15. Warrants

On February 27, 2025, the Company entered into a warrant inducement agreement (the “Inducement”) with the holder of existing warrants to purchase an aggregate 1,295,000 shares. Pursuant to the Inducement, the exercising holder of the existing warrants received 1,425,000 inducement warrants and the Company received $6,731,000 from the exercise of the existing warrants. As a result of the inducement and subsequent exercise, the Company determined the incremental fair value provided to the holder from the inducement warrants issued using the Black Scholes model. The total incremental fair value of $7,602,000, is recorded as a non-cash deemed dividend. The proceeds of the warrant inducement and issuance of 1,295,000 shares of common stock are recorded as additional paid-in capital.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, in connection with the sale of 237,224 shares of common stock, the Company also sold 147,789 pre-funded warrants and issued 770,026 warrants exercisable for a total of 770,026 shares of common stock for $0.001 and $7.40, respectively, per share. The Company received net proceeds of $1,093,492 associated with the sale of the pre-funded warrants. The pre-funded warrants are immediately exercisable until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised. During the same period, 147,789 pre-funded warrants were exercised for 147,789 shares of common stock for $150.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company closed a sale of 95,000 shares of common stock. In connection with the sale of common stock the Company issued 190,000 warrants. The warrants have an exercise price of $4.00 and an expiration date of September 21, 2029.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, 13,091 warrants issued on August 3, 2021, and 344,652 warrants issued on August 6, 2021, all of which having an exercise price of $60.50, expired.

On May 9, 2024, the Company entered into a warrant inducement agreement (the “Inducement”) with the holder of existing warrants to purchase an aggregate 700,000 shares at a reduced exercise price of $5.198 in consideration for the Company to issue new warrants to purchase up to 1,295,000 additional shares of common stock – resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $3,638,000 received by the Company. As a result of the Inducement and subsequent exercise, the Company determined the incremental fair value provided to the holder from both the adjustment in exercise price of the existing warrants and the fair value of the inducement warrants issued using the Black Scholes model. The total incremental fair value of $4,996,000 is recorded as a non-cash deemed dividend. The proceeds of the warrant inducement and issuance of 284,000 shares of common stock are recorded as capital in excess of par. The obligation to issue the remaining 416,000 shares was originally recorded as a share subscription payable. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 416,000 out of the 416,000 shares to be issued.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, in connection with the sale of 192,500 shares of common stock the Company also sold 157,500 pre-funded warrants and 700,000 warrants convertible for 857,500 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.001 and $13.40, respectively. The Company received net proceeds of $2,110,342 associated with the sale of the pre-funded warrants. During the same period, 88,700 pre-funded warrants were exercised for 88,700 shares of common stock for $89. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the remaining 68,800 pre-funded warrants were exercised for 68,800 shares of common stock for $69.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company and a stock options holder agreed to cancel all 40,000 stock options in exchange for extending the exercisable period of 30,000 warrants to December 31, 2024. Later in the year ended December 31, 2023, the expiration date for these warrants was extended to December 31, 2026, and the stock option holder was issued an additional 40,000 restricted stock units.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company and a warrant holder reached an agreement to extend the exercisable period of 30,000 warrants, convertible to 2 shares of common stock each, for an additional 12 months.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued 13,091 representative warrants to the Company’s underwriters. The representative warrants were not exercisable until January 30, 2022. The representative warrants were exercisable for 13,091 shares of common stock at $60.50 per share until August 3, 2024. As of December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a value of $273,993 for the representative warrants to share issuance cost. During the year ended December 31, 2024, these representative warrants expired.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company has the following warrants outstanding:

Schedule of Warrants Exercise Price 

The average remaining contractual life of outstanding warrants that expire is

Schedule of Warrants Activity