9. Stockholders’ Deficit

SPAC Warrants

Upon the completion of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the Private Warrants and the public warrants to purchase Common Stock, each with an exercise price of $402.50 per whole share (the “Public Warrants”, and together with the Private Warrants, the “SPAC Warrants”).

Holders of the SPAC Warrants are entitled to acquire shares of Common Stock. The SPAC Warrants will expire five years after the completion of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

If the reported last sale price of the Common Stock equals or exceeds $630.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending three business days before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders, the Company may redeem all the Public Warrants at a price of $0.01 per warrant upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice.

If the Company calls the Public Warrants for redemption, the Company will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a cashless basis. The Company will not be required to net cash settle the SPAC Warrants.

The Public Warrants are equity-classified warrants and recognized in additional paid-in capital in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Private Warrants are liability-classified warrants and are recognized as liabilities (refer to Notes 1 and 4).

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the SPAC Warrants held by Sorrento were repurchased, and certain of such warrants transferred to Oramed, as a result of the Sorrento SPA (refer to Note 8). On September 20, 2024, the Company repurchased 4,000,000 of the SPAC Warrants (which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 114,286 shares of Common Stock) held by Oramed (refer to Note 7). Following the repurchase, these warrants were cancelled.

As of each of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 5,467,692 Public Warrants, which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 156,220 shares of Common Stock are outstanding.

As of each of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, 1,000,000 Private Warrants, which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 28,572 shares of Common Stock are outstanding.

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue 45,000,000 shares of preferred stock (the “Preferred Stock”) of which there are two series in total.

Series A Preferred Stock

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 29,057,097 shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding. On September 21, 2023, the Series A Preferred Stock was repurchased and derecognized for accounting purposes. The Series A Preferred Stock is currently held as collateral for the Oramed Note.

Series 1 Preferred Stock

On October 27, 2024, the Board declared a stock dividend (the “Dividend”) consisting of an aggregate of 5,000,000 shares (the “Dividend Stock”) of Series 1 Mandatory Exchangeable Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (the “Series 1 Preferred Stock”) to record holders of certain of the Company’s securities as of the close of business on November 7, 2024 (which date was subsequently changed to such later date to be determined in the sole discretion of the Board) (such later record date as so determined by the Board, the “Record Date”). Pursuant to the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series 1 Mandatory Exchangeable Preferred Stock (the “Certificate of Designation”) filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 28, 2024, the Series 1 Preferred Stock ranks senior to the Common Stock but junior to all other series of Preferred Stock with respect to distributions of assets upon voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the affairs of the Company. The holders of Series 1 Preferred Stock may become entitled to a pro rata portion of the number of shares that represents the lesser of (a) 10% of the shares of the Semnur Common Stock (or such other securities into which or for which such stock may be exchanged or converted), held by the Company as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (as defined below) (taking into account any adjustment for any stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or similar transaction) and (b) that number of shares of Semnur Common Stock (or such other securities into which or for which such stock may be exchanged or converted) equal to $200,000,000 divided by the closing price of such Semnur Common Stock (or such other securities into which or for which such stock may be exchanged or converted) on any national securities exchange on which such shares are listed on the date that is 10 trading days prior to the Determination Date (as defined below), which shares shall be paid from the shares of Semnur Common Stock (or such other securities into which or for which such stock may be exchanged or converted) held by the Company as of immediately prior to the Effective Time (taking into account any adjustment for any stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or similar transaction). Furthermore, the holders of Series 1 Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to receive any dividends and shall not have any voting rights by virtue of their ownership of any shares of Series 1 Preferred Stock.

For purposes of the Certificate of Designation, (a) “Effective Time” means the effective time of the Semnur Business Combination as determined under the terms of the Semnur Business Combination Agreement, (b) “Determination Date” means, if the Semnur Common Stock (or such other securities into which or for which such stock may be exchanged or converted) is listed for, and trading on, any national securities exchange, the date that is 15 trading days following the Registration Date, (c) “Registration Date” means the earlier of (i) the Effective Time, at which time the shares of Semnur Common Stock (or such other securities into which or for which such stock has been exchanged or converted) are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and (ii) the time at which the Registration Statement is declared effective by the SEC and (d) “Registration Statement” means a registration statement, whether under the Exchange Act, or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), that is filed by Semnur or any successor thereto or affiliate thereof with respect to the registration of the Semnur Common Stock or any securities into which or for which such stock may be exchanged or converted. The Board has the right to change the Record Date and the right to revoke the Dividend at any time prior to the payment date therefor. There can be no assurance that the Board will not revoke the Dividend or that, even if such Dividend is paid, the conditions for the mandatory exchange set forth in the Certificate of Designations will ever occur (including that the Registration Date shall have occurred on or before 11:59 p.m. Eastern time on October 28, 2025).

The Series 1 Preferred Stock does not have any bifurcated features and is classified in equity at par value because the Company had an accumulated deficit position as of Dividend Stock declaration date. As of June 30, 2025 and as of the date of this filing, none of the Dividend Stock or any shares of the Series 1 Preferred Stock were issued or distributed.

Treasury Stock

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 1,458,263 and 1,716,245 shares of Treasury Stock, respectively.

At-the-Market Sales Agreement

On December 22, 2023, the Company entered into the ATM Sales Agreement with the Sales Agents, which agreement was voluntarily terminated by the Company effective as of March 5, 2025. Pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement, the Company was able to offer and sell the ATM Shares through or to the Sales Agents. The Company had no obligation to sell any shares of Common Stock under the ATM Sales Agreement and may suspend offers at any time.

The ATM Shares offered and sold in the Offering were issued pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (which was initially filed with the SEC on December 22, 2023, as amended, and declared effective on January 11, 2024 (File No. 333-276245)) (the “Shelf S-3 Registration Statement”). The ATM Shares were offered only by means of a prospectus forming a part of the Shelf S-3 Registration Statement.

The Sales Agents were entitled to a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares of Common Stock. The Company agreed to reimburse the Sales Agents for certain expenses and has agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to the Sales Agents against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

As of June 30, 2025, no sales of Common Stock had been made under the ATM Sales Agreement. As of June 30, 2024, the Company sold 2,637 shares of Common Stock pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement for net proceeds of approximately $0.1 million.

February 2024 Bought Deal Offering Underwriting Agreement

On February 29, 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “February 2024 BDO Underwriting Agreement”) with Rodman & Renshaw LLC and StockBlock, acting as representatives of the underwriters, to sell, in an underwritten offering (the “February 2024 BDO”), 168,068 shares of Common Stock (the “February 2024 BDO Firm Shares”) and accompanying common warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 168,068 shares of Common Stock (the “February 2024 BDO Firm Warrants”). The securities in the February 2024 BDO were offered and sold by the Company pursuant to the Shelf S-3 Registration Statement, a base prospectus dated January 11, 2024, and a final prospectus supplement dated February 29, 2024.

The February 2024 BDO closed on March 5, 2024, and the combined price per February 2024 BDO Firm Share and accompanying February 2024 BDO Firm Warrant paid by the underwriters was $54.74, which amount reflects the combined public offering price of $59.50, less underwriting discounts and commissions. Subject to certain ownership limitations, the Common Warrants are immediately exercisable, set to expire five years later, with an exercise price of $59.50 per share, subject to adjustments. Additionally, the Company issued the representative warrants (the “February 2024 BDO Representative Warrants”) to the underwriters, allowing them to purchase up to 13,446 shares of Common Stock, with these warrants being immediately exercisable at $74.38 per share, representing 125% of the combined public offering price per February 2024 BDO Firm Share and accompanying February 2024 BDO Firm Warrant.

The Company accounted for the February 2024 BDO Firm Warrants as a liability classified instrument (see Note 4) and the February 2024 BDO Representative Warrants as an equity classified instrument. The February 2024 BDO Representative Warrants are recognized in additional paid-in capital in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The issuance costs allocated to the equity component are recorded as the reduction of the offering proceeds and the amounts allocated to the liability component are expensed as incurred within the selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of February 2024 BDO Representative Warrants as of the date of issuance was $0.3 million.

On December 11, 2024, the Company entered into a warrant amendment (the “Warrant Amendment”) with one of its investors to exercise the outstanding number of the February 2024 BDO Firm Warrants that the Company issued to such investor in the February 2024 BDO. Pursuant to the Warrant Amendment, the investor agreed to exercise outstanding February 2024 BDO Firm Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 50,421 shares of Common Stock in cash at an amended exercise price of $20.65 per share. During each of the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were no February 2024 BDO Firm Warrants exercised. As of each of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 3,803,447 February 2024 BDO Firm Warrants, which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 108,686 shares of Common Stock outstanding and 470,588 February 2024 BDO Representative Warrants, which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 13,446 shares of our Common Stock outstanding.

April 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On April 23, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “April 2024 RDO Purchase Agreement”) with the investor named therein, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue, in a registered direct offering (the “April 2024 RDO”): (i) an aggregate of 428,572 shares of Common Stock (the “April 2024 RDO Shares”), and (ii) common warrants to purchase up to 428,572 shares of Common Stock (the “April 2024 RDO Common Warrants”). The offering price per April 2024 RDO Share and accompanying April 2024 RDO Common Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock was $35.00, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $15,000,000, before deducting the placement agent fees and other offering expenses. Subject to certain ownership limitations, the April 2024 RDO Common Warrants are exercisable on the six-month anniversary from the date of issuance, will expire on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $38.50 per share. The exercise price of the April 2024 RDO Common Warrants is subject to certain adjustments, including stock dividends, stock splits, combinations and reclassifications of the Common Stock.

StockBlock and its affiliate, Rodman & Renshaw LLC, acted as exclusive placement agents (the “April 2024 RDO Placement Agents”) in connection with the April 2024 RDO. As compensation for such placement agent services, the Company paid the April 2024 RDO Placement Agents an aggregate cash fee equal to 8.0% of the gross proceeds actually received by the Company from the April 2024 RDO. The Company also reimbursed the April 2024 RDO Placement Agents $100,000 for actual, reasonable and documented fees and expenses, inclusive of fees and expenses of legal counsel and out-of-pocket expenses and $15,950 for clearing expenses. The Company has also agreed to issue to the April 2024 RDO Placement Agents or their respective designees common warrants, substantially in the form of the April 2024 RDO Common Warrants, to purchase up to 34,286 shares of Common Stock (the “April 2024 RDO Placement Agent Warrants”), representing up to 8.0% of the total number of the April 2024 RDO Shares issued in the April 2024 RDO. The April 2024 RDO Placement Agent Warrants have an exercise price of $43.75 per share (which represents 125% of the combined offering price per share of Common Stock and the April 2024 RDO Common Warrant sold in the April 2024 RDO), will become exercisable on the six-month anniversary of the date of issuance and expire five years from the commencement of sales in the April 2024 RDO.

The Company accounted for the April 2024 RDO Common Warrants as a liability classified instrument (see Note 4) and the April 2024 RDO Placement Agent Warrants as an equity classified instrument. The April 2024 RDO Placement Agent Warrants are recognized in additional paid-in capital in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The issuance costs allocated to the equity component are recorded as the reduction of the offering proceeds and the amounts allocated to the liability component are expensed as incurred within the selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the April 2024 RDO Placement Agent Warrants as the date of issuance was $0.6 million.

As of each of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 15,000,000 April 2024 RDO Common Warrants, which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 428,572 shares of Common Stock outstanding and 1,200,000 April 2024 RDO Placement Agent Warrants, which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 34,286 shares of our Common Stock outstanding.

December 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On December 11, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “December 2024 RDO Purchase Agreement”) with the investors named therein, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue, in a registered direct offering (the “December 2024 RDO”): (i) an aggregate of 753,009 shares of Common Stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 68,604 shares of Common Stock (the “December 2024 RDO Pre-Funded

Warrants”) and (iii) common warrants to purchase up to 1,642,871 shares of Common Stock (the “December 2024 RDO Common Warrants” and collectively with the December 2024 RDO Pre-Funded Warrants and the warrants issued to StockBlock pursuant to certain contractual obligations between the Company and StockBlock (the “StockBlock Warrants”), the “December 2024 RDO Warrants”). The combined offering price (a) per share of Common Stock and accompanying December 2024 RDO Common Warrants was $20.65 and (b) per December 2024 RDO Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying December 2024 RDO Common Warrants was $20.6499. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the December 2024 RDO were approximately $17.0 million, before deducting offering fees and expenses. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the December 2024 RDO for working capital and general corporate purposes, which may include capital expenditures, commercialization expenditures, research and development expenditures, regulatory affairs expenditures, clinical trial expenditures, acquisitions of new technologies and investments, business combinations and the repayment, refinancing, redemption or repurchase of indebtedness or capital stock.

The Company accounted for the December 2024 RDO Common Warrants and December 2024 RDO Pre-Funded Warrants as liability classified instruments (see Note 4) and the StockBlock Warrants as an equity classified instrument. The StockBlock Warrants are recognized in additional paid-in capital in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The issuance costs allocated to the equity component are recorded as the reduction of the offering proceeds and the amounts allocated to the liability component are expensed as incurred within the selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of StockBlock Warrants as of the date of issuance was $1.3 million. On December 26, 2024, the December 2024 RDO Pre-Funded Warrants were exercised by the holder for total net proceeds of approximately $0.2 million.

As of each of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 57,512,958 December 2024 RDO Common Warrants, which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 1,642,871 shares of Common Stock outstanding and 4,601,036 StockBlock Warrants, which are currently exercisable for an aggregate of up to 131,472 shares of Common Stock outstanding.