5. Investments

Available-for-sale Investments

For available-for-sale debt securities, any realized gains and losses are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. For securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its entire amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. It is noted that the Company does not intend to sell these investments and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis.

If neither of the above criteria is met, the Company further assesses whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost is due to credit or non-credit related factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, credit ratings, the financial health of the industry and sector of the issuer, the overall risk profile of the securities, overall macroeconomic conditions, and more. Any credit-related unrealized losses are recognized as an allowance on the consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding charge in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. Non-credit related unrealized losses and unrealized gains on available-for-sale debt securities are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). In considering the underlying risk of its portfolio, the Company notes that it has a zero-loss expectation for U.S. treasury and U.S. government agency securities, which represents the majority of its debt investment available-for-sale securities portfolio. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31 2024, no allowance for credit losses in investments was recorded.

Strategic Investments

The Company holds strategic investments in non-marketable equity securities of privately held companies. These investments are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Strategic investments that consist of non-controlling equity investments without readily determinable fair values in privately held companies for which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence are measured under the measurement alternative method. Under the measurement alternative method of accounting, the non-marketable equity securities are carried at cost less any impairment, plus or minus adjustments resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Any associated gains and losses are recorded in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company has certain other non-marketable strategic investments that do not qualify for the measurement alternative method. These investments are measured at fair value with any gains and losses recorded in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations.

Strategic investments that consist of non-controlling equity investments without readily determinable fair values, in which the Company has significant influence over the investee’s operating and financial policies are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company's proportionate share of the investments' net earnings are recorded in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations and the related increase or decrease to the investment balance is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.