Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
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Jun. 30, 2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company and related financial information have been prepared pursuant to the requirements for reporting on Form 10-Q and Articles 6 or 10 of Regulation S-X. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Consolidation The Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest based on either the variable interest entity (“VIE”) or voting interest model. The Company is required to first apply the VIE model to determine whether it holds a variable interest in an entity, and if so, whether the entity is a VIE. If the Company determines it does not hold a variable interest in a VIE, it then applies the voting interest model. Under the voting interest model, the Company consolidates an entity when it holds a majority voting interest in an entity. The Company accounts for investments in which it has significant influence but not a controlling financial interest using the equity method of accounting (see Note 4). VIE Model An entity is considered to be a VIE if any of the following conditions exist: (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) the holders of the equity investment at risk, as a group, lack either the direct or indirect ability through voting rights or similar rights to make decisions that have a significant effect on the success of the entity or the obligation to absorb the entity’s expected losses or right to receive the entity’s expected residual returns, or (c) the voting rights of some equity investors are disproportionate to their obligation to absorb losses of the entity, their rights to receive returns from an entity, or both and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights. Under the VIE model, limited partnerships are considered VIEs unless a limited partner holds substantive kick-out or participating rights over a general partner. The Company consolidates entities that are VIEs when the Company determines it is the primary beneficiary. Generally, the primary beneficiary of a VIE is a reporting entity that has (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Loans Held for Investment The Company originates, acquires, and structures, or acquires through participations, real estate-related loans generally to be held to maturity (collectively the “loans”). Loans held for investment are carried at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted for the accretion of discounts on investments and exit fees, and the amortization of premiums on investments and origination fees. The Company’s preferred equity investments, which are economically similar to mezzanine loans and subordinate to any loans but are senior to common equity, are accounted for as loans held for investment. Loans are carried at amortized cost less allowance for credit losses. Amortized cost is the amount at which a financing receivable or a loan is originated or acquired, adjusted for accretion, or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash and write-offs. Allowance for Credit Losses The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses to estimate potential credit losses related to its loans. ASC 326 mandates the use of a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology for estimating future credit losses of certain financial instruments measured at amortized cost, instead of the “incurred loss” methodology previously required under U.S. GAAP. The CECL methodology requires the consideration of possible credit losses over the life of an instrument as opposed to estimating credit losses upon the occurrence of an actual loss event under the previous “incurred loss” methodology. As permitted by ASC 326, the Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable (which is presented separately on the consolidated balance sheets), but rather write off in a timely manner by reversing interest income that would likely be uncollectible. Performing Loans The Company uses a model-based approach for estimating the allowance for credit losses on performing loans on a collective basis, including future funding commitments for which the Company does not have the unconditional right to cancel, as these loans share similar risk characteristics. The Company utilizes information obtained from internal and external sources relating to past events, current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future to determine the expected credit losses for its loan portfolio. The Company utilizes a commercial mortgage-based, third-party loan loss model and because the Company does not have a meaningful history of realized credit losses on its loan portfolio, it subscribes to a database service to provide historical proxy loan loss information. The Company employs logistic regression to forecast expected losses at the loan level based on a commercial real estate loan securitization database that contains activity dating back to 1998. The Company has chosen to incorporate a weighted average macroeconomic forecast that encompasses baseline, upside and downside scenarios, into its allowance for credit losses on performing loans estimate during the reasonable and supportable forecast period which is currently eight quarters. The Company selects certain economic variables from a group of independent variables such as Commercial Real Estate Price Index, unemployment and interest rate which are included in the model as part of macroeconomic forecast and updated regularly based on current economic trends. The specific loan level information input into the model includes loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratio metrics, as well as principal balances, property type, location, coupon rate, coupon rate type, original or remaining term, expected repayment dates and contractual future funding commitments. Based on the inputs, the loan loss model determines a loan loss rate through the generation of a probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) for each loan. The allowance for credit losses on performing loans is then calculated by applying the loan loss rate to the total outstanding loan balance of each loan. A significant amount of judgment is applied in selecting inputs and analyzing results produced by the models to determine the allowance for credit losses on performing loans. Changes in such estimates can significantly affect the expected credit losses. Beyond the Company’s reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company reverts to historical loss information on a straight-line basis over the remaining contractual loan term, taken from a period that most accurately reflects the expectation of conditions expected to exist during the period of reversion. The Company may adjust historical loss information for differences in risk that may not reflect the characteristics of its current portfolio, including but not limited to, loan-to-value and debt service coverage ratios, among other relevant factors. The method of reversion selected represents the best estimate of the collectability of the investments and is reevaluated each reporting period. The determination of the performing loans credit loss estimate considers historical loss information and current economic conditions for each loan, reversion period and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. The reasonable and supportable forecast period is determined based on the Company’s assessment of the most likely scenario of assumptions and plausible outcomes for the U.S. economy. The Company regularly evaluates the reasonable and supportable forecast period to determine if a change is needed. The Company also performs a qualitative assessment and applies qualitative adjustments as necessary, usually due to limitations of the loan loss model. The Company’s qualitative analysis includes a review of data that may directly impact its estimates including internal and external information about the loan or property including current market conditions, asset specific conditions, property operations or borrower/sponsor details (i.e., refinance, sale, bankruptcy) which allows the Company to determine the amount of the expected loss more accurately and reasonably for these investments. The Company also evaluates the contractual life of its loans to determine if changes are needed for certain contractual extension options, renewals, modifications, and prepayments. Unfunded Commitments Some of the Company’s performing loans include commitments to fund incremental proceeds to the borrowers over the life of the loan and these unfunded commitments are also subject to the CECL methodology because the Company does not have an unconditional right to cancel such commitments. The allowance for credit losses related to unfunded commitments is recorded as a component of other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. This allowance for credit losses is estimated using the same method outlined above for the Company’s outstanding performing loan balances and increases or decreases are also recorded in earnings on the consolidated statements of operations. Non-Performing Loans During the loan review process, all non-performing loans are evaluated for collectability, which includes both loans in default and loans where we do not expect to collect all amounts due for both principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the loan. The Company removes these loans from the model-based approach described above and analyzes them separately. The credit loss reserve for these loans is calculated as any excess of the amortized cost of the loan over (i) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the appropriate discount rate or (ii) the fair value of collateral, if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Loans Not Secured by Real Estate As of December 31, 2024, the Company had one loan that was not secured by real estate. This loan, which was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, was recorded at amortized cost. The Company performed a separate analysis based on recoverability to determine the allowance for credit losses on this loan. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not record any allowance for credit losses on this loan because the Company believed that it would be able to collect all outstanding interest and principal on or before the loan’s maturity date. In June 2025, this loan was repaid in full and had a balance of zero as of June 30, 2025. Equity Interest in Unconsolidated Investments The Company accounts for its equity interests in unconsolidated investments under the equity method of accounting, i.e., at cost, increased or decreased by its share of earnings or losses, less distributions, plus contributions and other adjustments required by equity method accounting. The Company classifies distributions received from equity method investments using the cumulative earnings approach. Distributions received are considered returns on the investment and classified as cash inflows from operating activities. If, however, the investor’s cumulative distributions received, less distributions received in prior periods determined to be returns of investment, exceed cumulative equity in earnings recognized, the excess is considered a return of investment and is classified as cash inflows from investing activities. The Company evaluates its equity interest in unconsolidated investments on a periodic basis to determine if there are any indicators that the value of its equity investments may be impaired and whether or not that impairment is other-than-temporary. To the extent an impairment has occurred and is determined to be other-than-temporary, the Company measures the charge as the excess of the carrying value of its investment over its estimated fair value, which is determined by calculating its share of the estimated fair market value of the underlying net assets based on the terms of the applicable partnership or joint venture agreements. Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Value The Company accounts for its equity securities without readily determinable fair value at cost, which is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has elected the measurement alternative and therefore will evaluate whether the security continues to qualify for the alternative at each reporting period. The Company evaluates its equity security without readily determinable fair value on a periodic basis to determine if there is an observable price change in an orderly transaction for similar investments or if there are any indicators that the value of its equity security may be impaired. The Company will make fair value adjustments, if any, or reductions for any impairment to derive the carrying value of the investment. Available-For-Sale Debt Securities From time to time, the Company may invest in debt securities. These securities are classified as available-for-sale debt securities and are carried at fair value. Changes in the fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities are reported in other comprehensive income or loss until a gain or loss on the securities is realized. Real Estate Owned, Net Real estate acquired is recorded at its estimated fair value at acquisition and is shown net of accumulated depreciation and impairment charges. Acquisition of properties generally are accounted for as asset acquisitions. Under asset acquisition accounting, the costs to acquire real estate, including transaction costs, are accumulated and then allocated to individual assets and liabilities acquired based upon their relative fair value. The Company allocates the purchase price of its real estate acquisitions to land, building, tenant improvements, acquired in-place leases, intangibles for the value of any above or below market leases at fair value and to any other identified intangible assets or liabilities. The Company amortizes the value allocated to in-place leases over the remaining lease term, which is reported in depreciation and amortization expense on its consolidated statements of operations. The value allocated to above or below market leases are amortized over the remaining lease term as an adjustment to rental income. Real estate assets are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives: buildings and improvements - not to exceed 40 years, and tenant improvements - shorter of the lease term or life of the asset. Ordinary repairs and maintenance which are not reimbursed by the tenants are expensed as incurred. Major replacements and betterments which improve or extend the life of the asset are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful life. Management reviews the Company’s real estate for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The review of recoverability is based on estimated future cash flows and the estimated liquidation value of such real estate assets, and provides for impairment if such undiscounted cash flows are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the real estate assets. If impaired, the real estate asset will be written down to its estimated fair value. Real Estate Assets Held for Sale The Company classifies real estate and related intangibles as held for sale when the six criteria under ASC 360-10-45-9 are met. Once an asset is held for sale, the Company suspends depreciation and amortization. Assets held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less cost to sell beginning in the period the held for sale criteria is met. The carrying amount of assets held for sale are adjusted each reporting period for subsequent changes in fair value less cost to sell, with losses recognized for any subsequent write-down to fair value less cost to sell, and gains recognized for any subsequent increase in fair value less cost to sell, but not in excess of the cumulative loss previously recognized. When properties are considered held for sale, but do not qualify as a discontinued operation, the Company presents qualifying assets and liabilities as held for sale on the consolidated balance sheet in all periods that the qualifying assets and liabilities meet the held for sale criteria. The components of the held for sale asset’s net income (loss) is recorded within the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income. Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Interest Income: Interest income is accrued based upon the outstanding principal amount and contractual terms of the loans and preferred equity investments that the Company expects to collect, and it is accrued and recorded on a daily basis. Discounts and premiums on investments purchased are accreted or amortized over the expected life of the respective loan using the effective yield method, and are included in interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. Loan origination fees and exit fees, net of portions attributable to obligations under participation agreements, are capitalized and amortized or accreted to interest income over the life of the investment using the effective yield method. Outstanding interest receivable is assessed for recoverability. The Company generally reverses the accrued and unpaid interest against interest income and no longer accrues for the interest when, in the opinion of the Manager, recovery of interest and principal becomes not probable. Interest is then recorded on the basis of cash received until accrual is resumed when the loan becomes contractually current and performance is demonstrated. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon management’s judgment regarding collectability. The Company holds loans in its portfolio that may contain paid-in-kind (“PIK”) interest provisions. The PIK interest, which represents contractually deferred interest that is added to the principal balance that is due at maturity, is recorded on the accrual basis. Real Estate Operating Revenues: Real estate operating revenue is derived from leasing of space to various types of tenants. The leases are for fixed terms of varying length and generally provide for annual rent increases and expense reimbursements to be paid in monthly installments. Lease revenue, or rental income from leases, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the respective leases. Additionally, the Company recorded above- and below-market lease intangibles, which are included in real estate owned, net, in connection with the acquisition of the real estate properties. These intangible assets and liabilities are amortized to lease revenue over the remaining contractual lease term. Other Revenues: Prepayment fee income is recognized as prepayments occur. All other income is recognized when earned. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The Company considers all highly liquid investments, with original maturities of ninety days or less when purchased, as cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are exposed to concentrations of credit risk. The Company maintains all of its cash at financial institutions which, at times, may exceed the amount insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Restricted cash represents cash held as additional collateral by the Company on behalf of the borrowers related to the investments in loans or preferred equity instruments for the purpose of such borrowers making interest and property-related operating payments. Restricted cash is not available for general corporate purposes. The related liability is recorded in “Interest reserve and other deposits held on investments” on the consolidated balance sheets. Cash held in escrow represents amounts funded to an escrow account for debt services and tenant improvements. From time to time, it may also include proceeds from the repayment of loans that are held by the title company due to timing. Cash held in escrow is restricted and is not available for general corporate purposes. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets to the total amount shown in its consolidated statements of cash flows as of:
Participation Interests Loan participations from the Company which do not qualify for sale treatment remain on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and the proceeds are recorded as obligations under participation agreements. For the investments for which participation has been granted, the interest earned on the entire loan balance is recorded within “Interest income” and the interest related to the participation interest is recorded within “Interest expense from obligations under participation agreements” in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest expense from obligations under participation agreement is reversed when recovery of interest income on the related loan becomes not probable. See “Obligations Under Participation Agreements” in Note 8 for additional information. Secured Financing Agreements, Net The Company's secured financing agreements include two master repurchase agreements, a revolving line of credit, non-recourse property mortgages, note-on-note financing arrangements, secured borrowing and a term loan. The Company accounts for borrowings under these financing arrangements as secured transactions, which are carried at their contractual amounts (cost), net of unamortized deferred financing fees. See “Secured Financing Arrangements” in Note 8 for additional information. Fair Value Measurements U.S. GAAP establishes market-based or observable inputs as the preferred source of values, followed by valuation models using management assumptions in the absence of market inputs. The Company has not elected the fair value option for its financial instruments, including loans held for investment, loans held for investment acquired through participation, obligations under participation agreements, secured borrowing, unsecured notes, mortgage loan payable, term loan payable, repurchase agreement payment and revolving line of credit. Such financial instruments are carried at amortized cost, less impairment, where applicable. Marketable securities are financial instruments that are reported at fair value. Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs represent fees and expenses incurred in connection with obtaining financing for investments. These costs are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction of the debt liability to which the costs pertain. These costs are amortized using the effective interest method and are included in interest expense on the applicable borrowings in the consolidated statements of operations over the life of the borrowings. Income Taxes The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2016. In order to qualify as a REIT, the Company is required, among other things, to distribute dividends equal to at least 90% of its REIT net taxable income to the stockholders and meet certain tests regarding the nature of its income and assets. As a REIT, the Company is not subject to federal income taxes on income and gains distributed to the stockholders as long as certain requirements are satisfied, principally relating to the nature of income and the level of distributions, as well as other factors. If the Company fails to continue to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and does not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, the Company will be subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes at regular corporate rates (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) beginning with the year in which it fails to qualify and may be precluded from being able to elect to be treated as a REIT for the Company’s four subsequent taxable years. Any gains from the sale of foreclosed properties within two years are subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes at regular corporate rates. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had satisfied all the requirements for a REIT. The Company did not have any uncertain tax positions that met the recognition or measurement criteria of ASC 740-10-25, Income Taxes, nor did the Company have any unrecognized tax benefits as of the periods presented herein. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax liabilities as income tax expense in its consolidated statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not incur any interest or penalties. Although the Company files federal and state tax returns, its major tax jurisdiction is federal. The Company’s 2021-2024 federal tax returns remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service. Earnings Per Share The Company has a simple equity capital structure with only common stock outstanding. As a result, earnings per share, as presented, represents both basic and dilutive per-share amounts for the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Income per basic share of common stock is calculated by dividing net income allocable to common stock by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding during such period. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates, and those differences could be material. Segment Information The Company’s primary business is originating, acquiring and structuring real estate-related loans related to high quality commercial real estate. From time to time, the Company may assume control of properties acquired in connection with foreclosures or deed in lieu of foreclosure, or it may acquire operating real estate properties that meet its investment criteria. The Company operates as one segment, which is also its sole reportable segment, focused on mezzanine loans, senior loans and preferred equity investments, and to a lesser extent, owning and managing real estate. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its senior management team, comprised of its chief executive officer who is also the chief investment officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, chief originations officer and the head of asset management of the Manager. The Company generates its revenue primarily from originating, acquiring, investing in, and managing real estate-related debt investments. The CODM evaluates the performance of any real estate owned assets with that of its real estate-related debt investments. Additionally, the Company seeks to enhance its returns on equity by utilizing leverage, and generally finance its real estate-related investments with leverage obtained through a variety of sources, including secured and unsecured debt instruments. The CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources based on consolidated net income (loss), which is also reported as consolidated net income (loss) on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. The Company’s consolidated net income (loss) is primarily derived through the difference between the interest income earned on its loans and the cost at which its to finance them. Accordingly, interest expense, as reported on its consolidated statement of operations, is its most significant segment expense. Additionally, the measure of segment assets is reflected on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets. The CODM uses consolidated net income (loss) to make key operating decisions, such as identifying attractive investment opportunities, evaluating underwriting standards, determining the appropriate level of leverage to enhance returns on equity and deciding on the sources of financing. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update “ASU” 2023-07 “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 intends to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, enhance interim disclosure requirements and provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. ASU 2023-07 is to be adopted retrospectively to all prior periods presented. The Company adopted this ASU on December 31, 2024. The adoption of the standard has not impacted the Company's financial statements but has resulted in incremental disclosures, which are included within “Segment Information” above. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 intends to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and is to be adopted on a prospective basis with the option to apply retrospectively. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance; however, it does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact to its consolidated financial statements.
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