Note 3—Revenue Recognition

Contracts with Customers

The Company earns revenue from contracts with customers, primarily through the provision of retail telecommunications and payment offerings as well as wholesale international voice and SMS termination. BOSS Money, NRS, and net2phone are technology-driven, synergistic businesses that leverage the Company’s core assets. BOSS Money’s and NRS’ revenues are primarily recognized at a point in time, and net2phone’s revenue is mainly recognized over time. Traditional Communications’ offerings are mostly minute-based, paid-voice communications services, and revenue is primarily recognized at a point in time. The Company’s most significant revenue streams are from IDT Digital Payments, BOSS Revolution, and IDT Global. IDT Digital Payments and BOSS Revolution are sold direct-to-consumers and through distributors and retailers.

IDT Digital Payments

IDT Digital Payments is sold direct-to-consumer and through distributors and retailers in the same manner as BOSS Revolution (see below). The Company does not terminate the minutes in its IDT Digital Payments transactions. The Company’s performance obligation is to recharge (top-up) the airtime balance of a mobile account on behalf of the Company’s customer. The Company has contracts with various mobile operators or aggregators to provide the IDT Digital Payments service. The Company determined that it is the principal in primarily all its IDT Digital Payments transactions as the Company controls the service to top-up a mobile account on behalf of the Company’s customer. However, for the portion of its IDT Digital Payments business where the Company has no customer service responsibilities, no inventory risk, and does not establish the price, the Company determined that, as the Company is not considered to control the arrangement, it acts as an agent of the mobile operators. The Company records gross revenues based on the amount billed to the customer when it is the principal in the arrangement and records revenue net of the associated costs incurred when it acts as an agent in the arrangement. The transfer of control happens at the point in time that the airtime is recharged, which is when the Company has a right to payment and the customer has accepted the service. Accordingly, the performance obligation is satisfied, and revenue is recognized when the recharge of the mobile account occurs.

BOSS Revolution direct-to-consumer

BOSS Revolution direct-to-consumer is offered on a pay-as-you-go basis or in unlimited plans. The customer prepays for service in both cases, which results in a contract liability (deferred revenue). The contract term for pay-as-you-go plans is minute-to-minute and includes separate performance obligations for the series of material rights to renew the contract. The performance obligation is satisfied immediately after it arises, and the amount of consideration is known when the obligation is satisfied. Since the Company’s satisfaction of its performance obligation and the customer’s use of the service occur simultaneously, the Company recognizes revenue at the point in time when minutes are utilized, since the customer obtained control and the Company has a present right to payment. For unlimited plans, the Company has a stand-ready obligation to provide service over time for an agreed upon term. Unlimited plans include fixed consideration over the term. Plan fees for unlimited plans are generally refundable at the request of the customer up to three days after payment if there was no usage. Since the Company’s satisfaction of its performance obligation and the customer’s use of the service occur over the term of the plan, the Company recognizes revenue over a period of time as the service is rendered. The Company uses an output method as time elapses because it reflects the pattern by which the Company satisfies its performance obligation through the transfer of service to the customer. The fixed upfront consideration is recognized evenly over the service period, which is generally 24 hours, 7 days, or one month.

BOSS Revolution sold through distributors and retailers

BOSS Revolution sold through distributors and retailers is the same service as BOSS Revolution sold direct-to-consumer. The Company sells capacity to international calling minutes to retailers, or to distributors who resell to retailers. The retailer or distributor is the Company’s customer in these transactions. The Company’s sales price to retailers and distributors, net of discounts, is less than the end user rate for BOSS Revolution minutes. The customer or the Company may terminate their agreement at any time upon thirty days written notice without penalty. Retailers may sell BOSS Revolution on a pay-as-you-go basis or in unlimited plans. As described above, for pay-as-you-go, the Company recognizes revenue at the point in time when minutes are utilized, and for unlimited plans, the Company recognizes revenue over a period of time as the service is rendered. Retailers and distributors also receive initial commissions upon sale to end users, and renewal commissions when certain end users subsequently purchase minutes directly from the Company. Initial and renewal commission payments are accounted for as a reduction of the transaction price over time as the end user uses the service.

IDT Global

IDT Global services are offered to both postpaid and prepaid customers. Postpaid customers are billed in arrears and typically consist of credit-worthy companies such as Tier 1 carriers and mobile network operators. Prepaid customers are typically smaller communications companies and independent call aggregators. There is no performance obligation until the transport and termination of international long-distance calls commences. The initial contract durations range from six months to one year, and generally have successive extensions. During the initial term, the contract can only be terminated in certain instances (such as bankruptcy of either party, damage to the other party’s network, fraud, or breach of contract). However, no penalties are applied if the agreement is terminated in the initial term. After the initial term has expired, either party may terminate the agreement with notice of 30 days to 60 days depending on the agreement. The term of the contract is essentially minute-to-minute as there is no penalty for an early termination and no obligation to send traffic.

Each iteration is a separate optional purchase that occurs over the contract duration (that is, minute-by-minute). The satisfaction of the performance obligation is occurring at a point in time (as the minutes are transferred) because the provision of the service and the satisfaction of the performance obligation are essentially occurring simultaneously. Revenue is recognized at the point in time upon delivery of the service.

The Company has not generally entered into contracts that have retroactive pricing features. Additionally, as the performance obligations are considered minute-by-minute obligations in the original contract, any modification of the original contract that leads to a conclusion that there is a new contract would not result in any adjustment related to the original contract’s consideration.

The Company provides discounts to its larger customers based on the expectation of a significant volume of minutes that are consistent with that class of customer in the wholesale carrier market. The discounts do not provide a material right to the customer because the customer receives the same pricing for all usage under the contract.

IDT Global’s contracts may include tiered pricing based on minute volumes. The Company determined that its retroactive tiered pricing should be accounted for as variable consideration because the final transaction price is unknown until the customer completes or fails to complete the specified threshold. Currently, contracts with retroactive tiered pricing are not material. The Company estimates the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a subsequent change in the estimate would not result in a significant revenue reversal.

The Company enters into Notification of Reciprocal Transmission (“NORT”) transactions, in which the Company commits to purchase a specific number of wholesale carrier minutes to specific destinations at specified rates, and the counterparty commits to purchase from the Company a specific number of minutes to specific destinations at specified rates. The number of minutes purchased and sold is not necessarily the same. The rates in these reciprocal transactions are generally not at prevailing market rates, and the amounts paid to the counterparty in excess of market rates are reflected as a reduction in revenue received from the customer. In addition, the Company enters into transactions in which it swaps minutes with another carrier. The Company recognizes revenue and the related direct cost of revenue for these reciprocal and swap transactions based on the fair value of the minutes.

IDT Global’s NORT contracts include the promise of minimum guaranteed amounts of traffic. The performance obligation represents a stand ready obligation to provide the specified number of minutes over the contractual term. The initial terms of NORT contracts generally range from one month to six months. Since the Company’s satisfaction of its performance obligation of routing calls to their destination includes a minimum guaranteed amount of traffic, the Company recognizes revenue over a period of time as the service is rendered. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s performance as the Company performs. The Company uses an output method as the usage of minutes occur because it reflects the pattern by which the Company satisfies its performance obligation through the transfer of service to the customer.

National Retail Solutions

NRS earns revenue from (1) merchant services’ commissions for the processing of credit and debit card transactions on the POS terminals, (2) a monthly recurring charge for its software license, software upgrades, and help desk support (collectively, the “Software services”), (3) fees for advertising on the POS terminals, (4) sales of the data collected by the POS terminals to data aggregators and others, and (5) the sale of POS terminals to retailers.

NRS’ merchant services enable retailers to accept and process payments made by credit cards, debit cards, electronic benefits transfer, and other forms of electronic payment. Merchant services revenue includes a monthly fee plus a percentage of the transaction amount plus a flat rate per transaction. There is no separate charge for the credit card reader provided to the retailers, which remains NRS’ property and must be returned upon termination of the services. Merchant services are provided as an agent of the payment processor or funding bank, therefore NRS records revenue net of the associated costs incurred. The performance obligation is satisfied, and revenue is recognized when the payment is processed.

The retailers’ use of the credit card reader is a separate performance obligation that meets the definition of a lease. The lease consideration is included in the merchant services’ monthly recurring charge. NRS accounts for the non-lease and lease components as a single performance obligation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC 606”) because the timing and pattern of transfer of both components is the same, and the non-lease component is the predominant component.

NRS sells advertising on the POS terminal’s high-definition screens through internal sales agents, third-party brokers, and real-time auctions on exchange platforms known as programmatic advertising. For advertising sold through its agents or a broker, as well as for a portion of its programmatic advertising, NRS is the principal because it is responsible for performing the service by delivering advertisements according to the customer’s requirements. For the portion of its programmatic advertising where NRS does not control the ad space before it is provided to the customer, NRS acts as an agent of the advertising exchange. NRS records gross revenues based on the amount billed to the customer when it is the principal in the arrangement and records revenue net of the associated costs incurred when it acts as an agent in the arrangement. The performance obligation is satisfied, and revenue is recognized during the period of time when the advertisement is broadcast on the POS terminal.

NRS captures targeted, daily data from the POS terminals that it sells to customers. The performance obligation is the provision of a data report, generally one report per POS terminal per week, where each report is a distinct good that is not interrelated with another report. Customers purchase data reports generally for an annual fee per POS terminal. The consideration is variable because it depends on the number of POS terminals selected. The performance obligation is satisfied, and revenue is recognized, at the point in time when the customer receives a data report because the customer obtains control and has the benefit of the data. The amount recognized per report is the same for each report since each report has the same standalone value to the customer.

NRS sells its POS terminals to retailers. The terminals include a cash register, a barcode scanner, retailer and customer-facing hi-definition screens, a receipt printer, and a credit card reader. The arrangement with the customer includes the equipment sale including embedded POS software, as well as the Software services. Each hardware component and the Software services is a separate performance obligation because each is a distinct good or service that can be obtained from alternate providers. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling price (“SSP”). The SSP reflects the amount the Company would charge for each performance obligation if it were sold separately in a standalone sale to similar customers in similar circumstances. The SSP for POS terminals is generally estimated using the cost plus expected gross margin approach. Equipment revenue is recognized at the point in time when the customer has physical possession of the POS terminal, which is when the customer can use the POS terminal and embedded software and has the risks and rewards of ownership. Revenue from the Software services is recognized ratably over the term of the contract because satisfaction of the performance obligation and the customer’s use of the service occur evenly over the term.

net2phone

net2phone earns revenue primarily through the provision of integrated cloud-based UCaaS and CCaaS offerings for businesses. The services are priced on a per-seat basis, and its subscription revenue is a monthly fee per seat. Revenue is primarily recognized over the monthly service period. Revenue from the sale of telephone equipment is recognized at a point in time when the equipment is delivered to the customer.

net2phone leases telephone equipment to certain customers, which is a separate performance obligation that meets the definition of a lease. The lease consideration is included in the monthly recurring charge. net2phone accounts for the non-lease and lease components as a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606 because the timing and pattern of transfer of both components is the same, and the non-lease component is the predominant component.

BOSS Money

Revenues from international money transfers are primarily from transaction fees charged to the customer based on the amount sent and the send and receive locations. In addition, revenues are earned on the foreign currency exchange based on the difference between purchasing currency at wholesale exchange rates and selling the currency at retail exchange rates. The Company satisfies its international money transfer performance obligations and recognizes revenue at a point in time when the designated recipient receives the funds, as the Company has a right to payment and the customer has use of the service.

Disaggregated Revenues

The following table shows the Company’s revenues disaggregated by business segment and service offered to customers:

Schedule of Revenues Disaggregated by Business Segment and Service Offered to Customers

The following table shows the Company’s revenues disaggregated by geographic region, which is determined based on selling location:

Schedule of Revenues Disaggregated by Geographic Region

Remaining Performance Obligations

The following table includes revenue by business segment expected to be recognized in the future from performance obligations that were unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied as of July 31, 2025. The table excludes contracts that had an original expected duration of one year or less.

Schedule of Estimated Revenue by Business Segment

Accounts Receivable and Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the time of billing to the Company’s customers. Trade accounts receivable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets represent unconditional rights to consideration. The Company records a contract asset when revenue is recognized in advance of its right to bill and receive consideration. The Company has not currently identified any contract assets.

Contract liabilities arise when the Company receives consideration or bills its customers prior to providing the goods or services promised in the contract. The Company’s contract liability balance is primarily payments received for prepaid BOSS Revolution. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when services are provided to the customer. The contract liability balances are presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as “Deferred revenue”. The Company’s revenue recognized in fiscal 2025, fiscal 2024, and fiscal 2023 from amounts included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period was $17.5 million, $22.1 million, and $23.5 million, respectively.

The Company estimates its expected breakage revenue by revenue stream recorded each month, based on inputs and assumptions about usage of the deferred revenue balances. The Company used its historical deferred revenue usage data by revenue stream to calculate the percentage of deferred revenue by month that will become breakage. The historical data indicated that customers utilized a very high percentage of minutes purchased in the first three months. The Company periodically reviews its estimates based on updated data and adjusts the monthly estimates accordingly.

Receivables and contract balances from contracts with customers for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, were as follows:

 Schedule of Receivables Contract from Customer

Deferred Customer Contract Acquisition and Fulfillment Costs

The Company recognizes as an asset its incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer that it expects to recover. The Company’s incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer are sales commissions paid to employees and third parties on sales to end users. If the amortization period were one year or less for the asset that would be recognized from deferring these costs, the Company applies the practical expedient whereby the Company charges these costs to expense when incurred. Costs to obtain a contract are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of benefit.

The Company’s costs to fulfill its contracts do not meet the criteria to be recognized as an asset, therefore these costs are charged to expense as incurred.

The Company’s deferred customer contract acquisition costs were as follows:

Schedule of Deferred Customer Contract Acquisition Costs

In fiscal 2025, fiscal 2024, and fiscal 2023, the Company’s amortization of deferred customer contract acquisition costs was $5.7 million, $5.8 million, and $4.9 million, respectively.