

 

 

 

 

 

5,311

 

 

 

 

 

 

4,754

 

 

 

 

 

 

$

82,459

 

 

 

 

 

$

110,376

 

 

 

 

 

$

120,166

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. federal income tax at the statutory tax rate

 

$

17,316

 

 

 

21.0

%

 

$

23,179

 

 

 

21.0

%

 

$

25,235

 

 

 

21.0

%

State and local income taxes, net of U.S. federal
   effect (1)

 

 

769

 

 

 

0.9

 

 

 

606

 

 

 

0.5

 

 

 

603

 

 

 

0.5

 

U.S. federal income tax credits:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Energy production tax credits

 

 

(2,084

)

 

 

(2.5

)

 

 

(2,039

)

 

 

(1.8

)

 

 

(1,817

)

 

 

(1.5

)

Other

 

 

(597

)

 

 

(0.7

)

 

 

(536

)

 

 

(0.5

)

 

 

(369

)

 

 

(0.3

)

U.S. federal nontaxable or nondeductible items:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dividends received deduction

 

 

(460

)

 

 

(0.6

)

 

 

(491

)

 

 

(0.4

)

 

 

(678

)

 

 

(0.6

)

Other

 

 

257

 

 

 

0.3

 

 

 

(38

)

 

 

—

 

 

 

(260

)

 

 

(0.2

)

Other differences, net

 

 

(2

)

 

 

—

 

 

 

134

 

 

 

0.1

 

 

 

305

 

 

 

0.3

 

 

$

15,199

 

 

 

18.4

%

 

$

20,815

 

 

 

18.9

%

 

$

23,019

 

 

 

19.2

%

——————

(1) In each year, no fewer than five states, in the aggregate, represented the majority of state income taxes.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. and in state, local and foreign jurisdictions. We have settled income tax liabilities with the U.S. federal taxing authority (“IRS”) for tax years through 2013, and the IRS is currently auditing tax years 2014 through 2020. We are also under audit or subject to audit with respect to income taxes in various state and foreign jurisdictions. It is reasonably possible that certain audits will be settled in 2026.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, net unrecognized tax benefits were $456 million and $501 million, respectively. The balance at December 31, 2025 included $421 million in tax positions that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) issued Pillar Two model rules introducing a global minimum tax of 15%. While the U.S. has not adopted Pillar Two rules, various countries have enacted legislation to adopt the rules. In January 2026, the OECD issued additional guidance, including a safe harbor framework for certain U.S.-parented multinational groups. Most jurisdictions with Pillar Two regimes in force will need further legislative action to incorporate the guidance into local law. We do not currently have material operations in jurisdictions with tax rates lower than the Pillar Two minimum tax rate, and we do not currently expect these rules will materially increase our global tax costs. There remains uncertainty as to the final Pillar Two model rules.