Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. (“ChoiceOne”), its wholly-owned subsidiaries, ChoiceOne Bank (the “Bank”) and 109 Technologies, LLC, and ChoiceOne Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, ChoiceOne Insurance Agencies, Inc. (the “Insurance Agency”). Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. ChoiceOne owns all of the common securities of Community Shores Capital Trust I, Fentura Capital Trust I, and Fentura Capital Trust II (collectively, the “Capital Trusts”). Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Capital Trusts are not consolidated because each is a variable interest entity and ChoiceOne is not the primary beneficiary. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto reflect all adjustments ordinary in nature which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of such financial statements. Operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025. The accompanying consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in ChoiceOne’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Recent Events On March 1, 2025, ChoiceOne completed the merger (the “Merger”) of Fentura Financial, Inc. (“Fentura”), the former parent company of The State Bank, with and into ChoiceOne with ChoiceOne surviving the merger. On March 14, 2025, ChoiceOne Bank completed the consolidation of The State Bank with and into ChoiceOne Bank with ChoiceOne Bank surviving the consolidation. On July 26, 2024, ChoiceOne completed an underwritten public offering of 1,380,000 shares of its common stock at a price to the public of $25.00 per share (the “Common Stock Offering”). The aggregate gross proceeds of the Common Stock Offering were approximately $34.5 million before deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses. The proceeds from the Common Stock Offering qualify as tangible common equity and Tier 1 common equity. Identification and Classification of Merger-Related Expenses Merger-related expenses are costs incurred directly in connection with the company's merger and acquisition activities and are expensed in the period in which the costs are incurred and services are received. The costs to issue equity securities associated with the merger are netted against the value of the securities issued. Merger related expenses include legal fees for negotiation and drafting of merger agreements, accounting and auditing fees related to due diligence and financial statement preparation, consulting fees for strategic advisory services specific to the merger, costs related to regulatory filings and compliance, expenses for integration planning and execution (including IT, systems integration, and contract terminations), severance and retention bonuses for employees affected by the merger, and travel and accommodation expenses directly related to merger activities. To ensure accurate classification and segregation of these expenses, detailed documentation supporting the nature and purpose of each expense is maintained, including invoices, contracts, and internal memos. All merger-related expenses must be reviewed and approved by the CFO or an authorized delegate to ensure they meet the criteria for classification as merger-related. The Accounting Department conducts periodic reviews of these expenses to ensure proper classification and segregation, promptly addressing and correcting any discrepancies. Merger-related expenses are disclosed separately in the financial statements and accompanying notes to provide transparency to investors and stakeholders. Use of Estimates To prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, ChoiceOne’s management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided. These estimates and assumptions are subject to many risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates associated with the allowance for credit losses, the unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale and held to maturity, and the fair value measurement of acquired assets and liabilities associated with the Merger are particularly susceptible to change. Goodwill Goodwill results from business acquisitions and represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the acquired tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. Core Deposit Intangible Core deposit intangible represents the value of the acquired customer core deposit bases and is included as an asset on the consolidated balance sheets. The core deposit intangible has an estimated finite life, is amortized on an accelerated basis over its useful life and is subject to periodic impairment evaluation. Stock Transactions A total of 7,005 and 10,306 shares of common stock were issued to ChoiceOne’s Board of Directors for a cash price of $203,000 and $320,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, under the terms of the Directors’ Stock Purchase Plan. A total of 2,397 and 4,611 shares for a cash price of $58,000 and $113,000 were issued for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan. On March 1, 2025, ChoiceOne issued 6,070,836 shares of common stock at a net cost of $192.8 million as consideration in the Merger. Also on March 1, 2025, as required in the Merger, ChoiceOne purchased 57,807 shares of common stock for a cash price of approximately $2.2 million. ChoiceOne retired 6,750 shares of stock that were FETM shares which were owned by ChoiceOne prior to the merger for a cash price of $215,000 on March 1, 2025. ChoiceOne's common stock repurchase program announced in April 2021 and amended in 2022, authorizes repurchases of up to 375,388 shares, representing 5% of the total outstanding shares of common stock as of the date the program was adopted. No shares were repurchased under this program in 2025. Reclassifications Certain amounts presented in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) The ACL is a valuation allowance for expected credit losses. The ACL is increased by the provision for credit losses and decreased by loans charged off less any recoveries of charged off loans. As ChoiceOne has had very limited loss experience since 2011, management elected to utilize benchmark peer loss history data to estimate historical loss rates. ChoiceOne identified an appropriate peer group for each loan cohort which shared similar characteristics. Management estimates the ACL required based on the selected peer group loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, a reasonable and supportable economic forecast, and other factors. Allocations of the ACL may be made for specific loans, but the entire ACL is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. Loan losses are charged against the ACL when management believes that collection of a loan balance is not possible. The ACL consists of general and specific components. The general component covers loans collectively evaluated for credit losses and is based on peer historical loss experience adjusted for current and forecasted factors. Management's adjustment for current and forecasted factors is based on trends in delinquencies, trends in charge-offs and recoveries, trends in the volume of loans, changes in underwriting standards, trends in loan review findings, the experience and ability of lending staff, and a reasonable and supportable economic forecast described further below. The discounted cash flow methodology is utilized for all loan pools included in the general component. This methodology is supported by our CECL software provider and allows management to automatically calculate contractual life by factoring in all cash flows and adjusting them for behavioral and credit-related aspects. Reasonable and supportable economic forecasts have to be incorporated in determining expected credit losses. The forecast period represents the time frame from the current period end through the point in time that we can reasonably forecast and support entity and environmental factors that are expected to impact the performance of our loan portfolio. Ideally, the economic forecast period would encompass the contractual terms of all loans; however, the ability to produce a forecast that is considered reasonable and supportable becomes more difficult or may not be possible in later periods. Subsequent to the end of the forecast period, we revert to historical loan data based on an ongoing evaluation of each economic forecast in relation to then current economic conditions as well as any developing loan loss activity and resulting historical data. As of June 30, 2025, we used a one-year reasonable and supportable economic forecast period, with a two year straight-line reversion period. We are not required to develop and use our own economic forecast model, and we elected to utilize economic forecasts from third-party providers that analyze and develop forecasts of the economy for the entire United States at least quarterly. Other inputs to the calculation are also updated or reviewed quarterly. Prepayment speeds are updated on a one quarter lag based on the asset liability model from the previous quarter. This model is performed at the loan level. Curtailment is updated quarterly within the ACL model based on our peer group average. The reversion period is reviewed by management quarterly with consideration of the current economic climate. Prepayment speeds and curtailment were updated during the second quarter of 2025; however, the effect was insignificant. We are also required to consider expected credit losses associated with loan commitments over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk on the underlying commitments unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. Any allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is reported as an other liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheet and is increased or decreased via the provision for credit losses account on our Consolidated Statement of Income. The calculation includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and forecasted credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over their estimated lives. The allowance is calculated using the same aggregate reserve rates calculated for the funded portion of loans at the portfolio level applied to the amount of commitments expected to be funded. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation. ChoiceOne has determined that any loans which have been placed on non-performing status, loans with a risk rating of 6 or higher, and loans past due more than 60 days will be assessed individually for evaluation. Management's judgment will be used to determine if the loan should be migrated back to pool on an individual basis. Individual analysis will establish a specific reserve for loans in scope. Specific reserves on non-performing loans are typically based on management’s best estimate of the fair value of collateral securing these loans, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate or based on the present value of the expected cash flows from that loan. ACL for Purchased Loans: With and Without Credit Deterioration Acquired loans are initially recorded at fair value. ChoiceOne’s accounting methods for acquired loans depend on whether or not the loan reflects more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition. ChoiceOne estimated the valuation mark on acquired loans to be a reduction of $64.7 million related to the Merger. This valuation mark contained two separate populations: a valuation mark on loans purchased with credit deterioration ("PCD loans") of $13.1 million and a valuation mark on loans purchased without credit deterioration ("Non-PCD loans") of $51.6 million. ChoiceOne estimates $59.8 million of the total valuation mark will be accretable to interest income. Purchased Loans with Credit Deterioration Purchased loans that reflect a more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition are classified as purchased credit deteriorated (PCD) loans. PCD loans are recorded at fair value plus the ACL expected at the time of acquisition. Under this method, there is no provision for credit losses on acquisition of PCD loans. The allowance for credit losses of $4.9 million was recorded as the credit mark on PCD loans. PCD loans are assessed on a regular basis and subsequent adjustments to the ACL are recorded on the income statement. The non-credit-related difference between fair value and the unpaid principal balance at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Purchased Loans Without Credit Deterioration Loans not considered purchased credit deteriorated (Non-PCD) loans do not reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition. These loans are recorded at fair value and an increase to the allowance for credit losses (ACL) is recorded with a corresponding increase to the provision for credit losses at the date of acquisition. The difference between fair value and the unpaid principal balance at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Purchased loans from the Merger were brought into the model and segmented into classes on the same basis as ChoiceOne originated loans. The provision for credit losses of $12.0 million was expensed on March 1, 2025 due to the acquisition of $1.3 billion of Non-PCD loans in the Merger. ACL for Securities Securities Available for Sale ("AFS") – For securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, management determines whether they intend to sell or if it is more likely than not that ChoiceOne will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities AFS with unrealized losses not meeting these criteria, management evaluates whether any decline in fair value is due to credit loss factors. In making this assessment, management considers any changes to the rating of the security by rating agencies and adverse conditions specifically related to the issuer of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Changes in the ACL under ASC 326-30 are recorded as provisions for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when the collectability of a debt security AFS is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of income taxes. At June 30, 2025, there was no ACL related to debt securities AFS. Securities Held to Maturity ("HTM") – Since the adoption of CECL, ChoiceOne measures credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics, and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of HTM securities to present the net amount expected to be collected. HTM securities are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in ChoiceOne’s Consolidated Statements of Income in the provision for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable totaled $2.0 million at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and was reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. With regard to US Treasury securities, these have an explicit government guarantee; therefore, no ACL is recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions and other HTM securities, management considers (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the ACL related to HTM securities is insignificant. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adoption of ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires enhanced disclosures about the Company's operating segments. This adoption was aimed at providing more transparent and comprehensive information regarding the Company's financial performance and position. The Company operates in one reportable segment. The Company adopted this guidance as of December 31, 2024, on a retrospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements but resulted in additional entity-wide disclosures about products and services, geographic areas, and major customers. These disclosures are intended to provide users of the financial statements with a better understanding of the Company's operations and the economic environments in which it operates. While ChoiceOne’s management monitors the revenue streams of various products and services for the Bank and the Insurance Agency, operations and financial performance are evaluated on a company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment. ASU 2023-09 Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update enhance transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires consistent categorization, greater disaggregation, and detailed disclosures related to income taxes paid. These changes aim to help users of financial statements understand factors contributing to differences between effective and statutory tax rates. The disclosure is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact this will have on the Company's income tax disclosures.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include ChoiceOne Financial Services, Inc. (“ChoiceOne”), its wholly-owned subsidiaries, ChoiceOne Bank (the “Bank”) and 109 Technologies, LLC, and ChoiceOne Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, ChoiceOne Insurance Agencies, Inc. (the “Insurance Agency”). Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

ChoiceOne owns all of the common securities of Community Shores Capital Trust I, Fentura Capital Trust I, and Fentura Capital Trust II (collectively, the “Capital Trusts”). Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the Capital Trusts are not consolidated because each is a variable interest entity and ChoiceOne is not the primary beneficiary.

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto reflect all adjustments ordinary in nature which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of such financial statements. Operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in ChoiceOne’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Identification and Classification of Merger-Related Expenses

Merger-related expenses are costs incurred directly in connection with the company's merger and acquisition activities and are expensed in the period in which the costs are incurred and services are received. The costs to issue equity securities associated with the merger are netted against the value of the securities issued. Merger related expenses include legal fees for negotiation and drafting of merger agreements, accounting and auditing fees related to due diligence and financial statement preparation, consulting fees for strategic advisory services specific to the merger, costs related to regulatory filings and compliance, expenses for integration planning and execution (including IT, systems integration, and contract terminations), severance and retention bonuses for employees affected by the merger, and travel and accommodation expenses directly related to merger activities.

To ensure accurate classification and segregation of these expenses, detailed documentation supporting the nature and purpose of each expense is maintained, including invoices, contracts, and internal memos. All merger-related expenses must be reviewed and approved by the CFO or an authorized delegate to ensure they meet the criteria for classification as merger-related. The Accounting Department conducts periodic reviews of these expenses to ensure proper classification and segregation, promptly addressing and correcting any discrepancies. Merger-related expenses are disclosed separately in the financial statements and accompanying notes to provide transparency to investors and stakeholders.

Stock Transactions

A total of 7,005 and 10,306 shares of common stock were issued to ChoiceOne’s Board of Directors for a cash price of $203,000 and $320,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, under the terms of the Directors’ Stock Purchase Plan. A total of 2,397 and 4,611 shares for a cash price of $58,000 and $113,000 were issued for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

On March 1, 2025, ChoiceOne issued 6,070,836 shares of common stock at a net cost of $192.8 million as consideration in the Merger. Also on March 1, 2025, as required in the Merger, ChoiceOne purchased 57,807 shares of common stock for a cash price of approximately $2.2 million. ChoiceOne retired 6,750 shares of stock that were FETM shares which were owned by ChoiceOne prior to the merger for a cash price of $215,000 on March 1, 2025.

ChoiceOne's common stock repurchase program announced in April 2021 and amended in 2022, authorizes repurchases of up to 375,388 shares, representing 5% of the total outstanding shares of common stock as of the date the program was adopted. No shares were repurchased under this program in 2025.

Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”)

The ACL is a valuation allowance for expected credit losses. The ACL is increased by the provision for credit losses and decreased by loans charged off less any recoveries of charged off loans. As ChoiceOne has had very limited loss experience since 2011, management elected to utilize benchmark peer loss history data to estimate historical loss rates. ChoiceOne identified an appropriate peer group for each loan cohort which shared similar characteristics. Management estimates the ACL required based on the selected peer group loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, a reasonable and supportable economic forecast, and other factors. Allocations of the ACL may be made for specific loans, but the entire ACL is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. Loan losses are charged against the ACL when management believes that collection of a loan balance is not possible.

The ACL consists of general and specific components. The general component covers loans collectively evaluated for credit losses and is based on peer historical loss experience adjusted for current and forecasted factors. Management's adjustment for current and forecasted factors is based on trends in delinquencies, trends in charge-offs and recoveries, trends in the volume of loans, changes in underwriting standards, trends in loan review findings, the experience and ability of lending staff, and a reasonable and supportable economic forecast described further below.

The discounted cash flow methodology is utilized for all loan pools included in the general component. This methodology is supported by our CECL software provider and allows management to automatically calculate contractual life by factoring in all cash flows and adjusting them for behavioral and credit-related aspects.

Reasonable and supportable economic forecasts have to be incorporated in determining expected credit losses. The forecast period represents the time frame from the current period end through the point in time that we can reasonably forecast and support entity and environmental factors that are expected to impact the performance of our loan portfolio. Ideally, the economic forecast period would encompass the contractual terms of all loans; however, the ability to produce a forecast that is considered reasonable and supportable becomes more difficult or may not be possible in later periods. Subsequent to the end of the forecast period, we revert to historical loan data based on an ongoing evaluation of each economic forecast in relation to then current economic conditions as well as any developing

loan loss activity and resulting historical data. As of June 30, 2025, we used a one-year reasonable and supportable economic forecast period, with a two year straight-line reversion period.

We are not required to develop and use our own economic forecast model, and we elected to utilize economic forecasts from third-party providers that analyze and develop forecasts of the economy for the entire United States at least quarterly.

Other inputs to the calculation are also updated or reviewed quarterly. Prepayment speeds are updated on a one quarter lag based on the asset liability model from the previous quarter. This model is performed at the loan level. Curtailment is updated quarterly within the ACL model based on our peer group average. The reversion period is reviewed by management quarterly with consideration of the current economic climate. Prepayment speeds and curtailment were updated during the second quarter of 2025; however, the effect was insignificant.

We are also required to consider expected credit losses associated with loan commitments over the contractual period in which we are exposed to credit risk on the underlying commitments unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. Any allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is reported as an other liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheet and is increased or decreased via the provision for credit losses account on our Consolidated Statement of Income. The calculation includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and forecasted credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over their estimated lives. The allowance is calculated using the same aggregate reserve rates calculated for the funded portion of loans at the portfolio level applied to the amount of commitments expected to be funded.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation. ChoiceOne has determined that any loans which have been placed on non-performing status, loans with a risk rating of 6 or higher, and loans past due more than 60 days will be assessed individually for evaluation. Management's judgment will be used to determine if the loan should be migrated back to pool on an individual basis. Individual analysis will establish a specific reserve for loans in scope. Specific reserves on non-performing loans are typically based on management’s best estimate of the fair value of collateral securing these loans, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate or based on the present value of the expected cash flows from that loan.

ACL for Purchased Loans: With and Without Credit Deterioration

Acquired loans are initially recorded at fair value. ChoiceOne’s accounting methods for acquired loans depend on whether or not the loan reflects more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition. ChoiceOne estimated the valuation mark on acquired loans to be a reduction of $64.7 million related to the Merger. This valuation mark contained two separate populations: a valuation mark on loans purchased with credit deterioration ("PCD loans") of $13.1 million and a valuation mark on loans purchased without credit deterioration ("Non-PCD loans") of $51.6 million. ChoiceOne estimates $59.8 million of the total valuation mark will be accretable to interest income.

Purchased Loans with Credit Deterioration

Purchased loans that reflect a more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition are classified as purchased credit deteriorated (PCD) loans. PCD loans are recorded at fair value plus the ACL expected at the time of acquisition. Under this method, there is no provision for credit losses on acquisition of PCD loans. The allowance for credit losses of $4.9 million was recorded as the credit mark on PCD loans. PCD loans are assessed on a regular basis and subsequent adjustments to the ACL are recorded on the income statement. The non-credit-related difference between fair value and the unpaid principal balance at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Purchased Loans Without Credit Deterioration

Loans not considered purchased credit deteriorated (Non-PCD) loans do not reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination at the date of acquisition. These loans are recorded at fair value and an increase to the allowance for credit losses (ACL) is recorded with a corresponding increase to the provision for credit losses at the date of acquisition. The difference between fair value and the unpaid principal balance at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Purchased loans from the Merger were brought into the model and segmented into classes on the same basis as ChoiceOne originated loans. The provision for credit losses of $12.0 million was expensed on March 1, 2025 due to the acquisition of $1.3 billion of Non-PCD loans in the Merger.

either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities AFS with unrealized losses not meeting these criteria, management evaluates whether any decline in fair value is due to credit loss factors. In making this assessment, management considers any changes to the rating of the security by rating agencies and adverse conditions specifically related to the issuer of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Changes in the ACL under ASC 326-30 are recorded as provisions for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when the collectability of a debt security AFS is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of income taxes. At June 30, 2025, there was no ACL related to debt securities AFS.

Securities Held to Maturity ("HTM") – Since the adoption of CECL, ChoiceOne measures credit losses on HTM securities on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics, and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of HTM securities to present the net amount expected to be collected. HTM securities are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in ChoiceOne’s Consolidated Statements of Income in the provision for credit losses. Accrued interest receivable totaled $2.0 million at both June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and was reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. With regard to US Treasury securities, these have an explicit government guarantee; therefore, no ACL is recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions and other HTM securities, management considers (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the ACL related to HTM securities is insignificant.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adoption of ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires enhanced disclosures about the Company's operating segments. This adoption was aimed at providing more transparent and comprehensive information regarding the Company's financial performance and position. The Company operates in one reportable segment. The Company adopted this guidance as of December 31, 2024, on a retrospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements but resulted in additional entity-wide disclosures about products and services, geographic areas, and major customers. These disclosures are intended to provide users of the financial statements with a better understanding of the Company's operations and the economic environments in which it operates.

While ChoiceOne’s management monitors the revenue streams of various products and services for the Bank and the Insurance Agency, operations and financial performance are evaluated on a company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated into one reportable operating segment.

ASU 2023-09 Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update enhance transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This ASU requires consistent categorization, greater disaggregation, and detailed disclosures related to income taxes paid. These changes aim to help users of financial statements understand factors contributing to differences between effective and statutory tax rates. The disclosure is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact this will have on the Company's income tax disclosures.