(b)Basis of Consolidation

These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly or partially owned subsidiaries.

Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which the Company obtains control up to the date of the disposition of control. Control is achieved when the Company has power over the subsidiary, is exposed or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the subsidiary; and has the ability to use its power to affect its returns. For non-wholly-owned subsidiaries over which the Company has control, the net assets attributable to outside equity shareholders are presented as “non-controlling interests” in the equity section of the consolidated statements of financial position. Net income or loss for the period that is attributable to the non-controlling interests is calculated based on the ownership of the non-controlling interest shareholders in the subsidiary.

Balances, transactions, income and expenses between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated on consolidation.

Details of the Company’s significant subsidiaries which are consolidated are as follows:

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(i) British Virgin Islands ("BVI")

(ii) Qinghai Found Mining Co., Ltd. was wound-up on November 22, 2024

(d)Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are initially recorded at cost, including all directly attributable costs to bring the assets to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Property, plant and equipment are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and applicable impairment losses. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based on the nature and estimated useful lives as follows:

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Subsequent costs that meet the asset recognition criteria are capitalized while costs incurred that do not extend the economic useful life of an asset are considered repair and maintenance, which are accounted for as an expense recognized during the period. The Company conducts an annual assessment of the residual balances, useful lives, and depreciation methods being used for property, plant and equipment and any changes are applied prospectively.

Assets under construction are capitalized as construction-in-progress. The cost of construction-in-progress comprises its purchase price and any costs directly attributable to bringing it into working condition for its intended use. Construction-in-progress assets are not depreciated until they are completed and available for use.

(f)Impairment of Long-lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including mineral property interests, property, plant and equipment are reviewed and tested for impairment when indicators of impairment are considered to exist. Impairment assessments are conducted at the level of cash-generating units (“CGU”) or at the individual asset level, whichever is the lowest level for which identifiable cash inflows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets.

An impairment loss is recognized for any excess of carrying amount of a CGU over its recoverable amount, which is the greater of its fair value less costs to sell and value in use. For mineral properties, the recoverable amount is estimated as the discounted future net cash inflows expected to be derived from expected future production, metal prices, and net proceeds from the disposition of assets on retirement, less operating and capital costs. Impairment losses are recognized in the period they are incurred.

For exploration and evaluation assets, indication of impairment includes but is not limited to expiration of the right to explore, substantive expenditures in the specific area are neither budgeted nor planned, and exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources in the specific area have not led to the discovery of commercially viable quantities of mineral resources.

Impairment losses are reversed if there is evidence the loss no longer exists or has decreased. This reversal is recognized in net income in the period the reversal occurs limited by the carrying value that would have been determined, net of any depreciation, had no impairment charge been recognized in prior years.

(h)Income Tax

Current tax for each taxable entity is based on the local taxable income at the local substantively enacted statutory tax rate at the balance sheet date and includes adjustments to taxes payable or recoverable in respect to previous periods.

Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are only offset if a legally enforceable right exists to set off the amounts, and the Company intends to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Deferred tax is recognized using the liability method on temporary differences at the reporting date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities, and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, can be utilized, except:

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at the end of each reporting period and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will be available to allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset, if a legally enforceable right exists to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and the deferred taxes relate to the same taxable entity and the same taxation authority.

(j)Financial Instruments

Initial recognition:

On initial recognition, all financial assets and financial liabilities are recorded at fair value less directly attributable transaction costs except for financial assets and liabilities classified as fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”), in which case transaction costs are expensed as incurred.

Subsequent measurement of financial assets:

Subsequent measurement of financial assets depends on the classification of such assets.

IFRS 9 includes a single model that has only two classification categories for financial instruments other than equity instruments: amortized cost and fair value. To qualify for amortized cost accounting, the instrument must meet two criteria:

All other instruments are mandatorily measured at fair value.

At initial recognition, for equity instruments other than held for trading, the Company may make an irrevocable election to designate it as either FVTPL or fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”).

Financial assets classified as amortized cost are measured using the effective interest method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premiums on acquisition and fees that are an integral part of the effective interest method. Amortization from the effective interest method is included in finance income.

Financial assets classified as FVTPL are measured at fair value with changes in fair values recognized in profit or loss.

Impairment of financial assets carried at amortized cost:

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses on its financial assets carried at amortized cost. The amount of expected credit loss is assessed at each reporting period to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition of the respective financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement of financial liabilities:

Financial liabilities classified as amortized cost are measured using the effective interest method. Amortized cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premiums on acquisition and fees that are an integral part of the effective interest method. Amortization using the effective interest method is included in finance costs.

The Company classifies its financial instruments as follows:

Bonds:

The Company acquired bonds issued by other companies from various industries through the open market. These bonds are held to realize potential gains. The bonds may also be disposed on demand through the open market should the Company require funds for other operational or investment needs. Bonds are classified as FVTPL and are measured at fair value on initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

Equity investments:

Equity investments represent equity interests of other publicly-traded or privately-held companies that the Company has acquired through the open market or through private placements. These equity interests consist of common shares and warrants. Equity investments are classified as FVTPL and are measured at fair value on initial recognition and subsequent measurement. The fair value of warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes pricing model as at the acquisition date as well as at each period end.

Derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities:

A financial asset is derecognized when:

Gains and losses on derecognition of financial assets and liabilities classified as amortized cost are recognized in profit or loss when the instrument is derecognized or impaired, as well as through the amortization process.

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability. In this case, a new liability is recognized, and the difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the consolidated statement of income.

Offsetting of financial instruments:

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the consolidated statement of financial position if and only if, there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle liabilities simultaneously.

Fair value of financial instruments:

The fair value of financial instruments that are traded in active markets at each reporting date is determined by reference to quoted market prices, without deduction for transaction costs. For financial instruments that are not traded in active markets, the fair value is determined using appropriate valuation techniques, such as using a recent arm’s length market transaction between knowledgeable and willing parties, discounted cash flow analysis, reference to the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same, or other valuation models.

(l)Significant Judgments and Estimation Uncertainties

Many amounts included in the consolidated financial statements require management to make judgments and/or estimates. These judgments and estimates are continuously evaluated and are based on management’s experience and knowledge of relevant facts and circumstances. Actual results may differ from the amounts included in the consolidated statement of financial position.

Areas of significant judgment include:

Areas of significant estimates include:

The Company estimates its mineral resources based on information compiled by qualified persons as defined in accordance with National Instrument 43-101.