Discussion and Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures
 
We believe the following measures are relevant and useful information to investors as they are part of AT&T's internal management reporting and planning processes and are important metrics that management uses to evaluate the operating performance of AT&T and its segments. Management also uses these measures as a method of comparing performance with that of many of our competitors. These measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Prior periods have been recast to conform to the current period presentation to remove cash flows and equity in net income from our investment in DIRECTV, which we sold to TPG Capital on July 2, 2025.

Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow is defined as cash from operations minus cash flows related to our DIRECTV equity investment (cash distributions minus cash taxes from DIRECTV), minus capital expenditures and cash paid for vendor financing (classified as financing activities). Free cash flow after dividends is defined as cash from operations minus cash flows related to our DIRECTV equity investment, capital expenditures, cash paid for vendor financing and dividends on common and preferred shares. Free cash flow dividend payout ratio is defined as the percentage of dividends paid on common and preferred shares to free cash flow. We believe these metrics provide useful information to our investors because management views free cash flow as an important indicator of how much cash is generated by routine business operations, including capital expenditures and vendor financing, and makes decisions based on it. Management also views free cash flow as a measure of cash available to pay debt and return cash to shareowners.
Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Dividend Payout Ratio
Dollars in millions 
 Third QuarterNine-Month Period
 2025202420252024
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities$10,152 $10,235 $28,964 $26,875 
Less: Distributions from DIRECTV classified as operating activities— (281)(1,926)(955)
Less: Cash taxes paid on DIRECTV— 132 251 402 
Less: Capital expenditures(4,887)(5,302)(14,061)(13,420)
Less: Payment of vendor financing(400)(180)(823)(1,571)
Free Cash Flow4,865 4,604 12,405 11,331 
Less: Dividends paid(2,033)(2,038)(6,168)(6,171)
Free Cash Flow after Dividends$2,832 $2,566 $6,237 $5,160 
Free Cash Flow Dividend Payout Ratio41.8 %44.3 %49.7 %54.5 %

Cash Paid for Capital Investment

In connection with capital improvements, we negotiate with some of our vendors to obtain favorable payment terms of 120 days or more, referred to as vendor financing, which are excluded from capital expenditures and reported in accordance with GAAP as financing activities. We present an additional view of cash paid for capital investment to provide investors with a comprehensive view of cash used to invest in our networks, product developments and support systems. 
Cash Paid for Capital Investment
Dollars in millions 
 Third QuarterNine-Month Period
 2025202420252024
Capital expenditures
$(4,887)$(5,302)$(14,061)$(13,420)
Payment of vendor financing
(400)(180)(823)(1,571)
Cash paid for Capital Investment$(5,287)$(5,482)$(14,884)$(14,991)

EBITDA

Our calculation of EBITDA, as presented, may differ from similarly titled measures reported by other companies. For AT&T, EBITDA excludes other income (expense) – net, and equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, as these do not reflect the operating results of our subscriber base or operations that are not under our control. Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates represents the proportionate share of the net income (loss) of affiliates in which we exercise significant influence, but do not
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control. Because we do not control these entities, management excludes these results when evaluating the performance of our primary operations. EBITDA also excludes interest expense and the provision for income taxes. Excluding these items eliminates the expenses associated with our capital and tax structures. Finally, EBITDA excludes depreciation and amortization in order to eliminate the impact of capital investments. EBITDA does not give effect to cash used for debt service requirements and thus does not reflect available funds for distributions, reinvestment or other discretionary uses. EBITDA is not presented as an alternative measure of operating results or cash flows from operations, as determined in accordance with GAAP.

EBITDA service margin is calculated as EBITDA divided by service revenues.

These measures are used by management as a gauge of our success in acquiring, retaining and servicing subscribers because we believe these measures reflect AT&T's ability to generate and grow subscriber revenues while providing a high level of customer service in a cost-effective manner. Management also uses these measures as a method of comparing cash generation potential with that of many of its competitors. The financial and operating metrics which affect EBITDA include the key revenue and expense drivers for which management is responsible and upon which we evaluate performance.

We believe EBITDA Service Margin (EBITDA as a percentage of service revenues) to be a more relevant measure than EBITDA Margin (EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue) for our Mobility business unit operating margin. We also use wireless service revenues to calculate margin to facilitate comparison, both internally and externally with our wireless competitors, as they calculate their margins using wireless service revenues as well.

There are material limitations to using these non-GAAP financial measures. EBITDA, EBITDA margin and EBITDA service margin, as we have defined them, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Furthermore, these performance measures do not take into account certain significant items, including depreciation and amortization, interest expense, tax expense and equity in net income (loss) of affiliates. For market comparability, management analyzes performance measures that are similar in nature to EBITDA as we present it, and considering the economic effect of the excluded expense items independently as well as in connection with its analysis of net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP. EBITDA, EBITDA margin and EBITDA service margin should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
Dollars in millions 
 Third QuarterNine-Month Period
 2025202420252024
Net Income
$9,677 $145 $19,230 $7,845 
Additions:  
Income Tax Expense976 1,285 3,512 3,545 
Interest Expense1,700 1,675 5,013 5,098 
Equity in Net (Income) Loss of Affiliates20 (272)(1,905)(915)
Other (Income) Expense - Net(6,254)(717)(7,476)(1,850)
Depreciation and amortization5,317 5,087 15,758 15,206 
EBITDA11,436 7,203 34,132 28,929 
Transaction, legal and other costs
487 34 615 101 
   Benefit-related (gain) loss (62)(73)(126)(122)
Asset impairments and abandonments and restructuring— 4,422 504 5,061 
Adjusted EBITDA1
$11,861 $11,586 $35,125 $33,969 
1See "Adjusting Items" section for additional discussion and reconciliation of adjusted items.
   
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Segment and Business Unit EBITDA, EBITDA Margin and EBITDA Service Margin
Dollars in millions 
 Third QuarterNine-Month Period
 2025202420252024
Communications Segment
Operating Income$7,096 $7,156 $21,152 $20,906 
  Add: Depreciation and amortization5,076 4,813 15,084 14,319 
EBITDA$12,172 $11,969 $36,236 $35,225 
Total Operating Revenues$29,516 $29,074 $88,775 $86,513 
Operating Income Margin24.0 %24.6 %23.8 %24.2 %
EBITDA Margin41.2 %41.2 %40.8 %40.7 %
Mobility
Operating Income$7,125 $7,003 $20,796 $20,190 
  Add: Depreciation and amortization2,577 2,490 7,659 7,453 
EBITDA$9,702 $9,493 $28,455 $27,643 
Total Operating Revenues$21,713 $21,052 $65,128 $62,126 
Service Revenues16,926 16,539 50,430 48,810 
Operating Income Margin32.8 %33.3 %31.9 %32.5 %
EBITDA Margin44.7 %45.1 %43.7 %44.5 %
EBITDA Service Margin57.3 %57.4 %56.4 %56.6 %
Business Wireline
Operating Income (Loss)
$(354)$(43)$(653)$123 
  Add: Depreciation and amortization1,535 1,399 4,554 4,147 
EBITDA$1,181 $1,356 $3,901 $4,270 
Total Operating Revenues$4,248 $4,606 $13,029 $14,274 
Operating Income Margin(8.3)%(0.9)%(5.0)%0.9 %
EBITDA Margin27.8 %29.4 %29.9 %29.9 %
Consumer Wireline
Operating Income$325 $196 $1,009 $593 
  Add: Depreciation and amortization964 924 2,871 2,719 
EBITDA$1,289 $1,120 $3,880 $3,312 
Total Operating Revenues$3,555 $3,416 $10,618 $10,113 
Operating Income Margin9.1 %5.7 %9.5 %5.9 %
EBITDA Margin36.3 %32.8 %36.5 %32.7 %
Latin America Segment
Operating Income
$22 $10 $111 $19 
  Add: Depreciation and amortization177 158 482 507 
EBITDA$199 $168 $593 $526 
Total Operating Revenues$1,095 $1,022 $3,120 $3,188 
Operating Income Margin2.0 %1.0 %3.6 %0.6 %
EBITDA Margin18.2 %16.4 %19.0 %16.5 %


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Adjusting Items

Adjusting items include revenues and costs we consider non-operational in nature, including items arising from asset acquisitions or dispositions, including the amortization of intangible assets. While the expense associated with the amortization of certain wireless licenses and customer lists is excluded, the revenue of the acquired companies is reflected in the measure and that those assets contribute to revenue generation. We also adjust for net actuarial gains or losses associated with our pension and postemployment benefit plans due to the often-significant impact on our results (we immediately recognize this gain or loss in the income statement, pursuant to our accounting policy for the recognition of actuarial gains and losses). Consequently, our adjusted results reflect an expected return on plan assets rather than the actual return on plan assets, as included in the GAAP measure of income.

The tax impact of adjusting items is calculated using the adjusted effective tax rate during the quarter except for adjustments that, given their magnitude, can drive a change in the effective tax rate, in these cases we use the actual tax expense or combined marginal rate of approximately 25%.   
Adjusting Items
Dollars in millions 
 Third QuarterNine-Month Period
 2025202420252024
Operating Expenses  
Transaction, legal and other costs1
$487 $34 $615 $101 
   Benefit-related (gain) loss(62)(73)(126)(122)
Asset impairments and abandonments and restructuring
— 4,422 504 5,061 
Adjustments to Operations and Support Expenses425 4,383 993 5,040 
   Amortization of intangible assets10 13 28 43 
Adjustments to Operating Expenses435 4,396 1,021 5,083 
Other  
 Equity in net income of DIRECTV
— (281)(1,926)(955)
   Gain on sale of DIRECTV(5,479)— (5,479)— 
   Benefit-related (gain) loss, impairments of investments and other
(99)(92)(224)146 
Adjustments to Income Before Income Taxes(5,143)4,023 (6,608)4,274 
Tax impact of adjustments67 (88)(266)(31)
Tax-related items177 — 177 — 
Adjustments to Net Income$(5,387)$4,111 $(6,519)$4,305 
Preferred stock redemption gain
— — (90)— 
Adjustments to Net Income Attributable to Common Stock
$(5,387)$4,111 $(6,609)$4,305 
1Includes certain legal reserves and settlements that cover extended historical periods and/or are unpredictable in both magnitude and timing, and therefore are distinct and separate from normal, recurring legal matters. Such costs are presented net of expected insurance recoveries and are primarily associated with legacy legal matters and the expected resolution of certain litigation associated with cyberattacks disclosed in 2024. The third quarter of 2025 also includes approximately $440 of apportioned property and casualty settlements.

Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Adjusted EBITDA service margin and Adjusted diluted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures calculated by excluding from operating revenues, operating expenses, other income (expense) and income tax expense, certain significant items that are non-operational or non-recurring in nature, including dispositions and merger integration and transaction costs, actuarial gains and losses, significant abandonments and impairments, benefit-related gains and losses, employee separation and other material gains and losses. Management believes that these measures provide relevant and useful information to investors and other users of our financial data in evaluating the effectiveness of our operations and underlying business trends.

Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Adjusted EBITDA service margin and Adjusted diluted EPS should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP. AT&T's calculation of Adjusted items, as presented, may differ from similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

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Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income Margin,
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
Dollars in millions 
 Third QuarterNine-Month Period
 2025202420252024
Operating Income$6,119 $2,116 $18,374 $13,723 
Adjustments to Operating Expenses435 4,396 1,021 5,083 
Adjusted Operating Income$6,554 $6,512 $19,395 $18,806 
EBITDA$11,436 $7,203 $34,132 $28,929 
Adjustments to Operations and Support Expenses425 4,383 993 5,040 
Adjusted EBITDA$11,861 $11,586 $35,125 $33,969 
Total Operating Revenues$30,709 $30,213 $92,182 $90,038 
Operating Income Margin19.9 %7.0 %19.9 %15.2 %
Adjusted Operating Income Margin21.3 %21.6 %21.0 %20.9 %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin38.6 %38.3 %38.1 %37.7 %

Adjusted Diluted EPS
 Third QuarterNine-Month Period
 2025202420252024
Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS)$1.29 $(0.03)$2.51 $0.93 
Gain on sale of DIRECTV(0.79)— (0.79)— 
Equity in net income of DIRECTV— (0.03)(0.21)(0.10)
   Restructuring and impairments— 0.61 0.05 0.72 
   Benefit-related, transaction, legal and other items
0.04 (0.01)0.04 (0.02)
Adjusted EPS$0.54 $0.54 $1.60 $1.53 
Year-over-year growth - Adjusted— %4.6 % 
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding with
Dilution (000,000)
7,169 7,208 7,203 7,200 

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Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA

Net Debt to EBITDA ratios are non-GAAP financial measures frequently used by investors and credit rating agencies and management believes these measures provide relevant and useful information to investors and other users of our financial data. Our Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio is calculated by dividing the Net Debt by the sum of the most recent four quarters Adjusted EBITDA. Net Debt is calculated by subtracting cash and cash equivalents and deposits at financial institutions that are greater than 90 days (e.g., certificates of deposit and time deposits), from the sum of debt maturing within one year and long-term debt.
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA - 2025
Dollars in millions   
 Three Months Ended 
 Dec. 31,March 31,June 30,Sep. 30,Four Quarters
 
20241
20251
20251
2025
Adjusted EBITDA$10,791 $11,533 $11,731 $11,861 $45,916 
End-of-period current debt    11,378 
End-of-period long-term debt    128,090 
Total End-of-Period Debt    139,468 
Less: Cash and Cash Equivalents    20,272 
Less: Time Deposits350 
Net Debt Balance    118,846 
Annualized Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio   2.59 
1As reported in AT&T's Form 8-K filed July 23, 2025.

Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA - 2024
Dollars in millions   
 Three Months Ended 
 Dec. 31,March 31,June 30,Sep. 30,Four Quarters
 
20231
20241
20241
20241
Adjusted EBITDA$10,555 $11,046 $11,337 $11,586 $44,524 
End-of-period current debt    2,637 
End-of-period long-term debt    126,375 
Total End-of-Period Debt    129,012 
Less: Cash and Cash Equivalents    2,586 
Less: Time Deposits650 
Net Debt Balance    125,776 
Annualized Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio  2.82 
1As reported in AT&T's Form 8-K filed July 23, 2025.


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Supplemental Operational Measures

As a supplemental presentation to our Communications segment operating results, we are providing a view of our AT&T Business Solutions results which includes both wireless and fixed operations. This combined view presents a complete profile of the entire business customer relationship and underscores the importance of mobile solutions to serving our business customers. Our supplemental presentation of business solutions operations is calculated by combining our Mobility and Business Wireline operating units, and then adjusting to remove non-business operations. The following table presents a reconciliation of our supplemental Business Solutions results. Prior period amounts have been conformed to the current period’s presentation.
Supplemental Operational Measures
 Third Quarter
 September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
 MobilityBusiness
Wireline
Adj.1
Business
Solutions		MobilityBusiness
Wireline
Adj.1
Business
Solutions		Percent
Change
Operating Revenues        
Wireless service$16,926 $— $(14,425)$2,501 $16,539 $— $(14,056)$2,483 0.7 %
Legacy and other transitional services
— 2,208 — 2,208 — 2,669 — 2,669 (17.3)%
Fiber and advanced connectivity services
— 1,853 — 1,853 — 1,748 — 1,748 6.0 %
Wireless equipment4,787 — (3,995)792 4,513 — (3,735)778 1.8 %
Wireline equipment— 187 — 187 — 189 — 189 (1.1)%
Total Operating Revenues21,713 4,248 (18,420)7,541 21,052 4,606 (17,791)7,867 (4.1)%
Operating Expenses        
Operations and support12,011 3,067 (9,791)5,287 11,559 3,250 (9,453)5,356 (1.3)%
EBITDA9,702 1,181 (8,629)2,254 9,493 1,356 (8,338)2,511 (10.2)%
Depreciation and amortization2,577 1,535 (2,105)2,007 2,490 1,399 (2,036)1,853 8.3 %
Total Operating Expenses14,588 4,602 (11,896)7,294 14,049 4,649 (11,489)7,209 1.2 %
Operating Income (Loss)
$7,125 $(354)$(6,524)$247 $7,003 $(43)$(6,302)$658 (62.5)%
Operating Income Margin3.3 %8.4 %(510) BP
1Non-business wireless reported in the Communications segment under the Mobility business unit.

Supplemental Operational Measures
 Nine-Month Period
 September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
 MobilityBusiness
Wireline
Adj.1
Business
Solutions		MobilityBusiness
Wireline
Adj.1
Business
Solutions		Percent
Change
Operating Revenues        
Wireless service$50,430 $— $(43,017)$7,413 $48,810 $— $(41,473)$7,337 1.0 %
Legacy and other transitional services
— 7,032 — 7,032 — 8,505 — 8,505 (17.3)%
Fiber and advanced connectivity services
— 5,426 — 5,426 — 5,183 — 5,183 4.7 %
Wireless equipment14,698 — (12,299)2,399 13,316 — (11,028)2,288 4.9 %
Wireline equipment— 571 — 571 — 586 — 586 (2.6)%
Total Operating Revenues65,128 13,029 (55,316)22,841 62,126 14,274 (52,501)23,899 (4.4)%
Operating Expenses        
Operations and support36,673 9,128 (29,969)15,832 34,483 10,004 (28,180)16,307 (2.9)%
EBITDA28,455 3,901 (25,347)7,009 27,643 4,270 (24,321)7,592 (7.7)%
Depreciation and amortization7,659 4,554 (6,265)5,948 7,453 4,147 (6,094)5,506 8.0 %
Total Operating Expenses44,332 13,682 (36,234)21,780 41,936 14,151 (34,274)21,813 (0.2)%
Operating Income$20,796 $(653)$(19,082)$1,061 $20,190 $123 $(18,227)$2,086 (49.1)%
Operating Income Margin4.6 %8.7 %(410) BP
1Non-business wireless reported in the Communications segment under the Mobility business unit.
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