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Note 2 — Investment Securities

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

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Proceeds from sales of securities and associated gains and losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

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The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of June 30, 2025 are shown below by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

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Securities pledged at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 had a carrying amount of $320,754 and $299,507 and were pledged to secure public deposits.

At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the US Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

The following tables summarize those securities with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by major security types and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

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As of June 30, 2025, the Company’s securities portfolio consisted of 245 securities, 220 of which were in an unrealized loss position. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s securities portfolio consisted of 270 securities, 244 of which were in an unrealized

loss position. Unrealized losses are primarily related to the Company’s mortgage backed securities, U.S. government agency securities, and investments in obligations of states and political subdivisions as discussed below.

Available for sale securities are evaluated to determine if a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis has resulted from a credit loss or other factors. An impairment related to credit factors would be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. The allowance is limited to the amount by which the security’s amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value. An impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses shall be recorded through other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Investment securities will be written down to fair value through the Consolidated Statements of Income when management intends to sell, or may be required to sell, the securities before they recover in value. Primarily all of the investment securities are backed by loans guaranteed by either U.S. government agencies or U.S government-sponsored entities, and management believes that default is highly unlikely given the lack of historical credit losses and governmental backing. Management believes that the unrealized losses on these securities are a function of changes in market interest rates and credit spreads, not changes in credit quality.

The Company’s available for sale debt securities portfolio includes U.S. government agencies and treasuries, mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds, and obligations of states and political subdivisions, as well as other securities. These types of securities may include a risk of future impairment charges as a result of the changes in market interest rates, unpredictable nature of the U.S. economy and their potential negative effect on the future performance of the security issuers. Available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses on a quarterly basis. Management reviewed the collectability of these securities, taking into consideration such factors as financial condition of the issuers, credit ratings when available, reported capital ratios of the issuers, among other pertinent factors. Management also evaluated the credit quality, the ability and intent to hold these securities to maturity, and the impact of interest rates on the respective fair values of the securities. Based on that review and evaluation, it was determined that any change in fair value was temporary and did not result in impairment. Accordingly, no impairment was recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. Accrued interest on investments, which is excluded from the amortized cost of available for sale debt securities, totaled $2.1 million and $2.2 million at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is presented within total accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

The Company does not intend to sell any of its available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position prior to recovery of their amortized cost basis, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell any of its securities prior to recovery of their amortized cost basis.

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses associated with investment securities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024:

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The recovery reflected in the table above represents the sale of the Signature Bank subordinated debt during the six months ended June 30, 2024. At June 30, 2025 management evaluated the requirement for an allowance for credit losses associated with the corporate securities portfolio. It was determined that ACL-investments was not required.