Note 15: Disclosures About Fair Value of Assets

ASC Topic 820, Fair value Measurements and Disclosures defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. This accounting standard also emphasizes that fair value (i.e., the price that would be received in an orderly transaction that is not a forced liquidation or distressed sale at the measurement date), among other things, is based on exit price versus entry price, should include assumptions about risk such as nonperformance risk in liability fair values, and is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. When considering the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, this accounting standard establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy).

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels:

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In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a

particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgement and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

Some assets and liabilities, such as securities available for sale, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Other assets and liabilities, such as individually analyzed loans and equity securities without a readily determinable fair value, may be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the six months ended June 30, 2025 or year ended December 31, 2024.

Equity Securities

Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value measurement of equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are based on the quoted price of the security and is considered a Level 1 fair value measurement. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis when transaction prices for identical or similar securities are identified. Fair value measurements on equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are generally considered a Level 2 fair value measurement.

Debt Securities

Securities available for sale may be classified as Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. Level 1 securities included debt securities traded on a national exchange. The fair value measurement of a Level 1 security is based on the quoted price of the security. Level 2 securities include U.S. government and agency securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate debt securities, and mortgage related securities. The fair value measurement of a Level 2 security is obtained from an independent pricing service and is based on recent sales of similar securities and other observable market data. Level 3 securities include trust preferred securities that are not traded in a market. The fair value measurement of Level 3 securities are determined by the Company’s Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and reported to the Company’s board of directors. Fair values are calculated using discounted cash flow models that incorporate various assumptions, including expected cash flows and market credit spreads. When comparable sales are available, these are used to validate the models used. Other available industry data, such as information regarding defaults and deferrals, are incorporated into the expected cash flows.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Management measures mortgage servicing rights through the completion of a proprietary model. Inputs to the model are developed by the accounting staff and are reviewed by management. The model is tested annually using baseline data to check its accuracy.

Mortgage servicing rights are evaluated on a recurring basis. Serviced loan pools are stratified by year of origination, and a fair value measurement is obtained for each stratum from an independent firm. The measurement is based on recent sales of mortgage servicing rights with similar characteristics. Since the fair value measurement is based on observable market data, it is considered a Level 2 measurement.

Recurring Measurements

The following table presents the fair value measurements of assets recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

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The Company estimates the fair value of all financial instruments regardless of whether such instruments are measured at fair value. The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company to estimate fair value of financials instruments not previously discussed.

Cash and cash equivalents — Fair value approximates the carrying value.

Loans — Fair value of variable rate loans that reprice frequently is based on carrying values. Fair value of other loans is estimated by discounting future cash flows using current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. Fair value of individually analyzed and other non-performing loans is estimated using discounted expected cash flows or fair value of the underlying collateral, if applicable.

FHLB stock — Fair value is the redeemable (carrying) value based on the redemption provisions of the Federal Home Loan Bank.

Interest receivable and payable — Fair value approximates the carrying value.

Cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance — Fair value is based on reported values of the assets.

Deposits— Fair value of deposits with no state maturity, such as demand deposits, savings, and money market accounts, by definition, is the amount payable on demand on the reporting date. Fair value of fixed rate time deposits is estimated using discounted cash flows applying interest rates currently being offered on similar time deposits.

The carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments follow:

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Nonrecurring Measurements

The following table presents the fair value measurement of assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

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During the six months ended June 30, 2025, there were no loans determined to have credit losses where a specific valuation allowance was needed. During the six months June 30, 2024, there were no loans were determined to have credit losses where a specific valuation allowance was needed.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. For assets classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the process used to develop the reported fair value is described below.

Individually Analyzed (Collateral Dependent)

The estimated fair value of collateral-dependent individually analyzed loans is based on the appraised fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. Collateral-dependent individually analyzed loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company considers the appraisal or evaluation as the starting point for determining fair value and then considers other factors and events in the environment that may affect the fair value. Appraisals of the collateral underlying collateral-dependent loans are obtained when the loan is determined to be collateral-dependent and subsequently as deemed necessary by management. Appraisals are reviewed for accuracy and consistency. Appraisers are selected from the list of approved appraisers maintained by management. The appraised values are reduced by discounts to consider lack of marketability and estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of the loan is dependent on the sale of the collateral. These discounts and estimates are developed by the management by comparison to historical results.