Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, the controlling beneficiary shareholder of the Company and Rgene, the Chairman and CEO of the BioLite Holding Inc. and BioLite Inc. and the President and a member of board of directors of BioFirst

Ms. Shu-Ling Jiang, is the Chairman of Keypoint; and a member of board of directors of the Company and BioLite Inc, and a member of board of directors of BioFirst

Mr. Eugene Jiang is Mr. and Ms. Jiang’s son. Mr. Eugene Jiang is the chairman, and majority shareholder of the Company and a member of board of directors of BioLite Inc. Mr. Eugene Jiang is a member of board of directors of BioFirst.

Mr. Chang-Jen Jiang is Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang’s sibling and the director of the Company, and a member of board of directors of BioFirst.

Ms. Mei-Ling Jiang is Ms. Shu-Ling Jiang’s sibling.

On June 16, 2022, the Company entered into a one-year convertible loan agreement with Rgene, with a principal amount of $1,000,000 and made $500,000 to Rgene which bears interest at 5% per annum for the use of working capital that, if fully converted, would result in ABVC owning an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross-default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the convertible note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. The loan was converted to Rgene’s common stock in May 2024 but the Company was not informed until April 2025. Please see detail discussion in Note 7.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balance were $0 and $500,000; and accrued interest was $0 and $63,819, respectively. Both principal and accrued interest were converted to Rgene’s common stocks.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has other receivables amounted to $2,115 and $1,892, respectively, from Rgene due to daily operations.

On December 31, 2023, BioLite Taiwan entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,072,360 (approximately $337,707), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into another loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,406,000 (approximately $347,883), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company loaned BioFirst NTD 25,740,114 ($806,920) and received repayment of NTD 4,430,000 ($138,875). All loans are bore with 12% interest. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balance were NTD 38,741,504 ($1,321,085) and NTD 17,571,076 (approximately $535,918), respectively; accrued interests were $98,089 and $53,422, respectively. The balance of $1,116 is due with daily operations.

On July 1, 2020, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $361,487 to properly record R&D cost and tax refund allocation based on co-development contract executed on July 24, 2017. The loan was originally set to be mature on September 30, 2021 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum, but on September 7, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $67,873 to meet its new project needs. On July 27, 2021, the Company repaid a loan 249,975 to BioFirst (Australia). On December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $250,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. The loan will be matured on November 30, 2022 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. In 2022, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $507,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects.  During the first quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $88,091 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $25,500 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. All the loans period was twelve months with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. For accounting purpose, the due from and due to related party balances was being net off. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balances and allocated research fees were both amounted to $681,185, and accrued interest balances were both amounted $158,798.

The business conditions of BioFirst (Australia) deteriorated and, as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of $839,983 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company stopped accruing interest income recognizing such losses.