General Litigation:

The Company is subject to claims and lawsuits that arise primarily in the ordinary course of business. It is the opinion of management that the disposition or ultimate resolution of such claims and lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company.

Use of estimates

Use of estimates:

The preparation of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses and valuation of goodwill.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents:

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents are defined as those amounts included in cash and due from banks and federal funds sold, which are sold overnight.

Debt securities available-for-sale

Debt securities available-for-sale:

Debt securities are classified as available for sale (AFS) and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income (loss).

Purchase premiums are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the debt securities and are amortized/accreted to the earliest of call or maturity date. Discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the term of the securities. Gains and losses on the sale of debt securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.

When the fair value of securities is below the amortized cost and the Company will not be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are less than the amortized cost basis of the security, an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited to the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

	Accounting Treatment
Circumstances of Impairment Considerations	Credit Component	Remaining Portion
Not intended for sale or more likely than not that the Bank will not have to sell before recovery of cost basis	Recognized as an allowance for credit loss	Recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)

Intended for sale or more likely than not that the Bank will be required to sell before recovery of cost basis	Recognized in earnings

Federal Home Loan Bank stock

Federal Home Loan Bank stock:

The Bank, as a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system, is required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost since no ready market exists and it has no quoted market value. FHLB stock is periodically evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of par value.

Mortgage loan sales

Mortgage loan sales:

The Company generally sells mortgage loans held for sale without recourse. However, the Company’s agreements to sell residential mortgage loans in the normal course of business usually require certain representations and warranties on the underlying loans sold, related to credit information, loan documentation, collateral, and insurability, which if subsequently are untrue or breached, could require the Company to repurchase certain loans affected. The potential liability under these representations and warranties is estimated as a liability and any losses incurred and resulting expense are netted with mortgage banking income.

Loans

Loans:

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost basis, which is the unpaid principal balance outstanding, net of unearned income and deferred loan fees and costs. The Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of loans and report accrued interest separately from the related loan balance in the consolidated balance sheets.

Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income over the life of the loan without anticipating prepayments.

Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the contractual principal and/or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. The accrual of interest income on loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in process of collection, or if full collection of interest or principal becomes doubtful. All interest accrued but not received for a loan placed on non-accrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is recorded when the payment is received in cash. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Off-Balance-Sheet Credit Exposures

The allowance for credit losses on off-balance-sheet credit exposures is a liability account, representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit. No allowance is recognized if the Company has the unconditional right to cancel the obligation. The allowance is reported as a component of accrued interest payable and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Adjustments to the allowance are reported in the consolidated income statement as a component of credit loss expense. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance-sheet credit exposures is described more fully in Note 4.

Loan servicing

Loan servicing:

Mortgage servicing rights are recognized as separate assets when rights are acquired through a sale of loans and are reported in other assets. When the originating mortgage loans are sold into the secondary market, the Company allocates the total cost of the mortgage loans between mortgage servicing rights and the loans, based on their relative fair values. The cost of originated mortgage-servicing rights is amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing revenues. Impairment of mortgage servicing rights is assessed based on the fair value of those rights. The amount of impairment is the amount by which the capitalized mortgage servicing rights exceed their fair value. Fair value is determined using prices for similar assets with similar characteristics, when available, or based upon discounted cash flows using market-based assumptions.

Foreclosed assets

Foreclosed assets:

Assets acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are held for sale and are initially recorded at fair value less cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair market value less estimated cost to sell. At the date of acquisition losses are charged to the allowance for credit losses, and subsequent write downs are charged to expense in the period incurred. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.

Goodwill and other intangibles

Goodwill and other intangibles:

The premium paid on the assumption of deposit liabilities and the fair value of net assets acquired is accounted for as goodwill and other intangibles. Goodwill and other intangible assets determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which is ten years. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite useful life on the balance sheet.

Goodwill is evaluated at the reporting unit level annually for impairment or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. A qualitative assessment is performed to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not the fair value is less than the carrying amount, including goodwill. If, based on the evaluation, it is determined to be more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying value, then goodwill is tested further for impairment. If the implied fair value of goodwill is lower than its carrying amount, a goodwill impairment is indicated and goodwill is written down to its implied fair value. Subsequent increases in goodwill value are not recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Goodwill is not subject to amortization and was $8,596 as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Transfers of financial assets

Transfers of financial assets:

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Stock compensation plans

Stock compensation plans:

The Company records stock-based employee compensation cost using the fair value method. Compensation expense for share-based awards is recorded over the vesting period at the fair value of the award at the time of grant. The Company begins to record compensation expense in the subsequent calendar year as options are historically issued every two 2years in December. A Black-Sholes model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options. The Company assumes no projected forfeitures on its stock based compensation, since actual historical forfeiture rates on its stock-based incentive awards have been negligible.

Earnings per share

Earnings per share:

Basic earnings per common share are computed by dividing the net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share include the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under the Company’s stock options.