v3.25.3
Research, Development and Engineering (Tables)
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Research and Development [Abstract]  
Summary of research, development & engineering activities Such costs are included in Cost of goods sold as follows:
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2025202420252024
(Dollars in millions)
Research and development costs$46 $49 $136 $138 
Engineering-related expenses, net (1)
(13)(6)(18)(10)
$33 $43 $118 $128 
(1)    Engineering-related expenses are net of customer reimbursements and costs capitalized from contractual guarantees of reimbursement of $23 million and $17 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $48 million and $41 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.