v3.25.2
Fair Value Disclosures
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2025
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Disclosures Fair Value DisclosuresFair Value Measurements
The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:
 
•Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
•Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.
•Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value and we classify such measurements within Level 1. In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market-based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates. These measurements are classified within Level 3.

We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation. We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk. Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or us) will not be fulfilled. For financial assets traded in an active market, the nonperformance risk is included in the market price. For certain other financial assets and liabilities, our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

Derivative financial instruments
The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows. The fair value of foreign currency forward and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.
 
Derivative financial instruments are measured on a recurring basis at fair value and are classified as Level 2 measurements. We had derivative financial instruments included in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position in a net asset position of $111 million and $183 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. See Note 4 for additional information.
Fair Values of Financial Instruments
Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash (included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position) and Short-term borrowings are classified as Level 1 measurements and carrying amount approximates fair value. We use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments not carried at fair value:

•Finance receivables, net – We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities. 
•Long-term debt – We estimate fair value for fixed and floating-rate debt based on quoted market prices.
Fair values of our financial instruments not carried at fair value were as follows:
(Millions of dollars)June 30, 2025December 31, 2024
 Carrying
Amount		Fair
Value		Carrying
Amount		Fair
Value		Fair
Value
Levels		Reference
Assets
Finance receivables, net (excluding finance leases(1))
$23,212 $22,831 $22,026 $21,593 3Note 3
Liabilities
Long-term debt$25,579 $25,605 $25,406 $25,304 2
(1)    Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $7.39 billion and $6.94 billion as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Certain loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These are loans for which the company has determined that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable. Generally, the fair value of these receivables is measured using the fair value of collateral less estimated costs to sell. We had loans carried at fair value of $61 million and $59 million as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.