Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation (Policies)	6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation	Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regarding interim financial reporting. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2025, condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, statement of stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and related notes to condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that are necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or for any other future annual or interim period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 included herein was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 3, 2025.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates form the basis for judgments the Company makes about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The Company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates are based on management’s knowledge about current events and expectations about actions the Company may undertake in the future. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are used for, but not limited to, accrued research and development expenses, accounting for acquisitions of assets, fair value of certain assets and liabilities, stock-based compensation, the measurement of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and related incremental borrowing rate, and uncertain tax positions and the valuation allowance for net deferred tax assets. Actual results may differ from the Company’s estimates.
Risks and Uncertainties	Risks and Uncertainties The Company is subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in any of the following areas that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on future financial position or results of operations: the Company's ability to successfully develop, manufacture, and market any approved products; the Company's ability to obtain regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or foreign regulatory agencies prior to any commercial sales; new technological innovations; dependence on key personnel, protection of intellectual property; compliance with governmental regulations; uncertainty of market acceptance of any approved products; product liability; and the need to obtain additional financing.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents All highly liquid investments, including money market funds, with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents. All of the Company’s cash equivalents have liquid markets and high credit ratings. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposits and other accounts.
Marketable Securities	Marketable Securities The Company invests its excess cash in marketable debt securities with high credit ratings including but not limited to money market funds, securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies, commercial paper and corporate debt securities that are accounted for as available-for-sale and carried at fair value. Marketable securities are classified as short-term or long-term based on the maturity date and their availability to meet current operating requirements. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity, which is included in interest income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses on marketable securities, if any, are included in other income (expense), net. The cost of securities sold is determined based on the trade date using the specific identification method. The Company periodically assesses its available-for-sale debt securities for impairment. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position, this assessment first considers the Company’s intent to sell, or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria are met, the debt security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value within other income (expense), net. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company assesses whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security is considered, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss may exist, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses will be recorded in other income (expense), net, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any additional impairment not recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the un-collectability of an available-for-sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. These changes are recorded in other income (expense), net.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments	Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company measures fair value by maximizing the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value as follows: Level 1—Observable inputs such as unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date. Level 2—Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) are either directly or indirectly observable inputs for similar assets or liabilities. These include quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active. Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value of the instrument.
Debt and Debt Issuance Costs	Debt and Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs are presented on the consolidated balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability. Debt issuance costs represent fees paid to the lender, legal and other direct costs incurred in connection with the Company’s term loan under the Loan Agreement (defined below). These costs are allocated proportionally based on the principal amount of each term loan tranche. For term loans that have been drawn or the Company intends to draw, the allocated debt issuance costs are treated as a debt discount and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the life of the term loan and presented as a reduction to the carrying value the loan. Final payment fees are accreted as additional interest expense using the effective interest method. For the outstanding term loan tranches, allocated debt issuance costs are recorded as a deferred asset on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and amortized on a straight-line basis over the access period of each respective term loan until drawn.
Research and Development Expenses and Related Prepaid Assets and Accrued Liabilities	Research and Development Expenses and Related Prepaid Assets and Accrued Liabilities Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses primarily consist of internal research and development expense, including personnel-related expenses (such as salaries, benefits and noncash stock-based compensation) and other expenses, including laboratory supplies and other non-capital equipment utilized for in-house research, research and consulting expenses, software development costs, license fees and allocated expenses, including facilities costs and depreciation and amortization; external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with service providers conducting research and development services on its behalf, such as contract research organizations (CROs), preclinical testing organizations and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs). Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized, evaluated for current or long-term classification, and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets or other assets in the consolidated balance sheets based on when the goods are received or the services are expected to be received or consumed, and recognized in research and development expenses when they are realized. The Company is required to estimate expenses resulting from its obligations under contracts with service providers in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations which vary from contract to contract and may result in cash flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided. The Company estimates and records accrued expenses for the related research and development activities based on the level of services performed but not yet invoiced pursuant to agreements established with its service providers, according to the progress of preclinical studies, clinical trials or related activities, and discussions with applicable personnel and service providers as to the progress or state of consummation of goods and services. During the course of a clinical trial, the rate of expense recognition is adjusted if actual results differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company estimates accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its consolidated financial statements based on the facts and circumstances known at that time. The clinical trial accrual is dependent in part upon the timely and accurate reporting of CROs, CMOs and other service providers. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, its estimate may vary from the actual results. To date, the Company has not experienced material differences between its accrued expenses and actual expenses.
Comprehensive Loss	Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes net loss and certain changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) that are excluded from net loss, such as unrealized losses on the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities.
Emerging Growth Company Status	Emerging Growth Company Status The Company was an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the JOBS Act) until December 31, 2024. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has evaluated whether any accounting standards which it previously delayed adopting would have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements or disclosures and concluded that there is no such material impact.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU 2024-04, Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments, which clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion or extinguishment of convertible debt. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual periods. We are currently evaluating the impact of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which is intended to improve disclosures by requiring additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an annual and interim basis. The standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The standard updates may be applied on either a prospective or retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the disclosure requirements related to this new standard. In December 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-09, Income Taxes (ASU 2023-09), which requires issuers to make additional disclosures on an annual basis related to specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold on an annual basis, and disclose additional information about income taxes paid as well as other disaggregated disclosures. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for the Company as of January 1, 2025 for annual periods. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
Recent Tax Law Changes	Recent Tax Law Changes On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Act”) was enacted in the U.S. The Act includes significant changes to federal tax law, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The Act has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the new tax law will have on its financial position and results of operations. Preliminarily, the Company does not expect the Act to have a material impact on the estimated annual effective tax rate in 2025.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regarding interim financial reporting. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2025, condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, statement of stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, and related notes to condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the

same basis as the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that are necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or for any other future annual or interim period. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 included herein was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 3, 2025.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates form the basis for judgments the Company makes about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The Company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates are based on management’s knowledge about current events and expectations about actions the Company may undertake in the future. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are used for, but not limited to, accrued research and development expenses, accounting for acquisitions of assets, fair value of certain assets and liabilities, stock-based compensation, the measurement of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and related incremental borrowing rate, and uncertain tax positions and the valuation allowance for net deferred tax assets. Actual results may differ from the Company’s estimates.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in any of the following areas that the Company believes could have a material adverse effect on future financial position or results of operations: the Company's ability to successfully develop, manufacture, and market any approved products; the Company's ability to obtain regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or foreign regulatory agencies prior to any commercial sales; new technological innovations; dependence on key personnel, protection of intellectual property; compliance with governmental regulations; uncertainty of market acceptance of any approved products; product liability; and the need to obtain additional financing.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

All highly liquid investments, including money market funds, with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents. All of the Company’s cash equivalents have liquid markets and high credit ratings. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposits and other accounts.

Marketable Securities

The Company invests its excess cash in marketable debt securities with high credit ratings including but not limited to money market funds, securities issued by the U.S. government and its agencies, commercial paper and corporate debt securities that are accounted for as available-for-sale and carried at fair value. Marketable securities are classified as short-term or long-term based on the maturity date and their availability to meet current operating requirements. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity, which is included in interest income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Realized gains and losses on marketable securities, if any, are included in other income (expense), net. The cost of securities sold is determined based on the trade date using the specific identification method.

The Company periodically assesses its available-for-sale debt securities for impairment. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position, this assessment first considers the Company’s intent to sell, or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of these criteria are met, the debt security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value within other income (expense), net. For debt securities in an unrealized loss position that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company assesses whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and any adverse conditions specifically related to the security is considered, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss may exist, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses will be recorded in other income (expense), net, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any additional impairment not recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other

comprehensive income (loss). Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the un-collectability of an available-for-sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. These changes are recorded in other income (expense), net.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company measures fair value by maximizing the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value as follows:

Level 1—Observable inputs such as unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2—Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) are either directly or indirectly observable inputs for similar assets or liabilities. These include quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value of the instrument.

Debt and Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs are presented on the consolidated balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability. Debt issuance costs represent fees paid to the lender, legal and other direct costs incurred in connection with the Company’s term loan under the Loan Agreement (defined below). These costs are allocated proportionally based on the principal amount of each term loan tranche.

For term loans that have been drawn or the Company intends to draw, the allocated debt issuance costs are treated as a debt discount and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the life of the term loan and presented as a reduction to the carrying value the loan. Final payment fees are accreted as additional interest expense using the effective interest method. For the outstanding term loan tranches, allocated debt issuance costs are recorded as a deferred asset on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and amortized on a straight-line basis over the access period of each respective term loan until drawn.

Research and Development Expenses and Related Prepaid Assets and Accrued Liabilities

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses primarily consist of internal research and development expense, including personnel-related expenses (such as salaries, benefits and noncash stock-based compensation) and other expenses, including laboratory supplies and other non-capital equipment utilized for in-house research, research and consulting expenses, software development costs, license fees and allocated expenses, including facilities costs and depreciation and amortization; external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with service providers conducting research and development services on its behalf, such as contract research organizations (CROs), preclinical testing organizations and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs). Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized, evaluated for current or long-term classification, and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets or other assets in the consolidated balance sheets based on when the goods are received or the services are expected to be received or consumed, and recognized in research and development expenses when they are realized.

The Company is required to estimate expenses resulting from its obligations under contracts with service providers in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations which vary from contract to contract and may result in cash flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided. The Company estimates and records accrued expenses for the related research and development activities based on the level of services performed but not yet invoiced

pursuant to agreements established with its service providers, according to the progress of preclinical studies, clinical trials or related activities, and discussions with applicable personnel and service providers as to the progress or state of consummation of goods and services.

During the course of a clinical trial, the rate of expense recognition is adjusted if actual results differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company estimates accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its consolidated financial statements based on the facts and circumstances known at that time. The clinical trial accrual is dependent in part upon the timely and accurate reporting of CROs, CMOs and other service providers. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, its estimate may vary from the actual results. To date, the Company has not experienced material differences between its accrued expenses and actual expenses.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss and certain changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) that are excluded from net loss, such as unrealized losses on the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company was an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the JOBS Act) until December 31, 2024. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has evaluated whether any accounting standards which it previously delayed adopting would have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements or disclosures and concluded that there is no such material impact.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU 2024-04, Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments, which clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion or extinguishment of convertible debt. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those annual periods. We are currently evaluating the impact of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which is intended to improve disclosures by requiring additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an annual and interim basis. The standard will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The standard updates may be applied on either a prospective or retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the disclosure requirements related to this new standard.

In December 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-09, Income Taxes (ASU 2023-09), which requires issuers to make additional disclosures on an annual basis related to specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold on an annual basis, and disclose additional information about income taxes paid as well as other disaggregated disclosures. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for the Company as of January 1, 2025 for annual periods. The Company is evaluating the impact of this ASU on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recent Tax Law Changes

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Act”) was enacted in the U.S. The Act includes significant changes to federal tax law, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The Act has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the new tax law will have on its financial position and results of operations. Preliminarily, the Company does not expect the Act to have a material impact on the estimated annual effective tax rate in 2025.