16. Related Party Transactions

The Company has engaged Boston Image Reading Center LLC (“BIRC”) to provide certain clinical development-related services to the Company. Nadia Waheed, M.D. M.P.H., who has served as the Company’s Chief Medical Officer since June 1, 2024, is a Director of BIRC. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred fees for clinical development-related services rendered by BIRC of $4 and $25, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company incurred fees for clinical development-related services rendered by BIRC while being deemed a related party of $43 and $43, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $0 and $0 recorded in accounts payable for BIRC, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $4 and $5 recorded in accrued expenses for BIRC, respectively.

Jeffrey Heier, M.D., a former member of the Company’s Board of Directors and the Company’s current Chief Scientific Officer, and Peter Kaiser, M.D., the Company’s current Chief Development Officer, are each affiliated with i2Vision, Inc. and its affiliated entities (collectively “i2Vision”). The Company has engaged i2Vision to provide services with respect to the clinical advancement of AXPAXLI. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred fees and expenses related to services provided by i2Vision of $43. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded a net credit for fees and expenses related to services rendered by i2Vision that were previously recorded as expense of $(121). For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company incurred fees and expenses related to

services rendered by i2Vision of $1,216 and $1,338, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $0 and $132 recorded in accounts payable for i2Vision, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $0 and $383 recorded in accrued expenses for i2Vision, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $0 and $176 recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets for i2Vision, respectively.

The Company has engaged Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP (“WilmerHale”) to provide certain legal services to the Company. Christopher White, who served as the Company’s Chief Business Officer until March 6, 2024, is the brother of a partner at WilmerHale who has not participated in providing legal services to the Company. Upon Mr. White’s departure, WilmerHale ceased to be a related party to the Company. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company incurred fees for legal services rendered by WilmerHale while being deemed a related party through March 31, 2024 of $0 and $1,080, respectively.

The Company had engaged Heier Consulting, LLC (“Heier Consulting”), an entity affiliated with Dr. Heier, to provide advice or expertise on one or more of the Company’s development-stage drug or medical device products relating to retinal diseases or conditions under a consultant agreement (the “Heier Consulting Agreement”). On February 21, 2024, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Heier (the “Heier Employment Agreement”) under which Dr. Heier agreed to serve as Chief Scientific Officer of the Company. In connection with entering into the Heier Employment Agreement, the Heier Consulting Agreement was terminated. In addition, in connection with his commencement of employment, Dr. Heier resigned from the Company’s board of directors, effective February 21, 2024. Compensation for the consulting services was in the form of cash and stock-based awards. The total grant date fair value of stock-based awards granted to Dr. Heier was $96, which was recognized to expense on a straight-line basis over the respective vesting periods. The Company incurred cash-based fees for services rendered by Heier Consulting of approximately $0 and $5 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, before the termination of the Heier Consulting Agreement.