NOTE 3 – INVESTMENTS IN SECURITIES

Held-to-Maturity Securities

Investments in securities have been classified in the consolidated balance sheets according to management’s intent. The following table summarizes the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, and fair value of securities and their corresponding amounts of unrealized gains and losses of held-to-maturity securities at the dates indicated:

The Company measures expected credit losses on held to maturity securities on a collective basis by major security type. Management classifies the held-to maturity portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. Government Sponsored Enterprises, U.S. Treasury, Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities, and Corporate Bonds.

Debt securities issued by U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, U.S. Treasury securities and mortgage-backed securities are guaranteed by the U.S. federal government or other government sponsored agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. As a result, management has determined these securities to have a zero loss expectation and therefore the Company did not record a provision for estimated credit losses on any held to maturity securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company's investments in corporate bonds are deemed “investment grade” and (a) the Company does not intend to sell these securities before recovery and (b) it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these securities before recovery. Excluded from the table above is accrued interest on held to maturity securities of $283,000 and $378,000 at  June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which is included within accrued interest receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additionally, the Company did not record any write-offs of accrued interest income on held to maturity securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. No securities held by the Company were delinquent on contractual payments at  June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, nor were any securities placed on non-accrual status for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Available-for-Sale Securities

The following table summarizes the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, and fair value of securities and their corresponding amounts of unrealized gains and losses of available-for-sale securities at the dates indicated:

The Company's available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value. For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, management will first evaluate whether there is intent to sell a security, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security prior to anticipated recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria are met, the Company will record a write-down of the security's amortized cost basis to fair value through income. For those available-for-sale securities which do not meet the intent or requirement to sell criteria, management will evaluate whether the decline in fair value is a result of credit related matters or other factors. In performing this assessment, Management considers the creditworthiness of the issuer including whether the security is guaranteed by the U.S. federal government or other government agency, the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, and changes in credit rating during the period, among other factors. If this assessment indicates the existence of credit losses, an allowance for credit losses will be established, as determined by a discounted cash flow analysis. To the extent the estimated cash flows do not support the amortized cost, the deficiency is considered to be due to credit loss and is recognized in earnings. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when a security is determined to be uncollectible, or when either of the aforementioned criteria surrounding intent or requirement to sell have been met. No allowance for credit losses was recorded for available-for-sale securities as of  June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company did not record a provision for estimated credit losses on any available-for-sale securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Excluded from the table above is accrued interest on available-for-sale securities of $227,000 and $16,000 at  June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which is included within accrued interest receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Additionally, the Company did not record any write-offs of accrued interest income on available-for-sale securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. No securities held by the Company were delinquent on contractual payments at  June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, nor were any securities placed on non-accrual status for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

When securities are sold, the amortized cost of the specific security sold is used to compute the gain or loss on the sale. There were no sales of securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

The aggregate fair value and unrealized losses of available-for-sale securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than twelve months and for twelve months or more, and have no allowance for credit losses, are as follows as of  June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Management evaluates securities for expected credit losses at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation.

Held-to-Maturity and Available-for-Sale Securities

The actual maturities of certain available-for-sale or held-to-maturity securities may differ from the contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. A schedule of the contractual maturities of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities as of  June 30, 2025 is presented below:

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”) was $54.8 million and $55.5 million as of  June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure advances from the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) was $18.2 million and $16.0 million as of  June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.