3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following table presents information about the Company’s financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2 or 3 during the six months ended June 30, 2025.

Fair values of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and short-term debt are carried at cost, which management believes approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair value of the Public Warrants, which trade in active markets, is based on quoted market prices and classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The Angel Warrants, Avenue Warrants and Investor Warrants are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because their fair values are based on significant inputs that are unobservable in the market.

The fair value of the Angel Warrants at June 30, 2025 was estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of the Investor Warrants and Avenue warrants at March 21, 2025 (issuance) was estimated using a simulation model.

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Both observable and unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of warrants that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities) inputs.

The following table provides quantitative information regarding Level 3 fair value measurements inputs at their measurement:

Warrant Liabilities

On September 11, 2023, in conjunction with the Business Combination, the Company assumed the Public Warrants which had an exercise price of $11.50 per share, are exercisable 30 days after the Business Combination and expire five years after the Business Combination or upon redemption. The Company may redeem the Public Warrants if the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value (“Common Stock”) equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the holders of Public Warrants. In November 2024, the Company amended the Public Warrants to have an exercise price of $2.75 per share. As of June 30, 2025, there are 8,433,333 Public Warrants outstanding. Each warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.75 per full share. Pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, a holder of Public Warrants may exercise its Public Warrants only for a whole number of shares of Common Stock. This means that only a whole warrant may be exercised at any given time by a holder of Public Warrants.

In September 2021, the Company issued 73,978 warrants, with a strike price of $7.32 and a five-year life, to SP Angel Corporate Finance LLP (“SP Angel”), who acted as nominated adviser and broker to the Company for the purposes of the AIM Rules relating to the London Stock Market (the “Angel Warrants”). In conjunction with the Business Combination, the Angel Warrants were converted into warrants to purchase Common Stock based on the exchange ratio as set forth in the Business Combination agreements. As of June 30, 2025, there are 73,978 Angel Warrants to purchase Common Stock outstanding.

On March 21, 2025, the Company entered into the purchase agreements with certain stockholders for the sale of an aggregate of 2,068,846 shares of Common Stock, at an offering price of $1.30 per Share (the “Purchase Agreements”). In a concurrent private placement pursuant to the Purchase Agreements (the “Private Placement”), the Company agreed to sell to the investors an aggregate of 2,068,846 warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.80 per share (the “Investor Warrants”) and a floor of $0.65 per share. The Investor Warrants, along with the shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Investor Warrants, were offered pursuant to the exemptions provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). No consideration was received by the Company for the issuance of the Investor Warrants.

As of June 30, 2025, there were 2,068,846 Investor Warrants to purchase Common Stock outstanding.

The Investor Warrants issued in connection with the Purchase Agreements are exercisable any time on or after March 20, 2025 (the “Issuance Date”) and on or prior to the close of business on the third anniversary of the Issuance Date. Additionally, the Investor Warrants issued in connection with the Purchase Agreements contain adjustment provisions in the event of (i) stock dividends and split, (ii) reclassifications of securities, (iii) issuance of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents (as defined in the Purchase Agreements), (iv) pro rata distributions, (v) Fundamental Transactions (as defined in the Warrants), and (vi) subsequent equity sales of shares of common stock or common stock equivalents for a consideration per share less than a price equal to $1.30. The Investor Warrants issued in connection with the Purchase Agreements also include a “Most Favored Nation” clause which grants the holders of such Investor Warrants the right, in their sole discretion, to elect to receive more favorable terms and conditions given to a subsequent investor in a subsequent financing transaction (including, but not limited to, a lower purchase price per share, a higher warrant coverage percentage, a lower warrant exercise price, a longer warrant exercise period, more favorable anti- dilution protections, preferential liquidation rights, enhanced voting rights, reduced fees or commissions, more advantageous registration rights, or the inclusion of additional incentives such as cash bonuses, dividend preferences, or equity sweeteners).  The Investor Warrants were determined to be liability classified instruments, as certain terms preclude them from being considered indexed to the Company’s Common Stock. The gross proceeds of the Private Placement and Investor Warrants of $2.7 million were allocated to the Investor Warrants based on their fair value at issuance of $2.2 million, with the residual gross proceeds of $0.5 million allocated to the Common Stock. Total issuance costs incurred of $0.2 million were allocated between the Investor Warrants and Common Stock issued. Issuance costs allocated to the Investor Warrants of $43,000 were expensed during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as borrowing related costs in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Issuance costs allocated to the Common Stock of $152,000 were recorded in additional paid-in-capital.

In May 2025, 915,000 Investor Warrants, (the “Amended Investor Warrants”) were amended and restated to extend the term of the warrants to five years, consistent with the term of the Avenue Warrants. The Amended Investor Warrants are exercisable any time on or prior to the close of business on the fifth anniversary of the Issuance Date and resulted in $137,000 increase in the fair value of the warrants.

On March 24, 2025, the Company completed the Avenue Financing, with an initial draw-down of $8.5 million. As part of the Avenue Financing the Company issued 768,072 warrants to Avenue Capital Group which was equal to 8.5% of the total funding commitment (the “Avenue Warrants”). The Avenue Warrants have an exercise price equal to the lower of $1.66 per share and the lowest price per share paid to the Company in cash for common stock through December 31, 2025. The Avenue Warrants were determined to be classified as a liability instrument as certain terms preclude them from being considered indexed to the Company’s Common Stock.

The net proceeds of Avenue Financing of $8.3 million were first allocated to the fair value of the Avenue Warrants, with the residual proceeds being allocated to the debt. The difference between debt proceeds and the amount of those proceeds allocated to debt gave rise to a debt discount of $0.7 million. The discount amount due to the Avenue Warrants of $0.7 million along with the loan fees allocated to the loan of $1.0 million, which includes the final payment of $0.8 million, for an aggregate debt discount and debt issuance costs of $1.7 million, will be amortized as interest expense through maturity using the effective interest method. The portion of loan fees allocated to the Avenue Warrants, of $22,000, were expensed during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as borrowing related costs in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

As of June 30, 2025, there were 768,072 Avenue Warrants to purchase Common Stock outstanding.