Exhibit 99.1
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News


For Release: Tuesday, October 21, 2025, at 6:30 a.m. ET

GM releases 2025 third-quarter results

DETROIT – General Motors (NYSE: GM) today reported third-quarter 2025 revenue of $48.6 billion, net income attributable to stockholders of $1.3 billion, and EBIT-adjusted of $3.4 billion.

GM is also updating its 2025 full-year earnings guidance:

Updated 2025 guidance
Previous 2025 guidance
Net income attributable to stockholders
$7.7 billion - $8.3 billion
$7.7 billion - $9.5 billion
EBIT-adjusted
$12.0 billion - $13.0 billion
$10.0 billion - $12.5 billion
Automotive operating cash flow
$19.2 billion - $21.2 billion
$17.0 billion - $20.5 billion
Adjusted automotive free cash flow
$10.0 billion - $11.0 billion
$7.5 billion - $10.0 billion
EPS-diluted
$8.30 - $9.05
$8.22 - $9.97
EPS-diluted-adjusted
$9.75 - $10.50
$8.25 - $10.00

An overview of quarterly results and financial highlights appears below. Visit the GM Investor Relations website to download the company's earnings deck and GM Chair and CEO Mary Barra's Letter to Shareholders.

Conference call for investors and analysts

Mary Barra and GM Chief Financial Officer Paul Jacobson will host a conference call for the investment community at 8:30 a.m. ET today to discuss these results.

Conference call details are as follows:
•1-800-857-9821 (U.S.)
•1-517-308-9481 (international/caller-paid)
•Conference call passcode: General Motors
•An audio replay will be available on the GM Investor Relations website in the Events section.




1




Results Overview
Three Months Ended
($M) except per share amountsSeptember 30, 2025September 30, 2024Change% Change
Revenue$48,591 $48,757 $(166)(0.3)%
Net income attributable to stockholders$1,327 $3,056 $(1,729)(56.6)%
EBIT-adjusted$3,376 $4,115 $(739)(18.0)%
Net income margin2.7 %6.3 %(3.6) ppts(57.1)%
EBIT-adjusted margin6.9 %8.4 %(1.5) ppts(17.9)%
Automotive operating cash flow$6,070 $7,863 $(1,793)(22.8)%
Adjusted automotive free cash flow$4,201 $5,834 $(1,633)(28.0)%
EPS-diluted$1.35 $2.68 $(1.33)(49.6)%
EPS-diluted-adjusted$2.80 $2.96 $(0.16)(5.4)%
GMNA EBIT-adjusted$2,506 $3,982 $(1,476)(37.1)%
GMNA EBIT-adjusted margin6.2 %9.7 %(3.5) ppts(36.1)%
GMI EBIT-adjusted(a)$226 $42 $184 n.m.
China equity income (loss)(a)$80 $(137)$217 n.m.
GM Financial EBT-adjusted$804 $687 $117 17.0 %
__________
(a)n.m. = not meaningful


2




General Motors (NYSE:GM) is driving the future of transportation, leveraging advanced technology to build safer, smarter, and lower emission cars, trucks, and SUVs. GM’s Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and GMC brands offer a broad portfolio of innovative gasoline-powered vehicles and the industry’s widest range of EVs, as we move to an all-electric future. Learn more at GM.com.

###

CONTACTS:
Jim Cain
GM Communications
313-407-2843
james.cain@chevrolet.com

Ashish Kohli, CFA
GM Investor Relations
847-964-3459
ashish.kohli@gm.com
David Caldwell
GM Communications
586-899-7861
david.caldwell@gm.com


Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements: This press release and related comments by management may include “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact and represent our current judgment about possible future events. In making these statements, we rely upon assumptions and analysis based on our experience and perception of historical trends, current conditions, and expected future developments, as well as other factors we consider appropriate under the circumstances. We believe these judgments are reasonable, but these statements are not guarantees of any future events or financial results, and our actual results may differ materially due to a variety of factors, many of which are described in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or other factors that affect the subject of these statements, except where we are expressly required to do so by law.


3




Guidance Reconciliations
The following table reconciles expected Net income attributable to stockholders to expected EBIT-adjusted (dollars in billions):

Year Ending December 31, 2025
UpdatedPrevious
Net income attributable to stockholders$ 7.7-8.3$ 7.7-9.5
Income tax expense1.8-2.21.6-2.3
Automotive interest income, net(0.1)(0.0)
Adjustments(a)2.6 0.7 
EBIT-adjusted$ 12.0-13.0$ 10.0-12.5
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted and segment profit (loss) for adjustment details. These expected financial results do not include the potential impact of future adjustments related to special items.



The following table reconciles expected EPS-diluted to expected EPS-diluted-adjusted:

Year Ending December 31, 2025
UpdatedPrevious
Diluted earnings per common share$ 8.30-9.05$ 8.22-9.97
Adjustments(a)1.45 0.03 
EPS-diluted-adjusted$ 9.75-10.50$ 8.25-10.00
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of diluted earnings per common share to EPS-diluted-adjusted for adjustment details. These expected financial results do not include the potential impact of future adjustments related to special items.




The following table reconciles expected automotive net cash provided by operating activities to expected adjusted automotive free cash flow (dollars in billions):

Year Ending December 31, 2025
UpdatedPrevious
Net automotive cash provided by operating activities$ 19.2-21.2$ 17.0-20.5
Less: Capital expenditures10.0-11.010.0-11.0
Adjustments0.80.5 
Adjusted automotive free cash flow(a)$ 10.0-11.0$ 7.5-10.0
__________
(a)These expected financial results do not include the potential impact of future adjustments related to special items.

4



General Motors Company and Subsidiaries1
Combining Income Statement Information
(In millions) (Unaudited)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
AutomotiveCruiseGM FinancialReclassifications/EliminationsCombinedAutomotiveCruiseGM FinancialReclassifications/EliminationsCombined
Net sales and revenue
Automotive$44,256 $— $— $— $44,256 $44,735 $26 $— $(26)$44,735 
GM Financial— — 4,337 (2)4,335 — — 4,031 (10)4,021 
Total net sales and revenue44,256 — 4,337 (2)48,591 44,735 26 4,031 (36)48,757 
Costs and expenses
Automotive and other cost of sales41,937 — — (1)41,936 38,768 240 — (1)39,007 
GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses— — 3,542 — 3,542 — — 3,354 — 3,353 
Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense2,038 — — (1)2,037 2,544 203 — (1)2,745 
Total costs and expenses43,975 — 3,542 (2)47,515 41,312 442 3,354 (2)45,105 
Operating income (loss)281 — 795 — 1,076 3,424 (417)678 (33)3,651 
Automotive interest expense206 — — 3 209 206 30 — (30)206 
Interest income and other non-operating income, net473 — — 3 475 379 11 — 4 394 
Equity income (loss)68 — 9 — 77 (132)— 10 — (122)
Income (loss) before income taxes$615 $— $804 $— $1,419 $3,465 $(435)$687 $— $3,717 
Income tax expense (benefit)127 709 
Net income (loss)1,293 3,008 
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests35 48 
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders$1,327 $3,056 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders$1,297 $3,029 


Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
AutomotiveCruiseGM FinancialReclassifications/EliminationsCombinedAutomotiveCruiseGM FinancialReclassifications/EliminationsCombined
Net sales and revenue
Automotive$126,985 $1 $— $— $126,986 $128,007 $76 $— $(76)$128,008 
GM Financial— — 12,756 (9)12,747 — — 11,761 (29)11,732 
Total net sales and revenue126,985 1 12,756 (9)139,732 128,007 76 11,761 (105)139,740 
Costs and expenses
Automotive and other cost of sales 116,255 

163 — 

(2)

116,416 

109,958 1,662 — (2)111,618 
GM Financial interest, operating and other expenses— — 10,599 — 10,600 — — 9,569 (1)9,568 
Automotive and other selling, general and administrative expense6,054 111 — (3)6,161 6,813 482 — (3)7,292 
Total costs and expenses122,309 274 10,599 (5)133,177 116,771 2,144 9,569 (5)128,478 
Operating income (loss)4,676 (273)2,156 (4)6,555 11,237 (2,067)2,192 (100)11,262 
Automotive interest expense557 30 — (27)560 631 158 — (158)631 
Interest income and other non-operating income, net1,174 2 (1)(23)1,151 785 29 (1)(58)756 
Equity income (loss)182 — 37 — 219 (366)— 55 — (311)
Income (loss) before income taxes$5,474 $(301)$2,193 $— $7,366 $11,026 $(2,196)$2,246 $— $11,076 
Income tax expense (benefit)1,326 2,238 
Net income (loss)6,040 8,837 
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests(33)132 
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders$6,007 $8,969 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders$6,510 $8,914 
________
1 Certain columns and rows may not add due to rounding.

5



General Motors Company and Subsidiaries1
Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share
(Unaudited)

The following table summarizes basic and diluted earnings per share (in millions, except per share amounts):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
Basic earnings per share
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders$1,327 $3,056 $6,007 $8,969 
Adjustments(a)(30)(27)503 (55)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders$1,297 $3,029 $6,510 $8,914 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding944 1,116 965 1,136 
Basic earnings per common share$1.37 $2.71 $6.75 $7.85 
Diluted earnings per share
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders – diluted$1,297 $3,029 $6,510 $8,914 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted964 1,131 980 1,147 
Diluted earnings per common share$1.35 $2.68 $6.64 $7.77 
Potentially dilutive securities(b)— 6 — 6 
__________
(a)Includes a $593 million return from the preferred shareholders related to the redemption of Cruise preferred shares from noncontrolling interest holders in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
(b)Potentially dilutive securities attributable to outstanding stock options, Performance Stock Units and Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) at September 30, 2025 and 2024 were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share (EPS) because the securities would have had an antidilutive effect.

6



General Motors Company and Subsidiaries1
Combining Balance Sheet Information
(In millions, except per share amounts) (Unaudited)
September 30, 2025December 31, 2024
AutomotiveCruiseGM FinancialReclassifications/EliminationsCombinedAutomotiveCruiseGM FinancialReclassifications/EliminationsCombined
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$15,019 $72 $7,820 $— $22,910 $14,470 $308 $5,094 $— $19,872 
Marketable debt securities6,771 — 21 — 6,792 7,265 — — — 7,265 
Accounts and notes receivable, net(a)16,276 76 1,782 (1,009)17,125 11,498 22 1,988 (681)12,827 
GM Financial receivables, net(d)— — 44,902 (381)44,521 — — 46,760 (398)46,362 
Inventories15,322 — — (4)15,318 14,569 — — (5)14,564 
Other current assets2,844 11 5,109 5 7,970 2,816 38 4,799 2 7,655 
Total current assets56,233 159 59,634 (1,390)114,636 50,618 369 58,640 (1,082)108,545 
Non-current Assets
GM Financial receivables, net(c)— — 45,300 — 45,300 — — 46,750 (276)46,474 
Equity in net assets of nonconsolidated affiliates5,178 — 1,095 — 6,272 5,896 — 1,206 — 7,102 
Property, net 51,731 97 110 — 51,938 51,729 69 107 — 51,904 
Goodwill and intangible assets, net 3,104 1 1,348 — 4,452 2,642 570 1,339 — 4,551 
Equipment on operating leases, net— — 33,609 — 33,609 — — 31,586 — 31,586 
Deferred income taxes22,940 — (1,270)— 21,669 21,149 1,899 (1,795)— 21,254 
Other assets(b)8,789 52 1,451 — 10,292 9,340 41 1,323 (2,359)8,346 
Total non-current assets91,740 150 81,642 — 173,532 90,756 2,579 80,516 (2,635)171,216 
Total Assets$147,973 $309 $141,276 $(1,390)$288,168 $141,374 $2,948 $139,156 $(3,717)$279,761 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable (principally trade)(a)$27,543 $5 $703 $(933)$27,317 $25,446 $200 $714 $(681)$25,680 
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt
Automotive(a)(d) 873 7 — (457)424 2,413 7 — (279)2,141 
GM Financial— — 36,053 — 36,053 — — 37,291 — 37,291 
Cruise(d)— — — — — — 119 — (119)— 
Accrued liabilities24,730 130 4,641 — 29,501 24,949 548 5,661 (4)31,154 
Total current liabilities53,146 142 41,397 (1,390)93,295 52,808 874 43,666 (1,082)96,265 
Non-current Liabilities
Long-term debt
Automotive(b)15,619 71 — — 15,690 13,288 2,397 — (2,359)13,327 
GM Financial — — 80,336 — 80,336 — — 76,973 — 76,973 
Cruise(c)— — — — — — 276 — (276)— 
Postretirement benefits other than pensions3,947 — — — 3,947 3,990 — — — 3,990 
Pensions 5,976 — 9 — 5,985 5,772 — 7 — 5,779 
Other liabilities16,914 292 3,306 — 20,512 14,635 297 2,904 — 17,836 
Total non-current liabilities42,458 363 83,651 — 126,471 37,686 2,970 79,885 (2,635)117,906 
Total Liabilities95,604 505 125,048 (1,390)219,766 90,494 3,844 123,551 (3,717)214,171 
Equity
Common stock, $0.01 par value9 — — — 9 10 — — — 10 
Additional paid-in capital(e)18,477 1,794 1,137 (1,112)20,295 19,632 1,187 1,196 (1,172)20,843 
Retained earnings42,355 (1,990)16,495 1 56,862 40,203 (2,647)15,916 1 53,472 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(9,389)— (1,403)— (10,792)(9,744)(3)(1,506)— (11,253)
Total stockholders’ equity51,453 (196)16,228 (1,111)66,374 50,100 (1,464)15,606 (1,170)63,072 
Noncontrolling interests(e)917 — — 1,111 2,028 780 568 — 1,170 2,518 
Total Equity52,369 (196)16,228 — 68,402 50,880 (896)15,606 — 65,590 
Total Liabilities and Equity$147,973 $309 $141,276 $(1,390)$288,168 $141,374 $2,948 $139,156 $(3,717)$279,761 
__________
(a)Eliminations primarily include GM Financial accounts and notes receivable of $0.6 billion due from Automotive; Automotive accounts receivable of $0.3 billion primarily due from GM Financial; and Cruise accounts receivable of $0.1 billion due from Automotive at September 30, 2025; and GM Financial accounts and notes receivable of $0.5 billion due from Automotive; and Automotive accounts receivable of $0.2 billion primarily due from GM Financial and Cruise at December 31, 2024.
(b)Eliminations primarily related to convertible note issued by Cruise to Automotive and deferral agreement between Cruise and Automotive as regards to engineering, capital spending, restructuring and other costs incurred by Automotive on behalf of Cruise resulting in a long-term payable for Cruise offset by a long-term receivable for Automotive at December 31, 2024.
(c)Eliminations primarily related to intercompany loans due from Cruise to GM Financial at December 31, 2024.
(d)Eliminations primarily related to GM Financial accounts receivable due from Automotive and Cruise.
(e)Primarily reclassification of GM Financial Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, B and C. The preferred stock is classified as noncontrolling interests in our consolidated balance sheets.

7



General Motors Company and Subsidiaries1
Combining Cash Flow Information
(In millions) (Unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
AutomotiveCruiseGM FinancialReclassifications/EliminationsCombinedAutomotiveCruiseGM FinancialReclassifications/EliminationsCombined
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income (loss)$4,732 $(302)$1,610 $— $6,040 $8,944 $(1,743)$1,637 $— $8,837 
Depreciation and impairment of Equipment on operating leases, net— — 3,675 — 3,675 — — 3,633 — 3,633 
Depreciation, amortization and impairment charges on Property, net6,375 12 25 — 6,412 4,871 623 29 — 5,523 
Foreign currency remeasurement and transaction (gains) losses276 — 9 — 285 (231)— 2 — (228)
Undistributed earnings of nonconsolidated affiliates, net433 — (37)— 396 (232)— (55)— (287)
Pension contributions and OPEB payments(432)— (1)— (433)(815)— — — (815)
Pension and OPEB income, net21 — 1 — 23 49 — 1 — 50 
Provision (benefit) for deferred taxes(64)— 191 — 127 970 (455)881 — 1,396 
Change in other operating assets and liabilities(a)(c)1,787 (511)594 1,678 3,548 5,618 (175)(1,014)(6,549)(2,120)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities13,127 (800)6,067 1,678 20,072 19,174 (1,750)5,114 (6,549)15,989 
Cash flows from investing activities
Expenditures for property(6,054)(2)(27)— (6,083)(7,495)(4)(16)(81)(7,597)
Available-for-sale marketable securities, acquisitions(1,768)— (17)— (1,785)(3,467)— — — (3,467)
Available-for-sale marketable securities, liquidations2,398 — — — 2,398 2,757 — — — 2,757 
Purchases of finance receivables(a)— — (28,246)(5)(28,251)— — (31,222)5,358 (25,864)
Principal collections and recoveries on finance receivables(a)(b)— — 29,539 (3,016)26,524 — — 23,524 1 23,526 
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables— — 2,005 — 2,005 — — — — — 
Purchases of leased vehicles— — (12,609)— (12,609)— — (11,243)— (11,243)
Proceeds from termination of leased vehicles— — 7,780 — 7,780 — — 8,627 — 8,627 
Other investing activities(b)(3,353)— 1 901 (2,451)(1,999)— 1 1,256 (742)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(8,777)(2)(1,574)(2,120)(12,473)(10,204)(4)(10,329)6,535 (14,004)
Cash flows from financing activities
Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt(10)— 23 — 13 (1)— 87 — 85 
Proceeds from issuance of debt (original maturities greater than three months)(b)2,019 555 35,103 (555)37,122 64 1,044 38,142 (1,087)38,163 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)(1,862)(4)(35,502)(24)(37,391)(128)(7)(31,882)6 (32,012)
Payment to purchase common stock(3,512)— — — (3,512)(2,378)— — — (2,378)
Issuance (redemption) of subsidiary stock(b)— — — (29)(29)— 255 — (255)— 
Dividends paid(c)(401)— (1,169)1,050 (519)(408)— (1,469)1,350 (526)
Other financing activities(160)— (114)— (274)(65)(162)(142)— (369)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(3,926)551 (1,658)442 (4,591)(2,916)1,130 4,735 14 2,963 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash163 1 73 — 237 (84)— (67)— (151)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash588 (250)2,909 — 3,246 5,969 (625)(547)— 4,798 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period14,561 322 8,081 — 22,964 12,310 1,359 8,249 — 21,917 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$15,148 $72 $10,990 $— $26,210 $18,279 $734 $7,702 $— $26,715 
__________
(a)Includes eliminations of $2.7 billion and $5.3 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 primarily driven by purchases/collections of wholesale finance receivables resulting from vehicles sold by GM to dealers that have arranged their inventory floor plan financing through GM Financial.
(b)Eliminations include intercompany funding activity from Automotive and GM Financial to Cruise in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
(c)Eliminations include dividends issued by GM Financial to Automotive in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
Note: Certain intercompany transactions that are eliminated in consolidation are presented on a net basis.



8



General Motors Company and Subsidiaries1
The following tables summarize key financial information (dollars in millions):
GMNAGMICorporateEliminationsTotal
Automotive		CruiseGM
Financial		Reclassifications/EliminationsTotal
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Net sales and revenue$40,551 $3,645 $60 $— $44,256 $— $4,337 $(2)$48,591 
Expenditures for property$2,011 $92 $11 $— $2,113 $— $17 $— $2,130 
Depreciation and amortization$1,703 $114 $4 $— $1,821 $— $1,245 $— $3,066 
Impairment charges$1,044 $— $— $— $1,044 $— $— $— $1,044 
Equity income (loss)(a)(b)$214 $83 $(16)$— $281 $— $9 $— $290 
GMNAGMICorporateEliminationsTotal
Automotive		CruiseGM
Financial		Reclassifications/EliminationsTotal
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Net sales and revenue$41,157 $3,517 $62 $— $44,735 $26 $4,031 $(36)$48,757 
Expenditures for property$2,128 $91 $10 $— $2,229 $3 $6 $8 $2,245 
Depreciation and amortization$1,491 $131 $27 $— $1,650 $6 $1,217 $— $2,873 
Impairment charges$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Equity income (loss)(a)(b)$309 $(132)$— $— $177 $— $10 $— $187 
GMNAGMICorporateEliminationsTotal
Automotive		CruiseGM
Financial		Reclassifications/EliminationsTotal
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Net sales and revenue$117,424 $9,398 $163 $— $126,985 $1 $12,756 $(9)$139,732 
Expenditures for property$5,729 $274 $50 $— $6,054 $2 $27 $— $6,083 
Depreciation and amortization$4,933 $347 $39 $— $5,319 $5 $3,701 $— $9,026 
Impairment charges$1,044 $18 $— $— $1,063 $— $— $— $1,063 
Equity income (loss)(a)(b)$469 $208 $(30)$— $647 $— $37 $— $684 
GMNAGMICorporateEliminationsTotal
Automotive		CruiseGM
Financial		Reclassifications/EliminationsTotal
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Net sales and revenue$117,981 $9,897 $130 $— $128,007 $76 $11,761 $(105)$139,740 
Expenditures for property$7,220 $258 $18 $— $7,495 $4 $16 $81 $7,597 
Depreciation and amortization$4,415 $403 $53 $— $4,871 $18 $3,662 $— $8,551 
Impairment charges$— $— $— $— $— $605 $— $— $605 
Equity income (loss)(a)(b)$766 $(343)$— $— $423 $— $55 $— $477 
__________
(a)Includes Automotive China joint ventures (Automotive China JVs) equity income (loss) of $80 million and $197 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $(137) million and $(347) million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(b)Equity earnings related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC, an equally owned joint venture with LG Energy Solution, are presented in Automotive and other cost of sales as this entity is integral to the operations of our business by providing battery cells for our electric vehicles (EVs). Equity earnings related to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC were $213 million and $465 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $309 million and $788 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.



9


General Motors Company and Subsidiaries
Supplemental Material1
(Unaudited)
General Motors Company (GM) uses both generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and non-GAAP financial measures for operational and financial decision making, and to assess Company and segment business performance. Our non-GAAP measures include: earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)-adjusted, presented net of noncontrolling interests; earnings before income taxes (EBT)-adjusted for our General Motors Financial Company, Inc. (GM Financial) segment; earnings per share (EPS)-diluted-adjusted; effective tax rate-adjusted (ETR-adjusted); return on invested capital-adjusted (ROIC-adjusted) and adjusted automotive free cash flow. GM's calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences between companies in the method of calculation. As a result, the use of these non-GAAP measures has limitations and should not be considered superior to, in isolation from, or as a substitute for, related U.S. GAAP measures.

These non-GAAP measures allow management and investors to view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons and benchmark performance between periods and among geographic regions to understand operating performance without regard to items we do not consider a component of our core operating performance. Furthermore, these non-GAAP measures allow investors the opportunity to measure and monitor our performance against our externally communicated targets and evaluate the investment decisions being made by management to improve ROIC-adjusted. Management uses these measures in its financial, investment and operational decision-making processes, for internal reporting and as part of its forecasting and budgeting processes. Further, our Board of Directors uses certain of these and other measures as key metrics to determine management performance under our performance-based compensation plans. For these reasons, we believe these non-GAAP measures are useful for our investors.

EBIT-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Net income attributable to stockholders) EBIT-adjusted is presented net of noncontrolling interests and is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated operating results because it excludes automotive interest income, automotive interest expense and income taxes as well as certain additional adjustments that are not considered part of our core operations. Examples of adjustments to EBIT include, but are not limited to, impairment charges on long-lived assets and other exit costs resulting from strategic shifts in our operations or discrete market and business conditions, and certain costs arising from legal matters. For EBIT-adjusted and our other non-GAAP measures, once we have made an adjustment in the current period for an item, we will also adjust the related non-GAAP measure in any future periods in which there is an impact from the item. Our corresponding measure for our GM Financial segment is EBT-adjusted because interest income and interest expense are an integral part of its financial performance.

EPS-diluted-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Diluted earnings per common share) EPS-diluted-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated diluted EPS results on a consistent basis. EPS-diluted-adjusted is calculated as net income attributable to common stockholders-diluted less adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and certain income tax adjustments divided by weighted-average common shares outstanding-diluted. Examples of income tax adjustments include the establishment or release of significant deferred tax asset valuation allowances.

ETR-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Effective tax rate) ETR-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review the consolidated effective tax rate for our core operations on a consistent basis. ETR-adjusted is calculated as Income tax expense less the income tax related to the adjustments noted above for EBIT-adjusted and the income tax adjustments noted above for EPS-diluted-adjusted divided by Income before income taxes less adjustments. When we provide an expected adjusted effective tax rate, we cannot provide an expected effective tax rate without unreasonable efforts because the U.S. GAAP measure may include significant adjustments that are difficult to predict.

ROIC-adjusted (Most comparable GAAP measure: Return on equity) ROIC-adjusted is used by management and can be used by investors to review our investment and capital allocation decisions. We define ROIC-adjusted as EBIT-adjusted for the trailing four quarters divided by ROIC-adjusted average net assets, which is the average equity balances adjusted for average automotive debt and interest liabilities, exclusive of finance leases; average automotive net pension and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) liabilities; and average automotive net income tax assets during the same period.

Adjusted automotive free cash flow (Most comparable GAAP measure: Net automotive cash provided by operating activities) Adjusted automotive free cash flow is used by management and can be used by investors to review the liquidity of our automotive operations and to measure and monitor our performance against our capital allocation program and evaluate our automotive liquidity against the substantial cash requirements of our automotive operations. We measure adjusted automotive free cash flow as automotive operating cash flow from operations less capital expenditures adjusted for management actions. Management actions can include voluntary events such as discretionary contributions to employee benefit plans or nonrecurring specific events such as a closure of a facility that are considered special for EBIT-adjusted purposes.


10


General Motors Company and Subsidiaries
Supplemental Material1
(Unaudited)
The following table reconciles Net income attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted and segment profit (loss) (dollars in millions):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
Net income attributable to stockholders(a)$1,327 $3,056 $6,007 $8,969 
Income tax expense (benefit)127 709 1,326 2,238 
Automotive interest expense209 206 560 631 
Automotive interest income (220)(274)(611)(688)
Adjustments
EV strategic realignment(b)1,592 — 1,592 — 
OnStar Smart Driver(c)300 — 300 — 
Cruise restructuring(d)25 — 90 583 
Headquarters relocation(e)16 34 50 34 
Ultium strategic realignment(f)— — 330 — 
China restructuring actions(g)— — 140 — 
Restructuring actions(h)— 190 87 190 
GMI plant wind down(i)— 43 33 146 
Buick dealer strategy(j)— 150 — 321 
Total adjustments1,933 417 2,622 1,274 
EBIT-adjusted3,376 4,115 9,903 12,424 
Operating segments
GM North America (GMNA)2,506 3,982 8,207 12,254 
GM International (GMI)226 42 460 82 
Cruise — (383)(273)(1,284)
GM Financial(k)804 687 2,193 2,246 
Total operating segments3,536 4,327 10,587 13,299 
Corporate and eliminations(l)(160)(213)(684)(874)
EBIT-adjusted$3,376 $4,115 $9,903 $12,424 
__________
(a)Net of net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests.
(b)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to our planned strategic realignment of our EV capacity and manufacturing footprint to expected consumer demand.
(c)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to investigations and litigation associated with our former OnStar Smart Driver product.
(d)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to restructuring charges resulting from the plan to combine the Cruise and GM technical efforts to advance autonomous and assisted driving, the indefinite delay of the Cruise Origin and the voluntary pausing in 2023 of Cruise's driverless, supervised and manual AV operations in the U.S. The adjustments primarily consist of non-cash restructuring charges, supplier-related charges and employee separation costs.
(e)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to the GM headquarters relocation, primarily consisting of accelerated depreciation and other relocation expenditures.
(f)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to Ultium Cells Holdings LLC charges from a strategic realignment to have the right manufacturing and cell capabilities in place to meet EV demand and expected growth.
(g)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to restructuring activities associated with our operations in China, including an other-than-temporary impairment and restructuring charges recorded in equity earnings associated with our Automotive China JVs.
(h)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to employee separation charges.
(i)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to the wind down of our manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador.
(j)These adjustments were excluded because they relate to strategic activities to transition certain Buick dealers out of our dealer network as part of Buick’s EV strategy.
(k)GM Financial amounts represent EBT-adjusted.
(l)GM's automotive interest income and interest expense, corporate expenditures, legacy costs from the Opel/Vauxhall Business (primarily pension costs) and certain revenues and expenses that are not part of a reportable segment are recorded centrally in Corporate.

11


General Motors Company and Subsidiaries
Supplemental Material1
(Unaudited)
The following table reconciles diluted earnings per common share to EPS-diluted-adjusted (dollars in millions, except per share amounts):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
AmountPer ShareAmountPer ShareAmountPer ShareAmountPer Share
Diluted earnings per common share$1,297 $1.35 $3,029 $2.68 $6,510 $6.64 $8,914 $7.77 
Adjustments(a)1,933 2.01 417 0.37 2,622 2.67 1,274 1.11 
Tax effect on adjustments(b)(536)(0.56)(96)(0.08)(606)(0.62)(290)(0.25)
Return from preferred shareholders(c)— — — — (593)(0.60)— — 
EPS-diluted-adjusted$2,694 $2.80 $3,350 $2.96 $7,933 $8.09 $9,898 $8.63 
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted and segment profit (loss) for adjustment details.
(b)The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.
(c)This adjustment consists of a return from the preferred shareholders related to the redemption of Cruise preferred shares from noncontrolling interest holders in the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The following table reconciles our effective tax rate to ETR-adjusted (dollars in millions):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
Income before income taxesIncome tax expense (benefit)Effective tax rateIncome before income taxesIncome tax expense (benefit)Effective tax rateIncome before income taxesIncome tax expense (benefit)Effective tax rateIncome before income taxesIncome tax expense (benefit)Effective tax rate
Effective tax rate$1,419 $127 8.9 %$3,717 $709 19.1 %$7,366 $1,326 18.0 %$11,076 $2,238 20.2 %
Adjustments(a)1,933 536 418 96 2,622 606 1,342 290 
ETR-adjusted$3,352 $663 19.8 %$4,135 $805 19.5 %$9,988 $1,932 19.3 %$12,418 $2,528 20.4 %
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted and segment profit (loss) for adjustment details. These adjustments include Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests where applicable. The tax effect of each adjustment is determined based on the tax laws and valuation allowance status of the jurisdiction to which the adjustment relates.

We define return on equity (ROE) as Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders for the trailing four quarters divided by average equity for the same period. Management uses average equity to provide comparable amounts in the calculation of ROE. The following table summarizes the calculation of ROE (dollars in billions):
Four Quarters Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
Net income attributable to stockholders$3.0 $11.1 
Average equity(a)$65.2 $69.5 
ROE4.7 %15.9 %
__________
(a)Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in Net income attributable to stockholders.

12


General Motors Company and Subsidiaries
Supplemental Material1
(Unaudited)
The following table summarizes the calculation of ROIC-adjusted (dollars in billions):
Four Quarters Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
EBIT-adjusted(a)$12.4 $14.2 
Average equity(b)$65.2 $69.5 
Add: Average automotive debt and interest liabilities (excluding finance leases)16.1 16.3 
Add: Average automotive net pension & OPEB liability8.7 9.8 
Less: Average automotive and other net income tax asset(22.9)(22.7)
ROIC-adjusted average net assets$67.1 $73.0 
ROIC-adjusted18.5 %19.4 %
__________
(a)Refer to the reconciliation of Net income attributable to stockholders to EBIT-adjusted and segment profit (loss) for adjustment details.
(b)Includes equity of noncontrolling interests where the corresponding earnings (loss) are included in EBIT-adjusted.

The following table reconciles Net automotive cash provided by operating activities to adjusted automotive free cash flow (dollars in millions):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
Net automotive cash provided by operating activities$6,070 $7,863 $13,127 $19,174 
Less: Capital expenditures(2,113)(2,229)(6,054)(7,495)
Add: Buick dealer strategy243 100 708 376 
Add: Restructuring actions— 74 139 74 
Add: GMI plant wind down— 26 12 35 
Add: China restructuring actions1 — 10 — 
Less: Ultium strategic realignment— — (103)— 
Add: Employee separation costs— — — 58 
Adjusted automotive free cash flow$4,201 $5,834 $7,840 $12,222 

13


General Motors Company and Subsidiaries
Supplemental Material1
(Unaudited)
Vehicle Sales

GM presents both wholesale and total vehicle sales data to assist in the analysis of our revenue and market share. Wholesale vehicle sales data consists of sales to GM's dealers and distributors as well as sales to the U.S. government, and excludes vehicles sold by our joint ventures. Wholesale vehicle sales data correlates to GM's revenue recognized from the sale of vehicles, which is the largest component of Automotive net sales and revenue. In the nine months ended September 30, 2025, 26.4% of GM's wholesale vehicle sales volume was generated outside the U.S. The following table summarizes wholesale vehicle sales by our Automotive operations (vehicles in thousands):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
GMNA840 893 2,516 2,588 
GMI137 140 346 383 
Total977 1,033 2,862 2,971 

Total vehicle sales data represents: (1) retail sales (i.e., sales to consumers who purchase new vehicles from dealers or distributors); (2) fleet sales (i.e., sales to large and small businesses, governments and daily rental car companies); and (3) sales of courtesy transportation vehicles (i.e., vehicles previously used by dealers that were sold to the end consumer). Total vehicle sales data includes all sales by joint ventures on a total vehicle basis, not based on our percentage ownership interest in the joint venture. Certain joint venture agreements in China allow for the contractual right to report vehicle sales of non-GM trademarked vehicles by those joint ventures, which are included in the total vehicle sales we report for China. While total vehicle sales data does not correlate directly to the revenue GM recognizes during a particular period, we believe it is indicative of the underlying demand for GM's vehicles. Total vehicle sales data represents management's good faith estimate based on sales reported by our dealers, distributors and joint ventures; commercially available data sources such as registration and insurance data; and internal estimates and forecasts when other data is not available.

14


General Motors Company and Subsidiaries
Supplemental Material1
(Unaudited)
The following table summarizes industry and GM total vehicle sales and GM's related competitive position by geographic region (vehicles in thousands):
 Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
 IndustryGMMarket ShareIndustryGMMarket ShareIndustryGMMarket ShareIndustryGMMarket Share
North America
United States4,187 710 17.0 %4,000 660 16.5 %12,516 2,150 17.2 %12,026 1,950 16.2 %
Other1,015 127 12.5 %985 130 13.2 %3,008 384 12.8 %2,884 376 13.0 %
Total North America5,202 837 16.1 %4,985 790 15.8 %15,523 2,534 16.3 %14,910 2,326 15.6 %
Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa
China(a)6,901 469 6.8 %6,585 426 6.5 %19,299 1,359 7.0 %18,123 1,240 6.8 %
Other5,598 150 2.7 %5,536 150 2.7 %16,603 369 2.2 %16,310 382 2.3 %
Total Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa12,499 619 5.0 %12,121 576 4.8 %35,903 1,729 4.8 %34,433 1,622 4.7 %
South America
Brazil711 72 10.1 %715 82 11.4 %1,910 192 10.0 %1,858 223 12.0 %
Other455 35 7.7 %365 28 7.7 %1,266 95 7.5 %991 82 8.3 %
Total South America1,166 107 9.2 %1,079 110 10.3 %3,176 287 9.0 %2,849 305 10.7 %
Total in GM markets18,868 1,563 8.3 %18,185 1,476 8.1 %54,602 4,549 8.3 %52,193 4,253 8.1 %
Total Europe3,883 1 — %3,724 1 — %12,493 2 — %12,541 2 — %
Total Worldwide(b)22,751 1,564 6.9 %21,910 1,477 6.7 %67,095 4,552 6.8 %64,734 4,255 6.6 %
United States
Cars658 12 1.8 %731 38 5.2 %2,080 44 2.1 %2,207 141 6.4 %
Trucks1,143 369 32.3 %1,093 337 30.9 %3,417 1,115 32.6 %3,137 987 31.5 %
Crossovers2,387 330 13.8 %2,176 284 13.1 %7,018 992 14.1 %6,683 822 12.3 %
Total United States4,187 710 17.0 %4,000 660 16.5 %12,516 2,150 17.2 %12,026 1,950 16.2 %
China(a)
SGMS130 98 381 372 
SGMW339 329 978 868 
Total6,901 469 6.8 %6,585 426 6.5 %19,299 1,359 7.0 %18,123 1,240 6.8 %
__________
(a)Includes sales by the Automotive China JVs: SAIC General Motors Sales Co., Ltd. (SGMS) and SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co., Ltd. (SGMW).
(b)Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria and certain regions of Ukraine are subject to broad economic sanctions. Accordingly, these countries are excluded from industry sales data and corresponding calculation of market share.

As discussed above, total vehicle sales and market share data provided in the table above includes fleet vehicles. Certain fleet transactions, particularly sales to daily rental car companies, are generally less profitable than retail sales to end customers. The following table summarizes estimated fleet sales and those sales as a percentage of total vehicle sales (vehicles in thousands):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
GMNA148 127 498 447 
GMI106 107 269 274 
Total fleet sales254 234 767 721 
Fleet sales as a percentage of total vehicle sales16.3 %15.9 %16.9 %17.0 %
North America capacity two-shift utilization118.3 %109.1 %115.1 %106.4 %
15