9. FAIR VALUE

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Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

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Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

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Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

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Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

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Authoritative guidance requires maximization of use of observable inputs and minimization of use of unobservable inputs in fair value measurements. Where there exists limited or no observable market data, the Company derives its own estimates by generally considering characteristics of the asset/liability, the current economic and competitive environment and other factors. For this reason, results cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized on an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability.

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The Bank used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of each type of financial instrument:

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Available-for-sale debt securities: Except for the Bank’s U.S. Treasury securities, its private label MBS, and its TRUP investment, the fair value of AFS debt securities is typically determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs).

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The Bank’s U.S. Treasury securities are based on quoted market prices (Level 1 inputs) and considered highly liquid.

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The Bank’s private label MBS remains illiquid, and as such, the Bank classifies this security as a Level 3 security in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. Based on this determination, the Bank utilized an income valuation model (present value model) approach in determining the fair value of this security.

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See Footnote 2 “Investment Securities” for additional discussion regarding the Bank’s private label MBS.

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The Company acquired its TRUP investment in 2015 and considers the most recent bid price for the same instrument to approximate market value as of June 30, 2025. The Company’s TRUP investment is considered highly illiquid and also valued using Level 3 inputs, as the most recent bid price for this instrument is not always considered generally observable.

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Equity securities with readily determinable fair value: The fair value of the Company’s Freddie Mac preferred stock is determined based on market prices of similar securities, as described above (Level 2 inputs).

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Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value: The fair value of mortgage loans HFS is determined using quoted secondary market prices. Mortgage loans HFS are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value: The fair value for these loans is based on contractual sales terms, Level 3 inputs.

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Consumer loans held for investment, at fair value: The Bank held an immaterial amount of consumer loans at fair value through a consumer loan program the Company is currently unwinding. The fair value of these loans was based on the discounted cash flows of the underlying loans, Level 3 inputs. Further disclosure of these loans is considered immaterial and thus omitted.

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Mortgage banking derivatives: Mortgage banking derivatives used in the ordinary course of business primarily consist of mandatory forward sales contracts (“forward contracts”) and interest rate lock loan commitments. The fair value of the Bank’s derivative instruments is primarily measured by obtaining pricing from broker-dealers recognized to be market participants. The pricing is derived from market observable inputs that can generally be verified and do not typically involve significant judgment by the Bank. Forward contracts and rate lock loan commitments are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Interest rate swap agreements: Interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company values its interest rate swaps using a third-party valuation service and classifies such valuations as Level 2. Valuations of these interest rate swaps are also received from the relevant dealer counterparty and validated against the Company’s calculations. The Company has considered counterparty credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap assets and has considered its own credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap liabilities.

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Discussion of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis follows:

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Collateral-dependent loans: Collateral-dependent loans generally reflect partial charge-downs to their respective fair value, which is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or BPOs. These appraisals or BPOs may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the process by the independent experts to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Collateral-dependent loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.

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Other real estate owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or BPOs. These appraisals or BPOs may utilize a single approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the process by the independent experts to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

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Appraisals for collateral-dependent loans, impaired premises and OREO are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Bank. Once the appraisal is received, a member of the Bank’s CCAD reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal, as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources, such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. On at least an annual basis, the Bank performs a back test of collateral appraisals by comparing actual selling prices on recent collateral sales to the most recent appraisal of such collateral. Back tests are performed for each collateral class, e.g., residential real estate or CRE, and may lead to additional adjustments to the value of unliquidated collateral of similar class.

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Mortgage servicing rights: At least quarterly, MSRs are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the MSRs as compared to carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an individual tranche exceeds fair value, impairment is recorded, and the respective individual tranche is carried at fair value. If the carrying amount of an individual tranche does not exceed fair value, impairment is reversed if previously recognized and the carrying value of the individual tranche is based on the amortization method. The valuation model utilizes assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income and can generally be validated against available market data (Level 2).

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including financial assets and liabilities for which the Bank has elected the fair value option, are summarized below.

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All transfers between levels are generally recognized at the end of each quarter. There were no transfers into or out of Level 1, 2, or 3 assets during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.

Private Label Mortgage-Backed Security

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The following table presents a reconciliation of the Bank’s private label MBS measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

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The fair value of the Bank’s single private label MBS is supported by analysis prepared by an independent third-party. The third-party’s approach to determining fair value involved several steps: 1) detailed collateral analysis of the underlying mortgages, including consideration of geographic location, original loan-to-value, and the weighted average FICO score of the borrowers; 2) collateral performance projections for each pool of mortgages underlying the security (probability of default, severity of default, and prepayment probabilities) and 3) discounted cash flow modeling.

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The significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement of the Bank’s single private label MBS are prepayment rates, probability of default, and loss severity in the event of default. Significant fluctuations in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly different fair value measurement.

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Quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurement inputs for the Bank’s single private label MBS follows:

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(1) The bank owns one private label mortgage-back security; therefore, the range presented is equivalent to the weighted average range.

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(1) The bank owns one private label mortgage-back security; therefore, the range presented is equivalent to the weighted average range.

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Trust Preferred Security

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The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s TRUP measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

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The fair value of the Company’s TRUP investment is based on the most recent bid price for this instrument, as provided by a third-party broker.

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Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

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The Bank has elected the fair value option for mortgage loans HFS. These loans are intended for sale and the Bank believes that the fair value is the best indicator of the resolution of these loans. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loans and in accordance with Bank policy for such instruments. None of these loans were past due 90-days-or-more or on nonaccrual as of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

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The aggregate fair value, contractual balance, and unrealized gain were as follows:

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The total amount of net gains from changes in fair value included in earnings for mortgage loans HFS, at fair value, are presented in the following table:

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Consumer Loans Held for Sale

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RCS carries loans originated through its installment loan program at fair value. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loan and in accordance with Bank policy for such instruments. None of these loans were past due 90-days-or-more or on nonaccrual as of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

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The significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement of the Bank’s short-term installment loans are the net contractual premiums and level of loans sold at a discount price. Significant fluctuations in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower/higher fair value measurement.

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The following table presents quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurement inputs for installment loans:

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The aggregate fair value, contractual balance, and unrealized gain on consumer loans HFS, at fair value, were as follows:

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The total amount of net gains from changes in fair value included in earnings for consumer loans HFS, at fair value, are presented in the following table:

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Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below:

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The following tables present quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:

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Collateral-Dependent Loans

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Collateral-dependent loans are generally measured for loss using the fair value for reasonable disposition of the underlying collateral. The Bank’s practice is to obtain new or updated appraisals or BPOs on the loans subject to the initial review and then to evaluate the need for an update to this value on an as necessary or possibly annual basis thereafter (depending on the market conditions impacting the value of the collateral). The Bank may discount the valuation amount as necessary for selling costs and past due real estate taxes. If a new or updated appraisal or BPO is not available at the time of a loan’s loss review, the Bank may apply a discount to the existing value of an old valuation to reflect the property’s current estimated value if it is believed to have deteriorated in either: (i) the physical or economic aspects of the subject property or (ii) material changes in market conditions. The review generally results in a partial charge-off of the loan if fair value, less selling costs, are below the loan’s carrying value. Collateral-dependent loans are valued within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

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During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, the Provision on collateral-dependent loans was not material.

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Other Real Estate Owned

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Details of OREO carrying value and write downs follows:

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The carrying amounts and estimated exit price fair values of all financial instruments follow:

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